Exemple #1
0
  def attach_stepper(self, id):
    try:
      ch = Stepper() 
      ch.setOnAttachHandler(self.StepperAttached)
      ch.setOnDetachHandler(self.StepperDetached)
      ch.setOnErrorHandler(self.ErrorEvent)
      ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(self.PositionChangeHandler)
      ch.setDeviceSerialNumber(id) 

      print(id,": Waiting for the Phidget Stepper Object to be attached...")
      ch.openWaitForAttachment(5000)
    except PhidgetException as e:
      print(id, ": Phidget Exception %i: %s" % (e.code, e.details))
      exit(1)

    print("Engaging the motor %d" % id)
    ch.setEngaged(1)
    print("Created motor %d" %id)
    print("Acceleration Range [%d,%d] : %d" % (ch.getMinAcceleration(), ch.getMaxAcceleration(), ch.getAcceleration()))
    print("Velocity Range [%d,%d] : %d" % (ch.getMinVelocityLimit(), ch.getMaxVelocityLimit(), ch.getVelocityLimit()))
    #print("Position Range [%d,%d] : %d" % (ch.getMinPosition(), ch.getMaxPosition(), ch.getPosition()))
    print("CurrentLimit Range [%d,%d] : %d" % (ch.getMinCurrentLimit(), ch.getMaxCurrentLimit(), ch.getCurrentLimit()))
    ch.setCurrentLimit(3)
    return ch
Exemple #2
0
class SteeringController():
    def __init__(self):
        # Set control mode
        # 0 = step mode (target position)
        # 1 = run mode (target velocity)
        self.control_mode = 0

        #=========================#
        # Create ROS Node Objects
        #=========================#
        rospy.init_node("steering_controller")
        rospy.on_shutdown(self.close)  # shuts down the Phidget properly
        if (self.control_mode == 0):
            rospy.Subscriber("~target_position",
                             Float64,
                             self.target_position_callback,
                             queue_size=1)
        elif (self.control_mode == 1):
            rospy.Subscriber("~target_velocity",
                             Float64,
                             self.target_velocity_callback,
                             queue_size=1)
        else:
            print(
                "Invalid control mode specified. Please set 'control_mode' to be 0 or 1"
            )
            sys.exit(1)
        self.position_pub = rospy.Publisher("~current_position",
                                            Float64,
                                            queue_size=10)
        self.velocity_pub = rospy.Publisher("~current_velocity",
                                            Float64,
                                            queue_size=10)

        #================================#
        # Create phidget stepper channel
        #================================#
        try:
            self.ch = Stepper()
        except PhidgetException as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise
        except RuntimeError as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise

        self.ch.setDeviceSerialNumber(522972)
        self.ch.setChannel(0)

        # Set handlers, these are called when certain Phidget events happen
        print("\n--------------------------------------")
        print("Starting up Phidget controller")
        print("* Setting OnAttachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnAttachHandler(self.onAttachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnDetachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnDetachHandler(self.onDetachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnErrorHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnErrorHandler(self.onErrorHandler)

        print("* Setting OnPositionChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(self.onPositionChangeHandler)

        print("* Setting OnVelocityChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnVelocityChangeHandler(self.onVelocityChangeHandler)

        # Attach to Phidget
        print("* Opening and Waiting for Attachment...")
        try:
            self.ch.openWaitForAttachment(5000)
        except PhidgetException as e:
            PrintOpenErrorMessage(e, self.ch)
            raise EndProgramSignal("Program Terminated: Open Failed")

        # Set Rescale Factor
        # (pi rad / 180 deg) * (1.8deg/step * (1/16) step) / (Gear Ratio = 26 + (103/121))
        self.ch.setRescaleFactor(
            (math.pi / 180.) * (1.8 / 16) /
            (26. + (103. / 121.)))  # converts steps to radians

        # Set max velocity for position control
        if (self.control_mode == 0):
            speed = 60  # rpm
            speed = speed * (2 * math.pi) * (1. / 60.)  # rad/s
            self.ch.setVelocityLimit(speed)

        # Set control mode (You must either uncomment the line below or do not set the control mode at all and leave let it be the default of 0, or "step" mode. Setting self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_STEP) does not work for some reason)
        if (self.control_mode == 1):
            self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_RUN)

        #===============#
        # Run main loop
        #===============#
        # self.mainLoop()
        rospy.spin()

    def onAttachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nAttaching Channel")
            print("* Channel Class: " + channelClassName +
                  "\n* Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) + "\n* Channel: " +
                  str(channel_num) + "\n")

            # Set data time interval
            interval_time = 32  # ms (this will publish at roughly 30Hz)
            print("Setting DataInterval to %ims" % interval_time)
            try:
                ph.setDataInterval(interval_time)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting DataInterval\n")
                return

            # Engage stepper
            print("Engaging Stepper")
            try:
                ph.setEngaged(True)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting Engaged\n")
                return

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("Error in attach event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onDetachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nDetaching Channel")
            print("\n\t-> Channel Class: " + channelClassName +
                  "\n\t-> Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) +
                  "\n\t-> Channel: " + str(channel_num) + "\n")

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("\nError in Detach Event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onErrorHandler(self, channel, errorCode, errorString):
        sys.stderr.write("[Phidget Error Event] -> " + errorString + " (" +
                         str(errorCode) + ")\n")

    def onPositionChangeHandler(self, channel, position):
        self.position_pub.publish(Float64(position))

    def onVelocityChangeHandler(self, channel, velocity):
        self.velocity_pub.publish(Float64(velocity))

    def close(self):
        print("\n" + 30 * "-")
        print("Closing down Phidget controller")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(None)
        print("Cleaning up...")
        self.ch.close()
        print("Exiting...")
        return 0

    def target_position_callback(self, msg):
        if (msg.data > self.ch.getMaxPosition()):
            targetPosition = self.ch.getMaxPosition()
            print(
                "Desired position greater than max, setting to max value of %.2f"
                % self.ch.getMaxPosition())
        elif (msg.data < self.ch.getMinPosition()):
            targetPosition = self.ch.getMinPosition()
            print(
                "Desired position less than min, setting to min value of %.2f"
                % self.ch.getMinPosition())
        else:
            targetPosition = msg.data

        try:
            self.ch.setTargetPosition(targetPosition)
        except PhidgetException as e:
            DisplayError(e)

    def target_velocity_callback(self, msg):
        if (msg.data > self.ch.getMaxVelocityLimit()):
            targetVelocity = self.ch.getMaxVelocityLimit()
            print(
                "Desired velocity greater than max, setting to max value of %.2f"
                % self.ch.getMaxVelocityLimit())
        elif (msg.data < self.ch.getMinVelocityLimit()):
            targetVelocity = self.ch.getMinVelocityLimit()
            print(
                "Desired velocity less than min, setting to min value of %.2f"
                % self.ch.getMinVelocityLimit())
        else:
            targetVelocity = msg.data

        try:
            self.ch.setVelocityLimit(targetVelocity)
        except PhidgetException as e:
            DisplayError(e)
class SteeringController():
    def __init__(self):
        # Set control mode
        # 0 = step mode (target position)
        # 1 = run mode (target velocity)
        self.control_mode = 1
        self.velocity = 0  # rad/s, starting velocity
        self.angle = 0  # current steering angle
        self.angle_setpoint = 0  # current steering angle setpoint

        # TODO: makes these ROS parameters
        self.angle_tolerance = 0.02  # stops moving the motor when the angle is within +/- the tolerance of the desired setpoint
        # Max and Min angles to turn of the velocity if they are reached
        self.max_angle = rospy.get_param("/forklift/steering/max_angle",
                                         75 * (math.pi / 180.))
        self.min_angle = rospy.get_param("/forklift/steering/min_angle",
                                         -75 * (math.pi / 180.))
        self.velocity_tolerance = 0.01

        # DEBUG: print max angle values used
        print(
            "[steering_node] Bounding setpoint angles to, Max: {0:0.3f} ({1:0.3f} deg) Min: {2:0.3f} ({3:0.3f} deg)"
            .format(self.max_angle, self.max_angle * (180 / math.pi),
                    self.min_angle, self.min_angle * (180 / math.pi)))

        self.max_accel_scale = 0.003
        self.max_vel_scale = 0.17

        self.velocity_current = 0  # current velocity from the motor controller
        self.gear = 0  # current gear of the forklift, should only steer if not in neutral (gear = 0)

        #===============================================================#
        # These parameters are used in the stall detection and handling
        #===============================================================#
        # Tuning parameters
        self.max_repeats = 5  # the maximum number of times the motor can be seen as not moving before reseting
        self.ramp_time_vel = 1.5  # number of seconds to ramp up to full velocity again
        self.ramp_time_accel = 1.5  # number of seconds to ramp up to full acceleration again

        # Operation states
        self.moving = False  # indicates whether the motor is currently moving
        self.repeats = 0  # adds the number of times the motor is seen as not moving
        # indicates whether the velocity command is sent as normal or if the
        # ramp-up prodecure should be used.
        # 0 = normal mode
        # 1 = ramp-up mode
        self.operation_mode = 0
        self.ramp_start = time.time()  # time when the ramp up procedure began

        #=========================#
        # Create ROS Node Objects
        #=========================#
        rospy.init_node("steering_node")
        # Specify general parameters
        self.rl_axes = 3
        self.manual_deadman_button = rospy.get_param("~manual_deadman", 4)
        # Indicates whether the deadman switch has been pressed on the joystick
        # It must be pressed in order for the system to be able to start running
        self.manual_deadman_on = False
        self.autonomous_deadman_button = rospy.get_param(
            "~autonomous_deadman", 5)
        self.autonomous_deadman_on = False
        self.timeout = rospy.get_param(
            "~timeout", 1
        )  # number of seconds allowed since the last setpoint message before sending a 0 command
        self.timeout_start = time.time()
        self.scale_angle = rospy.get_param("~scale_angle", 1)
        self.scale_angle = min(self.scale_angle, 1)
        print("Manual deadman button: " + str(self.manual_deadman_button))
        print("Autonomous deadman button: " +
              str(self.autonomous_deadman_button))
        print("Scale angle: " + str(self.scale_angle))

        # Publishers and Subscribers
        rospy.on_shutdown(self.close)  # shuts down the Phidget properly
        self.setpoint_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/steering_node/angle_setpoint",
                                             Float64,
                                             self.setpoint_callback,
                                             queue_size=1)
        self.position_pub = rospy.Publisher("~motor/position",
                                            Float64,
                                            queue_size=10)
        self.velocity_pub = rospy.Publisher("~motor/velocity",
                                            Float64,
                                            queue_size=10)
        self.moving_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/steering_node/motor/is_moving",
                                           Bool,
                                           self.moving_callback,
                                           queue_size=3)
        self.angle_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/steering_node/filtered_angle",
                                          Float64,
                                          self.angle_callback,
                                          queue_size=3)
        self.gear_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/velocity_node/gear",
                                         Int8,
                                         self.gear_callback,
                                         queue_size=3)
        self.joystick_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/joy",
                                             Joy,
                                             self.joystick_callback,
                                             queue_size=1)
        # Run 'spin' loop at 30Hz
        self.rate = rospy.Rate(30)

        #================================#
        # Create phidget stepper channel
        #================================#
        try:
            self.ch = Stepper()
        except PhidgetException as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise
        except RuntimeError as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise

        # Serial number of previous phidget that broke
        #self.ch.setDeviceSerialNumber(522972)
        # Current Serial number
        self.ch.setDeviceSerialNumber(522722)
        self.ch.setChannel(0)

        # Set handlers, these are called when certain Phidget events happen
        print("\n--------------------------------------")
        print("Starting up Phidget controller")
        print("* Setting OnAttachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnAttachHandler(self.onAttachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnDetachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnDetachHandler(self.onDetachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnErrorHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnErrorHandler(self.onErrorHandler)

        print("* Setting OnPositionChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(self.onPositionChangeHandler)

        print("* Setting OnVelocityChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnVelocityChangeHandler(self.onVelocityChangeHandler)

        # Attach to Phidget
        print("* Opening and Waiting for Attachment...")
        try:
            self.ch.openWaitForAttachment(1000)
        except PhidgetException as e:
            PrintOpenErrorMessage(e, self.ch)
            raise EndProgramSignal("Program Terminated: Open Failed")

        # Set Rescale Factor
        # (pi rad / 180 deg) * (1.8deg/step * (1/16) step) / (Gear Ratio = 26 + (103/121))
        self.rescale_factor = (math.pi / 180.) * (1.8 / 16) / (26. +
                                                               (103. / 121.))
        self.ch.setRescaleFactor(
            self.rescale_factor)  # converts steps to radians

        # Set control mode (You must either uncomment the line below or do not set the control mode at all and leave let it be the default of 0, or "step" mode. Setting self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_STEP) does not work for some reason)
        if (self.control_mode == 1):
            self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_RUN)

        # Define max acceleration and velocity
        self.max_velocity = self.max_vel_scale * self.ch.getMaxVelocityLimit()
        self.max_acceleration = self.max_accel_scale * self.ch.getMaxAcceleration(
        )
        self.ch.setAcceleration(self.max_acceleration)

        #===============#
        # Run main loop
        #===============#
        # self.mainLoop()
        self.spin()

    def onAttachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nAttaching Channel")
            print("* Channel Class: " + channelClassName +
                  "\n* Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) + "\n* Channel: " +
                  str(channel_num) + "\n")

            # Set data time interval
            interval_time = 32  # ms (this will publish at roughly 30Hz)
            print("Setting DataInterval to %ims" % interval_time)
            try:
                ph.setDataInterval(interval_time)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting DataInterval\n")
                return

            # Engage stepper
            print("Engaging Stepper")
            try:
                ph.setEngaged(True)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting Engaged\n")
                return

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("Error in attach event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onDetachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nDetaching Channel")
            print("\n\t-> Channel Class: " + channelClassName +
                  "\n\t-> Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) +
                  "\n\t-> Channel: " + str(channel_num) + "\n")

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("\nError in Detach Event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onErrorHandler(self, channel, errorCode, errorString):
        sys.stderr.write("[Phidget Error Event] -> " + errorString + " (" +
                         str(errorCode) + ")\n")

    def onPositionChangeHandler(self, channel, position):
        self.position_pub.publish(Float64(position))

    def onVelocityChangeHandler(self, channel, velocity):
        self.velocity_current = velocity
        self.velocity_pub.publish(Float64(velocity))

    def close(self):
        print("\n" + 30 * "-")
        print("Closing down Phidget controller")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(None)
        print("Cleaning up...")
        self.ch.close()
        print("Exiting...")
        return 0

    def spin(self):
        while not rospy.is_shutdown():
            self.control_loop()
            self.rate.sleep()

    #===================================#
    # Velocity Set Function
    # * change this function whenever you use a different source for setting the
    # * velocity besides the controller.
    #===================================#
    def control_loop(self):
        # Check if deadman switch is pressed
        if ((self.manual_deadman_on or self.autonomous_deadman_on)
                and (time.time() - self.timeout_start) < self.timeout
                and (self.gear != 0)):
            # FIXME: Uncomment this line if you are able to test it. Also uncomment the corresponding line in the 'else' condition.
            # self.ch.setEngaged(True)

            # Determine direction
            error = self.angle_setpoint - self.angle

            if not (error == 0):
                direction = abs(error) / error
            else:
                direction = 1

            if (abs(error) > self.angle_tolerance):
                self.velocity = direction * self.scale_angle * self.max_velocity
            else:
                self.velocity = 0

            #===== Stall Check and Set Velocity =====#
            try:
                # Check if the system is stalled
                if (self.check_stall()):
                    # Initiate "ramp-up" mode
                    self.reset_rampup()

                if (self.operation_mode == 0):
                    # Normal mode
                    self.ch.setVelocityLimit(self.velocity)

                    # Scale down the acceleration as the velocity increases
                    # # (Linear)
                    # accel_vel_scale = (self.max_velocity - abs(self.velocity_current))/(self.max_velocity)
                    # accel_vel_scale = min(accel_vel_scale, 1)
                    # accel_vel_scale = max(accel_vel_scale, 0)

                    # (Inverse)
                    # parameters
                    unchanged_length = 0.75  # increase this value to increase the range where the accelerations remains unreduced
                    final_scale = 10  # increase this value to decrease the final scale value at max velocity
                    try:
                        accel_vel_scale = 1 / (
                            final_scale *
                            (abs(self.velocity_current) / self.max_velocity)**
                            unchanged_length)
                    except ZeroDivisionError:
                        accel_vel_scale = 1
                    accel_vel_scale = min(accel_vel_scale, 1)
                    accel_vel_scale = max(accel_vel_scale, 0)

                    # Set acceleration
                    print("Current velocity: %f, max: %f" %
                          (self.velocity_current, self.max_velocity))
                    print("Accel scale: %f" % accel_vel_scale)
                    self.ch.setAcceleration(accel_vel_scale *
                                            self.max_acceleration)

                else:
                    # Ramp-up mode
                    t_curr = time.time()
                    scale_vel = min(
                        (t_curr - self.ramp_start) / self.ramp_time_vel, 1)**3
                    scale_accel = min(
                        (t_curr - self.ramp_start) / self.ramp_time_accel, 1)
                    scale_accel = max(scale_accel, 0.001)

                    # DEBUG: print accel scaling
                    print("t_curr: %f" % t_curr)
                    print("time diff: %f" % (t_curr - self.ramp_start))
                    print("accel scale: %f" % scale_accel)
                    print("vel scale: %f" % scale_vel)
                    print("Accel: %f" % (scale_accel * self.max_acceleration))
                    print("Vel: %f" % (scale_vel * self.velocity))

                    self.ch.setAcceleration(scale_accel *
                                            self.max_acceleration)
                    self.ch.setVelocityLimit(scale_vel * self.velocity)

                    # When ramping has finished resume normal operation
                    if (scale_vel == 1 and scale_accel == 1):
                        self.operation_mode = 0
            except PhidgetException as e:
                DisplayError(e)
        else:
            self.ch.setVelocityLimit(0)

            # FIXME: Uncomment this line if you are able to test it. Also uncomment the corresponding line in the 'if' condition.
            # self.ch.setEngaged(False)

    def setpoint_callback(self, msg):
        # Read in new setpoint and saturate against the bounds
        self.angle_setpoint = min(msg.data, self.max_angle)
        self.angle_setpoint = max(self.angle_setpoint, self.min_angle)

    def angle_callback(self, msg):
        # Read the current steering angle
        self.angle = msg.data

    def moving_callback(self, msg):
        # Update 'moving' to indicate whether the motor is moving or not
        self.moving = msg.data

    def gear_callback(self, msg):
        # Update gear
        self.gear = msg.data

    def check_stall(self):
        stalled = False
        if (abs(self.ch.getVelocity()) > self.velocity_tolerance
                and self.moving == False):
            self.repeats += 1
            if (self.repeats > self.max_repeats):
                stalled = True
        else:
            self.repeats = 0

        return stalled

    def reset_rampup(self):
        if (self.operation_mode == 0):
            self.ch.setVelocityLimit(0)
        self.ramp_start = time.time()
        self.operation_mode = 1
        self.ch.setAcceleration(self.max_acceleration)

    def joystick_callback(self, msg):
        # Update timeout time
        self.timeout_start = time.time()

        # One of these buttons must be on for this node to send a steering command
        if (msg.buttons[self.manual_deadman_button]):
            self.manual_deadman_on = True
        else:
            self.manual_deadman_on = False

        if (msg.buttons[self.autonomous_deadman_button]):
            self.autonomous_deadman_on = True
        else:
            self.autonomous_deadman_on = False
class SteeringController():
    def __init__(self):
        # Set control mode
        # 0 = step mode (target position)
        # 1 = run mode (target velocity)
        self.control_mode = 1
        self.velocity = 0 # rad/s, starting velocity
        self.angle = 0 # rad, starting angle before joystick command received
        # Max and Min angles to turn of the velocity if they are reached
        self.max_angle = 2*math.pi
        self.min_angle = -2*math.pi

        self.max_accel_scale = 0.01
        self.max_vel_scale = -0.75 # negative value is used to reverse the steering direction, makes right direction on analog stick equal right turn going forward

        #===============================================================#
        # These parameters are used in the stall detection and handling
        #===============================================================#
        # Tuning parameters
        self.max_repeats = 5 # the maximum number of times the motor can be seen as not moving before reseting
        self.ramp_time_vel = 1 # number of seconds to ramp up to full velocity again
        self.ramp_time_accel = 1 # number of seconds to ramp up to full acceleration again

        # Operation states
        self.moving = False # indicates whether the motor is currently moving
        self.repeats = 0 # adds the number of times the motor is seen as not moving
        # indicates whether the velocity command is sent as normal or if the
        # ramp-up prodecure should be used.
        # 0 = normal mode
        # 1 = ramp-up mode
        self.operation_mode = 0
        self.ramp_start = time.time() # time when the ramp up procedure began

        #=========================#
        # Create ROS Node Objects
        #=========================#
        rospy.init_node("steering_controller")
        rospy.on_shutdown(self.close) # shuts down the Phidget properly

        # Specify general parameters
        self.rl_axes = 3
        self.deadman_button = rospy.get_param("~deadman", 4)
        self.scale_angle = rospy.get_param("~scale_angle", 1)
        self.scale_angle = min(self.scale_angle, 1)
        print("Deadman button: " + str(self.deadman_button))
        print("Scale angle: " + str(self.scale_angle))

        self.joy_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/joy", Joy, self.joy_callback, queue_size = 1)
        self.position_pub = rospy.Publisher("~motor_position", Float64, queue_size = 10)
        self.velocity_pub = rospy.Publisher("~motor_velocity", Float64, queue_size = 10)
        self.moving_sub = rospy.Subscriber("/steering_node/motor/is_moving", Bool, self.moving_callback, queue_size = 3)

        #================================#
        # Create phidget stepper channel
        #================================#
        try:
            self.ch = Stepper()
        except PhidgetException as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise
        except RuntimeError as e:
            sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Creating Stepper")
            raise

        self.ch.setDeviceSerialNumber(522972)
        self.ch.setChannel(0)

        # Set handlers, these are called when certain Phidget events happen
        print("\n--------------------------------------")
        print("Starting up Phidget controller")
        print("* Setting OnAttachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnAttachHandler(self.onAttachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnDetachHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnDetachHandler(self.onDetachHandler)

        print("* Setting OnErrorHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnErrorHandler(self.onErrorHandler)

        print("* Setting OnPositionChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(self.onPositionChangeHandler)

        print("* Setting OnVelocityChangeHandler...")
        self.ch.setOnVelocityChangeHandler(self.onVelocityChangeHandler)

        # Attach to Phidget
        print("* Opening and Waiting for Attachment...")
        try:
            self.ch.openWaitForAttachment(5000)
        except PhidgetException as e:
            PrintOpenErrorMessage(e, self.ch)
            raise EndProgramSignal("Program Terminated: Open Failed")

        # Set Rescale Factor
        # (pi rad / 180 deg) * (1.8deg/step * (1/16) step) / (Gear Ratio = 26 + (103/121))
        self.rescale_factor = (math.pi/180.)*(1.8/16)/(26.+(103./121.))
        self.ch.setRescaleFactor(self.rescale_factor) # converts steps to radians

        # Set control mode (You must either uncomment the line below or do not set the control mode at all and leave let it be the default of 0, or "step" mode. Setting self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_STEP) does not work for some reason)
        if (self.control_mode == 1):
            self.ch.setControlMode(ControlMode.CONTROL_MODE_RUN)

        # Set acceleration
        self.max_acceleration = self.max_accel_scale*self.ch.getMaxAcceleration()
        self.ch.setAcceleration(self.max_acceleration)

        #===============#
        # Run main loop
        #===============#
        # self.mainLoop()
        rospy.spin()

    def onAttachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nAttaching Channel")
            print("* Channel Class: " + channelClassName + "\n* Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) + "\n* Channel: " + str(channel_num) + "\n")

            # Set data time interval
            interval_time = 32 # ms (this will publish at roughly 30Hz)
            print("Setting DataInterval to %ims" % interval_time)
            try:
                ph.setDataInterval(interval_time)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting DataInterval\n")
                return

            # Engage stepper
            print("Engaging Stepper")
            try:
                ph.setEngaged(True)
            except PhidgetException as e:
                sys.stderr.write("Runtime Error -> Setting Engaged\n")
                return

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("Error in attach event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onDetachHandler(self, channel):
        ph = channel

        try:
            # Get channel info
            channelClassName = ph.getChannelClassName()
            serialNumber = ph.getDeviceSerialNumber()
            channel_num = ph.getChannel()

            # DEBUG: print channel info
            print("\nDetaching Channel")
            print("\n\t-> Channel Class: " + channelClassName + "\n\t-> Serial Number: " + str(serialNumber) + "\n\t-> Channel: " + str(channel_num) + "\n")

        except PhidgetException as e:
            print("\nError in Detach Event:")
            traceback.print_exc()
            return

    def onErrorHandler(self, channel, errorCode, errorString):
        sys.stderr.write("[Phidget Error Event] -> " + errorString + " (" + str(errorCode) + ")\n")

    def onPositionChangeHandler(self, channel, position):
        self.position_pub.publish(Float64(position))

    def onVelocityChangeHandler(self, channel, velocity):
        self.velocity_pub.publish(Float64(velocity))

    def close(self):
        print("\n" + 30*"-")
        print("Closing down Phidget controller")
        self.ch.setOnPositionChangeHandler(None)
        print("Cleaning up...")
        self.ch.close()
        print("Exiting...")
        return 0

    #===================================#
    # Velocity Set Function
    # * change this function whenever you use a different source for setting the
    # * velocity besides the controller.
    #===================================#
    def joy_callback(self, msg):
        # Check if deadman switch is pressed
        if (msg.buttons[self.deadman_button]):
            # check if the current angle is beyond the bounds
            self.angle = self.ch.getPosition()
            # Read right joystick analog "Left/Right" value
            # (only go to 90% ov maximum velocity so it doesn't stall out)
            self.velocity = self.max_vel_scale*self.scale_angle*msg.axes[self.rl_axes]*self.ch.getMaxVelocityLimit()

            # DEBUG: Print
            # print("Angle: " + str(self.angle))
            # print("Velocity: " + str(self.angle))
            # print("Max: " + str(self.max_angle) + ", Min: " + str(self.min_angle))

            #===== Uses Min/Max =====#
            # if not ((self.angle > self.max_angle and self.velocity > 0) or (self.angle < self.min_angle and self.velocity < 0)):
            #     try:
            #         self.ch.setVelocityLimit(self.velocity)
            #     except PhidgetException as e:
            #         DisplayError(e)
            # else:
            #     try:
            #         self.ch.setVelocityLimit(0)
            #     except PhidgetException as e:
            #         DisplayError(e)

            #===== No Min/Max considered =====#
            try:
                # Check if the system is stalled
                if (self.check_stall()):
                    # Initiate "ramp-up" mode
                    self.reset_rampup()

                if (self.operation_mode == 0):
                    # Normal mode
                    self.ch.setVelocityLimit(self.velocity)
                else:
                    # Ramp-up mode
                    t_curr = time.time()
                    scale_vel = min((t_curr - self.ramp_start)/self.ramp_time_vel, 1)**2
                    scale_accel = min((t_curr - self.ramp_start)/self.ramp_time_accel, 1)
                    self.ch.setAcceleration(self.max_acceleration)
                    self.ch.setVelocityLimit(scale_vel*self.velocity)

                    # When ramping has finished resume normal operation
                    if (scale_vel == 1 and scale_accel == 1):
                        self.operation_mode = 0

            except PhidgetException as e:
                DisplayError(e)

    def moving_callback(self, msg):
        # Update 'moving' to indicate whether the motor is moving or not
        self.moving = msg.data

    def check_stall(self):
        stalled = False
        if (self.ch.getVelocity() != 0 and self.moving == False):
            self.repeats += 1
            if (self.repeats > self.max_repeats):
                stalled = True
        else:
            self.repeats = 0

        return stalled

    def reset_rampup(self):
        self.ramp_start = time.time()
        self.operation_mode = 1