def testLinkBandwidth(self):
"Verify that link bandwidths are accurate within a bound."
if self.switchClass is UserSwitch:
self.skipTest('UserSwitch has very poor performance -'
' skipping for now')
BW = 5 # Mbps
BW_TOLERANCE = 0.8 # BW fraction below which test should fail
# Verify ability to create limited-link topo first;
lopts = {'bw': BW, 'use_htb': True}
# Also verify correctness of limit limitng within a bound.
mn = Mininet(SingleSwitchOptionsTopo(n=N, lopts=lopts),
link=TCLink,
switch=self.switchClass,
waitConnected=True)
bw_strs = mn.run(mn.iperf, fmt='m')
loptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in lopts.items())
msg = ('\nTesting link bandwidth limited to %d Mbps per link\n'
'iperf results[ client, server ]: %s\n'
'Topo = SingleSwitchTopo, %s hosts\n'
'Link = TCLink\n'
'lopts = %s\n'
'host = default\n'
'switch = %s\n' % (BW, bw_strs, N, loptsStr, self.switchClass))
# On the client side, iperf doesn't wait for ACKs - it simply
# reports how long it took to fill up the TCP send buffer.
# As long as the kernel doesn't wait a long time before
# delivering bytes to the iperf server, its reported data rate
# should be close to the actual receive rate.
serverRate, _clientRate = bw_strs
bw = float(serverRate.split(' ')[0])
self.assertWithinTolerance(bw, BW, BW_TOLERANCE, msg)
def __init__( self, *args, **kwargs ):
"""servers: a list of servers to use (note: include
localhost or None to use local system as well)
user: user name for server ssh
placement: Placer() subclass"""
params = { 'host': RemoteHost,
'switch': RemoteOVSSwitch,
'link': RemoteLink,
'precheck': True }
params.update( kwargs )
servers = params.pop( 'servers', [ 'localhost' ] )
servers = [ s if s else 'localhost' for s in servers ]
self.servers = servers
self.serverIP = params.pop( 'serverIP', {} )
if not self.serverIP:
self.serverIP = { server: RemoteMixin.findServerIP( server )
for server in self.servers }
self.user = params.pop( 'user', findUser() )
if params.pop( 'precheck' ):
self.precheck()
self.connections = {}
self.placement = params.pop( 'placement', SwitchBinPlacer )
# Make sure control directory exists
self.cdir = os.environ[ 'HOME' ] + '/.ssh/mn'
errRun( [ 'mkdir', '-p', self.cdir ] )
Mininet.__init__( self, *args, **params )
def testRemoteTopo():
"Test remote Node classes using Mininet()/Topo() API"
topo = LinearTopo( 2 )
net = Mininet( topo=topo, host=HostPlacer, switch=SwitchPlacer,
link=RemoteLink, controller=ClusterController )
net.start()
net.pingAll()
net.stop()
def testActualDpidAssignment(self):
"""Verify that Switch dpid is the actual dpid assigned if dpid is
passed in switch creation."""
dpid = self.dpidFrom(0xABCD)
switch = Mininet(Topo(), self.switchClass, Host,
Controller).addSwitch('s1', dpid=dpid)
self.assertEqual(switch.dpid, dpid)
def perfTest(lossy=True):
"Create network and run simple performance test"
topo = SingleSwitchTopo(n=4, lossy=lossy)
net = Mininet(topo=topo,
host=CPULimitedHost,
link=TCLink,
autoStaticArp=True)
net.start()
print "Dumping host connections"
dumpNodeConnections(net.hosts)
print "Testing bandwidth between h1 and h4"
h1, h4 = net.getNodeByName('h1', 'h4')
net.iperf((h1, h4), l4Type='UDP')
net.stop()
def testCPULimits(self):
"Verify topology creation with CPU limits set for both schedulers."
CPU_FRACTION = 0.1
CPU_TOLERANCE = 0.8 # CPU fraction below which test should fail
hopts = {'cpu': CPU_FRACTION}
#self.runOptionsTopoTest( N, hopts=hopts )
mn = Mininet(SingleSwitchOptionsTopo(n=N, hopts=hopts),
host=CPULimitedHost,
switch=self.switchClass,
waitConnected=True)
mn.start()
results = mn.runCpuLimitTest(cpu=CPU_FRACTION)
mn.stop()
hostUsage = '\n'.join('h%s: %s' %
(n + 1, results[(n - 1) * 5:(n * 5) - 1])
for n in range(N))
hoptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in hopts.items())
msg = ('\nTesting cpu limited to %d%% of cpu per host\n'
'cpu usage percent per host:\n%s\n'
'Topo = SingleSwitchTopo, %s hosts\n'
'hopts = %s\n'
'host = CPULimitedHost\n'
'Switch = %s\n' %
(CPU_FRACTION * 100, hostUsage, N, hoptsStr, self.switchClass))
for pct in results:
#divide cpu by 100 to convert from percentage to fraction
self.assertWithinTolerance(pct / 100, CPU_FRACTION, CPU_TOLERANCE,
msg)
def testLinkLoss(self):
"Verify that we see packet drops with a high configured loss rate."
LOSS_PERCENT = 99
REPS = 1
lopts = {'loss': LOSS_PERCENT, 'use_htb': True}
mn = Mininet(topo=SingleSwitchOptionsTopo(n=N, lopts=lopts),
host=CPULimitedHost,
link=TCLink,
switch=self.switchClass,
waitConnected=True)
# Drops are probabilistic, but the chance of no dropped packets is
# 1 in 100 million with 4 hops for a link w/99% loss.
dropped_total = 0
mn.start()
for _ in range(REPS):
dropped_total += mn.ping(timeout='1')
mn.stop()
loptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in lopts.items())
msg = ('\nTesting packet loss with %d%% loss rate\n'
'number of dropped pings during mininet.ping(): %s\n'
'expected number of dropped packets: 1\n'
'Topo = SingleSwitchTopo, %s hosts\n'
'Link = TCLink\n'
'lopts = %s\n'
'host = default\n'
'switch = %s\n' %
(LOSS_PERCENT, dropped_total, N, loptsStr, self.switchClass))
self.assertGreater(dropped_total, 0, msg)
def testDefaultDpidLen(self):
"""Verify that Default dpid length is 16 characters consisting of
16 - len(hex of first string of contiguous digits passed in switch
name) 0's followed by hex of first string of contiguous digits passed
in switch name."""
switch = Mininet(Topo(), self.switchClass, Host,
Controller).addSwitch('s123')
self.assertEqual(switch.dpid, self.dpidFrom(123))
def addController( self, *args, **kwargs ):
"Patch to update IP address to global IP address"
controller = Mininet.addController( self, *args, **kwargs )
# Update IP address for controller that may not be local
if ( isinstance( controller, Controller)
and controller.IP() == '127.0.0.1'
and ' eth0:' in controller.cmd( 'ip link show' ) ):
Intf( 'eth0', node=controller ).updateIP()
return controller
def testDefaultDpidAssignmentFailure(self):
"""Verify that Default dpid assignment raises an Exception if the
name of the switch does not contin a digit. Also verify the
exception message."""
with self.assertRaises(Exception) as raises_cm:
Mininet(Topo(), self.switchClass, Host, Controller).addSwitch('A')
self.assertEqual(
raises_cm.exception.message, 'Unable to derive '
'default datapath ID - please either specify a dpid '
'or use a canonical switch name such as s23.')
def run():
"Create network and run the CLI"
topo = InternetTopo()
net = Mininet(topo=topo)
net.start()
CLI(net)
net.stop()
def runMultiLink():
"Create and run multiple link network"
topo = simpleMultiLinkTopo(n=2)
net = Mininet(topo=topo)
net.start()
CLI(net)
net.stop()
def monitorTest(N=3, seconds=3):
"Run pings and monitor multiple hosts"
topo = SingleSwitchTopo(N)
net = Mininet(topo)
net.start()
hosts = net.hosts
print "Starting test..."
server = hosts[0]
outfiles, errfiles = {}, {}
for h in hosts:
# Create and/or erase output files
outfiles[h] = '/tmp/%s.out' % h.name
errfiles[h] = '/tmp/%s.err' % h.name
h.cmd('echo >', outfiles[h])
h.cmd('echo >', errfiles[h])
# Start pings
h.cmdPrint('ping', server.IP(), '>', outfiles[h], '2>', errfiles[h],
'&')
print "Monitoring output for", seconds, "seconds"
for h, line in monitorFiles(outfiles, seconds, timeoutms=500):
if h:
print '%s: %s' % (h.name, line)
for h in hosts:
h.cmd('kill %ping')
net.stop()
def exampleCustomTags():
"""Simple example that exercises VLANStarTopo"""
net = Mininet(topo=VLANStarTopo())
net.start()
CLI(net)
net.stop()
def runOptionsTopoTest(self, n, msg, hopts=None, lopts=None):
"Generic topology-with-options test runner."
mn = Mininet(topo=SingleSwitchOptionsTopo(n=n,
hopts=hopts,
lopts=lopts),
host=CPULimitedHost,
link=TCLink,
switch=self.switchClass,
waitConnected=True)
dropped = mn.run(mn.ping)
hoptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in hopts.items())
loptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in lopts.items())
msg += ('%s%% of pings were dropped during mininet.ping().\n'
'Topo = SingleSwitchTopo, %s hosts\n'
'hopts = %s\n'
'lopts = %s\n'
'host = CPULimitedHost\n'
'link = TCLink\n'
'Switch = %s\n' %
(dropped, n, hoptsStr, loptsStr, self.switchClass))
self.assertEqual(dropped, 0, msg=msg)
def exampleAllHosts(vlan):
"""Simple example of how VLANHost can be used in a script"""
# This is where the magic happens...
host = partial(VLANHost, vlan=vlan)
# vlan (type: int): VLAN ID to be used by all hosts
# Start a basic network using our VLANHost
topo = SingleSwitchTopo(k=2)
net = Mininet(host=host, topo=topo)
net.start()
CLI(net)
net.stop()
def bwtest(cpuLimits, period_us=100000, seconds=5):
"""Example/test of link and CPU bandwidth limits
cpu: cpu limit as fraction of overall CPU time"""
topo = TreeTopo(depth=1, fanout=2)
results = {}
for sched in 'rt', 'cfs':
print '*** Testing with', sched, 'bandwidth limiting'
for cpu in cpuLimits:
host = custom(CPULimitedHost,
sched=sched,
period_us=period_us,
cpu=cpu)
try:
net = Mininet(topo=topo, host=host)
# pylint: disable=bare-except
except:
info('*** Skipping host %s\n' % sched)
break
net.start()
net.pingAll()
hosts = [net.getNodeByName(h) for h in topo.hosts()]
client, server = hosts[0], hosts[-1]
server.cmd('iperf -s -p 5001 &')
waitListening(client, server, 5001)
result = client.cmd('iperf -yc -t %s -c %s' %
(seconds, server.IP())).split(',')
bps = float(result[-1])
server.cmdPrint('kill %iperf')
net.stop()
updated = results.get(sched, [])
updated += [(cpu, bps)]
results[sched] = updated
return results
def limit(bw=10, cpu=.1):
"""Example/test of link and CPU bandwidth limits
bw: interface bandwidth limit in Mbps
cpu: cpu limit as fraction of overall CPU time"""
intf = custom(TCIntf, bw=bw)
myTopo = TreeTopo(depth=1, fanout=2)
for sched in 'rt', 'cfs':
info('*** Testing with', sched, 'bandwidth limiting\n')
if sched == 'rt':
release = quietRun('uname -r').strip('\r\n')
output = quietRun('grep CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED /boot/config-%s' %
release)
if output == '# CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED is not set\n':
info('*** RT Scheduler is not enabled in your kernel. '
'Skipping this test\n')
continue
host = custom(CPULimitedHost, sched=sched, cpu=cpu)
net = Mininet(topo=myTopo, intf=intf, host=host)
net.start()
testLinkLimit(net, bw=bw)
net.runCpuLimitTest(cpu=cpu)
net.stop()
def testHostWithPrivateDirs():
"Test bind mounts"
topo = SingleSwitchTopo( 10 )
privateDirs = [ ( '/var/log', '/tmp/%(name)s/var/log' ),
( '/var/run', '/tmp/%(name)s/var/run' ),
'/var/mn' ]
host = partial( Host,
privateDirs=privateDirs )
net = Mininet( topo=topo, host=host )
net.start()
directories = [ directory[ 0 ] if isinstance( directory, tuple )
else directory for directory in privateDirs ]
info( 'Private Directories:', directories, '\n' )
CLI( net )
net.stop()
def testLinkDelay(self):
"Verify that link delays are accurate within a bound."
DELAY_MS = 15
DELAY_TOLERANCE = 0.8 # Delay fraction below which test should fail
REPS = 3
lopts = {'delay': '%sms' % DELAY_MS, 'use_htb': True}
mn = Mininet(SingleSwitchOptionsTopo(n=N, lopts=lopts),
link=TCLink,
switch=self.switchClass,
autoStaticArp=True,
waitConnected=True)
mn.start()
for _ in range(REPS):
ping_delays = mn.pingFull()
mn.stop()
test_outputs = ping_delays[0]
# Ignore unused variables below
# pylint: disable=W0612
node, dest, ping_outputs = test_outputs
sent, received, rttmin, rttavg, rttmax, rttdev = ping_outputs
pingFailMsg = 'sent %s pings, only received %s' % (sent, received)
self.assertEqual(sent, received, msg=pingFailMsg)
# pylint: enable=W0612
loptsStr = ', '.join('%s: %s' % (opt, value)
for opt, value in lopts.items())
msg = ('\nTesting Link Delay of %s ms\n'
'ping results across 4 links:\n'
'(Sent, Received, rttmin, rttavg, rttmax, rttdev)\n'
'%s\n'
'Topo = SingleSwitchTopo, %s hosts\n'
'Link = TCLink\n'
'lopts = %s\n'
'host = default'
'switch = %s\n' %
(DELAY_MS, ping_outputs, N, loptsStr, self.switchClass))
for rttval in [rttmin, rttavg, rttmax]:
# Multiply delay by 4 to cover there & back on two links
self.assertWithinTolerance(rttval, DELAY_MS * 4.0, DELAY_TOLERANCE,
msg)
def monitorhosts(hosts=5, sched='cfs'):
"Start a bunch of pings and monitor them using popen"
mytopo = SingleSwitchTopo(hosts)
cpu = .5 / hosts
myhost = custom(CPULimitedHost, cpu=cpu, sched=sched)
net = Mininet(topo=mytopo, host=myhost)
net.start()
# Start a bunch of pings
popens = {}
last = net.hosts[-1]
for host in net.hosts:
popens[host] = host.popen("ping -c5 %s" % last.IP())
last = host
# Monitor them and print output
for host, line in pmonitor(popens):
if host:
print "<%s>: %s" % (host.name, line.strip())
# Done
net.stop()
def pmonitorTest(N=3, seconds=10):
"Run pings and monitor multiple hosts using pmonitor"
topo = SingleSwitchTopo(N)
net = Mininet(topo)
net.start()
hosts = net.hosts
print "Starting test..."
server = hosts[0]
popens = {}
for h in hosts:
popens[h] = h.popen('ping', server.IP())
print "Monitoring output for", seconds, "seconds"
endTime = time() + seconds
for h, line in pmonitor(popens, timeoutms=500):
if h:
print '<%s>: %s' % (h.name, line),
if time() >= endTime:
for p in popens.values():
p.send_signal(SIGINT)
net.stop()
def testRemoteNet( remote='ubuntu2' ):
"Test remote Node classes"
print '*** Remote Node Test'
net = Mininet( host=RemoteHost, switch=RemoteOVSSwitch,
link=RemoteLink )
c0 = net.addController( 'c0' )
# Make sure controller knows its non-loopback address
Intf( 'eth0', node=c0 ).updateIP()
print "*** Creating local h1"
h1 = net.addHost( 'h1' )
print "*** Creating remote h2"
h2 = net.addHost( 'h2', server=remote )
print "*** Creating local s1"
s1 = net.addSwitch( 's1' )
print "*** Creating remote s2"
s2 = net.addSwitch( 's2', server=remote )
print "*** Adding links"
net.addLink( h1, s1 )
net.addLink( s1, s2 )
net.addLink( h2, s2 )
net.start()
print 'Mininet is running on', quietRun( 'hostname' ).strip()
for node in c0, h1, h2, s1, s2:
print 'Node', node, 'is running on', node.cmd( 'hostname' ).strip()
net.pingAll()
CLI( net )
net.stop()
def testNsTunnels():
"Test tunnels between nodes in namespaces"
net = Mininet( host=RemoteHost, link=RemoteLink )
h1 = net.addHost( 'h1' )
h2 = net.addHost( 'h2', server='ubuntu2' )
net.addLink( h1, h2 )
net.start()
net.pingAll()
net.stop()
def buildFromTopo( self, *args, **kwargs ):
"Start network"
info( '*** Placing nodes\n' )
self.placeNodes()
info( '\n' )
Mininet.buildFromTopo( self, *args, **kwargs )
def modifiedaddHost( self, *args, **kwargs ):
"Slightly modify addHost"
assert self # please pylint
kwargs[ 'splitInit' ] = True
return Mininet.addHost( *args, **kwargs )
def TreeNet(depth=1, fanout=2, **kwargs):
"Convenience function for creating tree networks."
topo = TreeTopo(depth, fanout)
return Mininet(topo, **kwargs)
def testPortNumbering():
"""Test port numbering:
Create a network with 5 hosts (using Mininet's
mid-level API) and check that implicit and
explicit port numbering works as expected."""
net = Mininet(controller=Controller)
info('*** Adding controller\n')
net.addController('c0')
info('*** Adding hosts\n')
h1 = net.addHost('h1', ip='10.0.0.1')
h2 = net.addHost('h2', ip='10.0.0.2')
h3 = net.addHost('h3', ip='10.0.0.3')
h4 = net.addHost('h4', ip='10.0.0.4')
h5 = net.addHost('h5', ip='10.0.0.5')
info('*** Adding switch\n')
s1 = net.addSwitch('s1')
info('*** Creating links\n')
# host 1-4 connect to ports 1-4 on the switch
net.addLink(h1, s1)
net.addLink(h2, s1)
net.addLink(h3, s1)
net.addLink(h4, s1)
# specify a different port to connect host 5 to on the switch.
net.addLink(h5, s1, port1=1, port2=9)
info('*** Starting network\n')
net.start()
# print the interfaces and their port numbers
info('\n*** printing and validating the ports '
'running on each interface\n')
for intfs in s1.intfList():
if not intfs.name == "lo":
info(intfs, ': ', s1.ports[intfs], '\n')
info('Validating that', intfs, 'is actually on port',
s1.ports[intfs], '... ')
if validatePort(s1, intfs):
info('Validated.\n')
print '\n'
# test the network with pingall
net.pingAll()
print '\n'
info('*** Stopping network')
net.stop()
from src.mininet.cli import CLI
from src.mininet.log import lg, info
from src.mininet.net import Mininet
from src.mininet.node import OVSKernelSwitch
from src.mininet.topolib import TreeTopo
def ifconfigTest(net):
"Run ifconfig on all hosts in net."
hosts = net.hosts
for host in hosts:
info(host.cmd('ifconfig'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
lg.setLogLevel('info')
info("*** Initializing Mininet and kernel modules\n")
OVSKernelSwitch.setup()
info("*** Creating network\n")
network = Mininet(TreeTopo(depth=2, fanout=2), switch=OVSKernelSwitch)
info("*** Starting network\n")
network.start()
info("*** Running ping test\n")
network.pingAll()
info("*** Running ifconfig test\n")
ifconfigTest(network)
info("*** Starting CLI (type 'exit' to exit)\n")
CLI(network)
info("*** Stopping network\n")
network.stop()
def testDefaultDpid(self):
"""Verify that the default dpid is assigned using a valid provided
canonical switchname if no dpid is passed in switch creation."""
switch = Mininet(Topo(), self.switchClass, Host,
Controller).addSwitch('s1')
self.assertEqual(switch.defaultDpid(), switch.dpid)