def test_getname_relativeto(self):
m = block()
m.b = block()
m.b.v = variable()
self.assertEqual(m.b.v.getname(fully_qualified=True), 'b.v')
self.assertEqual(m.b.v.getname(fully_qualified=True, relative_to=m.b),
'v')
def test_active(self):
s = suffix()
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
s.active = False
model = block()
model.s = s
b = block()
b.model = model
bdict = block_dict()
bdict[0] = b
bdict[None] = block()
m = block()
m.bdict = bdict
self.assertEqual(m.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict[None].active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
self.assertEqual(model.active, True)
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
m.deactivate(shallow=False, descend_into=True)
self.assertEqual(m.active, False)
self.assertEqual(bdict.active, False)
self.assertEqual(bdict[None].active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
self.assertEqual(model.active, False)
self.assertEqual(s.active, False)
m.activate(shallow=False, descend_into=True)
self.assertEqual(m.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict[None].active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
self.assertEqual(model.active, True)
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
m.deactivate(shallow=True, descend_into=True)
self.assertEqual(m.active, False)
self.assertEqual(bdict.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict[None].active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
self.assertEqual(model.active, False)
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
m.activate(shallow=True, descend_into=True)
self.assertEqual(m.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict.active, True)
self.assertEqual(bdict[None].active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
self.assertEqual(model.active, True)
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
def test_import_suffix_generator(self):
m = block()
m.s0 = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL)
m.s0i = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s1 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT)
m.s1i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s2 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT)
m.s2i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s3 = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT)
m.s3i = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b = block()
m.b.s0 = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL)
m.b.s0i = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s1 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT)
m.b.s1i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s2 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT)
m.b.s2i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s3 = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT)
m.b.s3i = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT,
datatype=suffix.INT)
# default
self.assertEqual([id(c_) for c_
in import_suffix_generator(m)],
[id(m.s1), id(m.s1i),
id(m.s2), id(m.s2i),
id(m.b.s1), id(m.b.s1i),
id(m.b.s2), id(m.b.s2i)])
# descend_into=False
self.assertEqual([id(c_) for c_
in import_suffix_generator(m,
descend_into=False)],
[id(m.s1), id(m.s1i),
id(m.s2), id(m.s2i)])
# datatype=INT
self.assertEqual([id(c_) for c_
in import_suffix_generator(m,
datatype=suffix.INT)],
[id(m.s1i),
id(m.s2i),
id(m.b.s1i),
id(m.b.s2i)])
# active=True
m.s1.deactivate()
m.b.deactivate()
self.assertEqual([id(c_) for c_
in import_suffix_generator(m,
active=True)],
[id(m.s1i), id(m.s2), id(m.s2i)])
def test_local_suffix_generator(self):
m = block()
m.s0 = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL)
m.s0i = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s1 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT)
m.s1i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s2 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT)
m.s2i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.s3 = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT)
m.s3i = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b = block()
m.b.s0 = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL)
m.b.s0i = suffix(direction=suffix.LOCAL, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s1 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT)
m.b.s1i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT_EXPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s2 = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT)
m.b.s2i = suffix(direction=suffix.IMPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
m.b.s3 = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT)
m.b.s3i = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT, datatype=suffix.INT)
# default
self.assertEqual(
[(ck_, c_.name)
for ck_, c_ in local_suffix_generator(m, return_key=True)],
[("s0", m.s0.name), ("s0i", m.s0i.name), ("s0", m.b.s0.name),
("s0i", m.b.s0i.name)])
self.assertEqual(
[id(c_) for c_ in local_suffix_generator(m, return_key=False)],
[id(m.s0), id(m.s0i), id(m.b.s0),
id(m.b.s0i)])
# descend_into=False
self.assertEqual([(ck_, c_.name) for ck_, c_ in local_suffix_generator(
m, descend_into=False, return_key=True)], [("s0", m.s0.name),
("s0i", m.s0i.name)])
self.assertEqual([
id(c_) for c_ in local_suffix_generator(
m, descend_into=False, return_key=False)
], [id(m.s0), id(m.s0i)])
# datatype=INT
self.assertEqual([(ck_, c_.name) for ck_, c_ in local_suffix_generator(
m, datatype=suffix.INT, return_key=True)], [("s0i", m.s0i.name),
("s0i", m.b.s0i.name)])
self.assertEqual([
id(c_) for c_ in local_suffix_generator(
m, datatype=suffix.INT, return_key=False)
], [id(m.s0i), id(m.b.s0i)])
# active=True
m.s0.deactivate()
m.b.deactivate()
self.assertEqual([(ck_, c_.name) for ck_, c_ in local_suffix_generator(
m, active=True, return_key=True)], [("s0i", m.s0i.name)])
self.assertEqual([
id(c_)
for c_ in local_suffix_generator(m, active=True, return_key=False)
], [id(m.s0i)])
def test_preorder_visit(self):
# test that we can use the advanced preorder_visit
# function on a block to efficiently check for these
# constraint containers (without iterating over
# their children)
A = numpy.ones((3, 3))
m = block()
m.c = matrix_constraint(A)
m.B = block_list()
m.B.append(tiny_block())
m.B[0].c = matrix_constraint(A)
m.b = block()
m.b.c = constraint_dict()
m.b.c[None] = matrix_constraint(A)
m.b.c[1] = matrix_constraint(A)
m.b.c[2] = constraint()
# don't visit things below a matrix constraint
# (e.g., cases where we want to handle it in bulk)
def visit_mc(x):
visit_mc.count += 1
if isinstance(x, matrix_constraint):
return False
return True
visit_mc.count = 0
def visit_all(x):
visit_all.count += 1
return True
visit_all.count = 0
m.preorder_visit(visit_mc,
ctype=matrix_constraint.ctype,
include_all_parents=False)
self.assertEqual(visit_mc.count, 6)
visit_mc.count = 0
m.preorder_visit(visit_all,
ctype=matrix_constraint.ctype,
include_all_parents=False)
# number of matrix constraints (4)
# + number of plain constraints (4*3 + 1)
# + number of other constraint containers (1)
self.assertEqual(visit_all.count, 18)
self.assertEqual(len(list(m.components(ctype=constraint.ctype))), 13)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
p = parameter()
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(p)
b = block()
b.p = p
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(p)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(p)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
cdict = self._container_type({None: self._ctype_factory()})
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(cdict)
b = block()
b.cdict = cdict
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(cdict)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(cdict)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
vlist = variable_list([variable(), variable()])
s = sos(vlist)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
b = block()
b.s = s
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pickle(self):
v = variable(lb=1,
ub=2,
domain_type=IntegerSet,
fixed=True)
self.assertEqual(v.lb, 1)
self.assertEqual(type(v.lb), int)
self.assertEqual(v.ub, 2)
self.assertEqual(type(v.ub), int)
self.assertEqual(v.domain_type, IntegerSet)
self.assertEqual(v.fixed, True)
self.assertEqual(v.parent, None)
vup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(v))
self.assertEqual(vup.lb, 1)
self.assertEqual(type(vup.lb), int)
self.assertEqual(vup.ub, 2)
self.assertEqual(type(vup.ub), int)
self.assertEqual(vup.domain_type, IntegerSet)
self.assertEqual(vup.fixed, True)
self.assertEqual(vup.parent, None)
b = block()
b.v = v
self.assertIs(v.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(b))
vup = bup.v
self.assertEqual(vup.lb, 1)
self.assertEqual(vup.ub, 2)
self.assertEqual(vup.domain_type, IntegerSet)
self.assertEqual(vup.fixed, True)
self.assertIs(vup.parent, bup)
def test_pprint(self):
import pyomo.kernel
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
v = variable()
pyomo.kernel.pprint(v)
b = block()
b.v = v
pyomo.kernel.pprint(v)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.kernel.pprint(v)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pickle(self):
for key in transforms.registered_transforms:
v = variable(lb=1,ub=3)
p = transforms.piecewise([1,2,3],
[1,2,1],
input=v,
validate=False,
repn=key)
self.assertEqual(p.parent, None)
self.assertEqual(p.input.expr.parent, None)
self.assertIs(p.input.expr, v)
pup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(p))
self.assertEqual(pup.parent, None)
self.assertEqual(pup.input.expr.parent, None)
self.assertIsNot(pup.input.expr, v)
b = block()
b.v = v
b.p = p
self.assertIs(p.parent, b)
self.assertEqual(p.input.expr.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(b))
pup = bup.p
self.assertIs(pup.parent, bup)
self.assertEqual(pup.input.expr.parent, bup)
self.assertIs(pup.input.expr, bup.v)
self.assertIsNot(pup.input.expr, b.v)
def test_active(self):
o = objective()
self.assertEqual(o.active, True)
o.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(o.active, False)
o.activate()
self.assertEqual(o.active, True)
b = block()
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.o = o
self.assertEqual(o.active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
o.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(o.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.activate()
self.assertEqual(o.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.activate(shallow=False)
self.assertEqual(o.active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.deactivate(shallow=False)
self.assertEqual(o.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
def test_active(self):
s = sos([])
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
s.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(s.active, False)
s.activate()
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
b = block()
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.s = s
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
s.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(s.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.activate()
self.assertEqual(s.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.activate(shallow=False)
self.assertEqual(s.active, True)
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.deactivate(shallow=False)
self.assertEqual(s.active, False)
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
def test_pickle(self):
v = variable()
e = noclone(v)
self.assertEqual(type(e), noclone)
self.assertIs(type(e.expr), variable)
eup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(e))
self.assertEqual(type(eup), noclone)
self.assertTrue(e is not eup)
self.assertIs(type(eup.expr), variable)
self.assertIs(type(e.expr), variable)
self.assertTrue(eup.expr is not e.expr)
del e
del v
v = variable(value=1)
b = block()
b.v = v
eraw = b.v + 1
b.e = 1 + noclone(eraw)
bup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(b))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(bup.e, NumericValue))
self.assertEqual(value(bup.e), 3.0)
b.v.value = 2
self.assertEqual(value(b.e), 4.0)
self.assertEqual(value(bup.e), 3.0)
bup.v.value = -1
self.assertEqual(value(b.e), 4.0)
self.assertEqual(value(bup.e), 1.0)
self.assertIs(b.v.parent, b)
self.assertIs(bup.v.parent, bup)
del b.v
def test_pickle(self):
s = suffix(direction=suffix.EXPORT,
datatype=suffix.FLOAT)
self.assertEqual(s.direction, suffix.EXPORT)
self.assertEqual(s.datatype, suffix.FLOAT)
self.assertEqual(s.parent, None)
sup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(s))
self.assertEqual(sup.direction, suffix.EXPORT)
self.assertEqual(sup.datatype, suffix.FLOAT)
self.assertEqual(sup.parent, None)
b = block()
b.s = s
self.assertIs(s.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(b))
sup = bup.s
self.assertEqual(sup.direction, suffix.EXPORT)
self.assertEqual(sup.datatype, suffix.FLOAT)
self.assertIs(sup.parent, bup)
b.v = variable(lb=1)
b.s[b.v] = 1.0
bup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(b))
sup = bup.s
vup = bup.v
self.assertEqual(sup[vup], 1.0)
def test_pickle(self):
vlist = create_variable_list(3)
ctuple = matrix_constraint(
numpy.array([[0,0,0],[0,0,0]]),
x=vlist)
self.assertTrue((ctuple.lb == -numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple.ub == numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple.equality == False).all())
self.assertEqual(ctuple.parent, None)
ctuple_up = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(ctuple))
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.lb == -numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.ub == numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.equality == False).all())
self.assertEqual(ctuple_up.parent, None)
b = block()
b.ctuple = ctuple
self.assertIs(ctuple.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(
pickle.dumps(b))
ctuple_up = bup.ctuple
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.lb == -numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.ub == numpy.inf).all())
self.assertTrue((ctuple_up.equality == False).all())
self.assertIs(ctuple_up.parent, bup)
def test_to_string(self):
b = block()
p = parameter()
e = noclone(p**2)
self.assertEqual(str(e.expr), "<parameter>**2.0")
self.assertEqual(str(e), "{<parameter>**2.0}")
e.to_string()
out = StringIO()
e.to_string(ostream=out)
self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "<parameter>**2.0")
e.to_string(verbose=False)
out = StringIO()
e.to_string(ostream=out, verbose=False)
self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "<parameter>**2.0")
e.to_string(verbose=True)
out = StringIO()
e.to_string(ostream=out, verbose=True)
self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "{pow( <parameter> , 2.0 )}")
b.e = e
b.p = p
self.assertNotEqual(p.name, None)
e.to_string(verbose=True)
out = StringIO()
e.to_string(ostream=out, verbose=True)
self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "{pow( " + p.name + " , 2.0 )}")
self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "{pow( p , 2.0 )}")
del b.e
del b.p
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
v = variable()
o = objective(expr=v**2)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(o)
b = block()
b.o = o
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(o)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(o)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_init(self):
v = variable()
self.assertTrue(v.parent is None)
self.assertEqual(v.ctype, Var)
self.assertEqual(v.domain_type, RealSet)
self.assertEqual(v.lb, None)
self.assertEqual(v.ub, None)
self.assertEqual(v.fixed, False)
self.assertEqual(v.value, None)
self.assertEqual(v.stale, True)
b = block()
b.v = v
self.assertTrue(v.parent is b)
del b.v
self.assertTrue(v.parent is None)
v = variable(domain_type=IntegerSet, value=1, lb=0, ub=2, fixed=True)
self.assertTrue(v.parent is None)
self.assertEqual(v.ctype, Var)
self.assertEqual(v.domain_type, IntegerSet)
self.assertEqual(v.lb, 0)
self.assertEqual(v.ub, 2)
self.assertEqual(v.fixed, True)
self.assertEqual(v.value, 1)
self.assertEqual(v.stale, True)
def test_pickle(self):
v = variable()
s = sos([v], weights=[1])
self.assertEqual(len(s), 1)
self.assertIs(s.variables[0], v)
self.assertTrue(v in s)
self.assertEqual(s.weights[0], 1)
self.assertEqual(s.level, 1)
self.assertEqual(s.parent, None)
sup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(s))
self.assertEqual(len(sup), 1)
self.assertIsNot(sup.variables[0], v)
self.assertFalse(v in sup)
self.assertEqual(sup.weights[0], 1)
self.assertEqual(sup.level, 1)
self.assertEqual(sup.parent, None)
b = block()
b.v = v
self.assertIs(v.parent, b)
b.s = s
self.assertIs(s.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(b))
sup = bup.s
self.assertEqual(len(sup), 1)
self.assertIs(sup.variables[0], bup.v)
self.assertTrue(bup.v in sup)
self.assertEqual(sup.weights[0], 1)
self.assertEqual(sup.level, 1)
self.assertIs(sup.parent, bup)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
v = variable()
e = noclone(v**2)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(e)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(e, indent=1)
b = block()
b.e = expression(expr=e)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(e)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(e)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pprint(self):
import pyomo.kernel
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
p = parameter()
e = self._ctype_factory(p**2)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(e)
b = block()
b.e = e
pyomo.kernel.pprint(e)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.kernel.pprint(e)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
m, n = 3, 2
vlist = create_variable_list(2)
A = numpy.random.rand(m, n)
ctuple = matrix_constraint(A, lb=1, ub=2, x=vlist)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(ctuple)
b = block()
b.c = ctuple
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(ctuple)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(ctuple)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
def test_init_non_NumericValue(self):
types = [None, 1, 1.1, True, ""]
if numpy_available:
types.extend([numpy.float32(1), numpy.bool_(True), numpy.int32(1)])
types.append(block())
types.append(block)
for obj in types:
self.assertEqual(noclone(obj), obj)
self.assertIs(type(noclone(obj)), type(obj))
def test_active(self):
v = variable()
b = block()
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
b.deactivate()
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.v = v
self.assertEqual(b.active, False)
b.activate()
self.assertEqual(b.active, True)
def test_remove(self):
model = block()
index = range(5)
c = self._container_type(
self._ctype_factory() for i in index)
for i in index:
cdata = c[0]
self.assertEqual(cdata in c, True)
c.remove(cdata)
self.assertEqual(cdata in c, False)
def test_pickle(self):
for key in transforms_nd.registered_transforms:
p = transforms_nd.piecewise_nd(_test_tri, _test_values, repn=key)
self.assertEqual(p.parent, None)
pup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p))
self.assertEqual(pup.parent, None)
b = block()
b.p = p
self.assertIs(p.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(b))
pup = bup.p
self.assertIs(pup.parent, bup)
def test_pprint(self):
# Not really testing what the output is, just that
# an error does not occur. The pprint functionality
# is still in the early stages.
v = variable()
clist = constraint_list([constraint()])
s = suffix()
s[v] = 1
s[clist] = None
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
b = block()
b.s = s
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
m = block()
m.b = b
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(s)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(b)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint(m)
pyomo.core.kernel.pprint({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
def test_pickle(self):
p = parameter(value=1.0)
self.assertEqual(p.value, 1.0)
self.assertEqual(p.parent, None)
pup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p))
self.assertEqual(pup.value, 1.0)
self.assertEqual(pup.parent, None)
b = block()
b.p = p
self.assertIs(p.parent, b)
bup = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(b))
pup = bup.p
self.assertEqual(pup.value, 1.0)
self.assertIs(pup.parent, bup)
def test_to_string(self):
b = block()
p = parameter()
e = noclone(p**2)
self.assertEqual(str(e.expr), "<parameter>**2")
self.assertEqual(str(e), "{(<parameter>**2)}")
self.assertEqual(e.to_string(), "(<parameter>**2)")
self.assertEqual(e.to_string(verbose=False), "(<parameter>**2)")
self.assertEqual(e.to_string(verbose=True), "{pow(<parameter>, 2)}")
b.e = e
b.p = p
self.assertNotEqual(p.name, None)
self.assertEqual(e.to_string(verbose=True), "{pow(" + p.name + ", 2)}")
self.assertEqual(e.to_string(verbose=True), "{pow(p, 2)}")
del b.e
del b.p