def cdr(e):
'''Return the second element of a pair.'''
util.ensure_type(lang.Cons, e)
if e is lang.NIL:
raise errors.WrongArgumentTypeError('wrong argument type for cdr: ' +
'expected pair, got ' + str(e))
return e.cdr
def gensym(prefix='SYM__'):
'''
Generate a unique symbol with the given prefix in its name. Generated
symbols have names that contain syntax elements, and hence can't be entered
via the reader.
'''
util.ensure_type(basestring, prefix)
return lang.Symbol(prefix + tokens.OPEN_PAREN + str(GENSYM_COUNTER()) +
tokens.CLOSE_PAREN)
def car(e):
'''Return the first element of a pair.'''
util.ensure_type(lang.Cons, e)
# nil isn't allowed to be indexed into, since it has no car or cdr
if e is lang.NIL:
raise errors.WrongArgumentTypeError('wrong argument type for car: ' +
'expected pair, got ' + str(e))
return e.car
def div(a, b, *rest):
'''Divides the given numbers in sequence.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
# divide all the arguments in sequence while checking type
quotient = a / b
for n in rest:
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, n)
quotient /= n
return quotient
def sub(a, b, *rest):
'''Subtracts the given numbers in sequence.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
# subtract all the arguments in sequence while checking type
difference = a - b
for n in rest:
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, n)
difference -= n
return difference
def add(a, b, *rest):
'''Adds the all the given numbers together.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
# add all the arguments together while checking type
total = a + b
for n in rest:
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, n)
total += n
return total
def mul(a, b, *rest):
'''Multiplies all the given numbers together.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
# multiply all the arguments together while checking type
product = a * b
for n in rest:
# stop multiplying if the product ever goes to zero
if product == 0:
break
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, n)
product *= n
return product
def evaluate(sexp, env):
'''
Given an Atom or list, evaluates it using the given environment
(global by default) and returns the result as represented in our language
constructs.
'''
# symbol
if isinstance(sexp, lang.Symbol):
# look it up in the environment for its value
return env[sexp]
# atom (not a literal list)
elif not lang.Cons.is_list(sexp):
# it's a generic atom and evaluates to itself
return sexp
# list
else:
# we can't evaluate functions that have nothing in them
if len(sexp) == 0:
raise errors.ApplicationError('nothing to apply')
# evaluate functions using their arguments
function = evaluate(sexp.car, env)
args = sexp.cdr
# make sure our first item evaluated to a function
if not isinstance(function, lang.Callable):
raise errors.ApplicationError('wrong type to apply: ' +
str(function))
# quote
if function is primitives.quote:
# return the argument unevaluated
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=1)
return args.car
# quasiquote
elif function is primitives.quasiquote:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=1)
return quasiquote_evaluate(args.car, env)
# function
elif function is primitives.lambda_:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=2)
arg_symbols = args.car
body = args.cdr.car
# return a function with the current environment as the parent
return lang.Function(evaluate, env, arg_symbols, body)
# macro
elif function is primitives.macro:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=2)
arg_symbols = args.car
body = args.cdr.car
# return a macro with the given symbols and body
return lang.Macro(evaluate, env, arg_symbols, body)
# macro expand
elif function is primitives.expand:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=1, is_variadic=True)
# evaluate to get the macro and its arguments
m = evaluate(args.car, env)
arg_expressions = [evaluate(arg, env) for arg in args.cdr]
# make sure we got a macro
util.ensure_type(lang.Macro, m)
return m(evaluate, env, *arg_expressions)
# define
elif function is primitives.define:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=2)
symbol = args.car
value = args.cdr.car
# make sure we're defining to a symbol
util.ensure_type(lang.Symbol, symbol)
# evaluate the argument, map the symbol to the result in the current
# environment, then return the evaluated value. this allows for
# chains of definitions, or simultaneous variable assignments to the
# same value.
result = evaluate(value, env)
env[symbol] = result
# set the function or macro name if possible
if isinstance(result, lang.Callable):
result.name(symbol.value)
return result
# cond
elif function is primitives.cond:
for tup in args:
# if e is not a list, len() raises an error for us
if len(tup) != 2:
# make sure each is a list of exactly two expressions
s = 'expected 2 expressions, got ' + str(len(tup))
raise errors.IncorrectArgumentCountError(s)
# first and second list items are condition and result
condition = tup.car
result = tup.cdr.car
# evaluate and return the result if condition is true
if evaluate(condition, env):
return evaluate(result, env)
# if no result is returned, result is undefined
raise errors.ApplicationError('at least one condition must ' +
'evaluate to ' + tokens.TRUE)
# logical and
elif function is primitives.and_:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=2, is_variadic=True)
# evaluate the arguments, returning the final one if none were #f,
# otherwise the last evaluated item, #f.
last_item = None
for item in args:
last_item = evaluate(item, env)
if last_item is False:
break
return last_item
# logical or
elif function is primitives.or_:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=2, is_variadic=True)
# evaluate the arguments, returning the first one that's not #f,
last_item = None
for item in args:
last_item = evaluate(item, env)
if not last_item is False:
break
return last_item
# eval
elif function is primitives.eval_:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=1)
# evaluate the given s-expression and return it
return evaluate(evaluate(args.car, env), env)
# load
elif function is primitives.load:
util.ensure_args(args, num_required=1)
util.ensure_type(basestring, args.car)
# evaluate every expression in the file in sequence, top to bottom
with open(os.path.abspath(args.car), 'r') as f:
for result in parse(tokens.tokenize(util.file_char_iter(f))):
evaluate(result, env)
# return that we were successful
return True
# evaluate macros
elif isinstance(function, lang.Macro):
# evaluate the expanded form of the macro in the current environment
return evaluate(function(evaluate, env, *args), env)
else:
# evaluate args and call the function with them
return function(evaluate, *[evaluate(arg, env) for arg in args])
def power(a, b):
'''Raises a to the power of b.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
return a ** b
def mod(a, b):
'''Takes the modulus of a number.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
return a % b
def parse_(s):
'''Parse a string into a list of the S-expressions it describes.'''
util.ensure_type(basestring, s)
return lang.Cons.build(*parse(tokens.tokenize(s)))
def read(prompt):
'''Print the prompt, read input from stdin, and return it as a string.'''
util.ensure_type(basestring, prompt)
return unicode(raw_input(prompt))
def gt(a, b):
'''Compare two numbers using '>'.'''
util.ensure_type(numbers.Number, a, b)
return (a > b)