def test_complex():
t = Var('t')
s = Var('s')
assert str(Diff(Pow((t * 5), 2), t)) != '0'
# XXX: doesn't work without global
global p
p = Par('3.', 'p')
f = Fun(QuantSpec('f', str(2.0 + s - 10 * (t ** 2) + Exp(p))), ['s', 't'])
assert str(2 * f.eval(s=3, t=t)) == '2*((2.0+3)-10*Pow(t,2)+Exp(p))'
assert str(Diff('-10*Pow(t,2)', 't')) == '-20*t'
assert str(Diff(2 * f.eval(s=3, t=t), t)) == '2*-20*t'
assert str(Diff(3 + t * f.eval(s=3,
t=t),
t)) == '((2.0+3)-10*Pow(t,2)+Exp(p))+t*(-10*2*t)'
assert str(Diff(3 + t * f(s, t),
t).eval(s=3,
t=1,
p=p)) == '((2.0+3)-10*Pow(1,2)+Exp(p))+1*(-10*2*1)'
# FIXME: segmentation fault!
# assert_almost_equal(Diff(3 + t * f(s, t), t).eval(s=3,
# t=1,
# p=p()),
# -4.914463076812332)
assert Diff(str(f(s, t)), 't') == Diff(f(s, t), t)
q1 = Diff(f(s, t), t)
q2 = Diff(str(f(s, t)), t)
assert q1 == q2
assert str(Diff(f(t, s), t)) == '1'
assert str(Diff(2 * f(3, t * 5), t)) == '2*-100*t*5'
assert str(Diff(2 * f(3, t * 5), t)) != str(0)
assert f(s, t) != f(t, s)
assert str(f(s, t).eval()) == '(2.0+s)-10*Pow(t,2)+Exp(3.0)'
q = f(s, t)
assert str(q.eval()) == '(2.0+s)-10*Pow(t,2)+Exp(3.0)'
assert str(Diff('g(s)', s)) == 'g_0(s)'
assert str(Diff('g(s)', s).eval()) == 'g_0(s)'
# XXX: doesn't work without global
global dg_dt
dg_dt = Fun(QuantSpec('g_0', '2-Sin(t/2)'), ['t'])
assert str(Diff('g(t)', t).eval()) == '2-Sin(t/2)'
assert str(Diff('g(s)', s)) == 'g_0(s)'
assert str(Diff('g(s)', s).eval()) == '2-Sin(s/2)'
g = Fun('', [t], 'g') # declare empty function
assert str(g(t)) == 'g(t)'
assert str(Diff(g(s), s).eval()) == '2-Sin(s/2)'
assert eval(str(Diff('pow(1,2)*t', 't'))) == 1
assert eval(str(Diff(Pow(1, 2) * t, t))) == 1
assert str(Diff(Sin(Pow(t, 1)), t)) == 'Cos(t)'
q = QuantSpec('q', '-0+3+pow(g(x)*h(y,x),1)*1')
assert str(Diff(q, 'x')) == '(g_0(x)*h(y,x)+g(x)*h_1(y,x))'
def test_symbolic():
assert doneg('-x-y') == 'x+y'
assert doneg('(-x-y)') == '(x+y)'
assert doneg('-(-x-y)') == '(-x-y)'
assert dosub('1', '-x-y') == '(1+x+y)'
g2 = expr2fun('1-max([0., -a+b*x])', **{'a': 3, 'b': 1.5})
assert g2._args == ['x']
assert g2(1) == 1.0
assert g2(10) == -11.0
ds = {'a': 3, 'bbb': 1}
f = expr2fun('1+ds["a"]')
assert f._args == ['ds']
assert f(ds) == 4
f2 = expr2fun('1+ds["a"]')
assert f2(**{'ds': ds}) == 4
assert f2._args == ['ds']
g = expr2fun('1+ds["bbb"]', ds=ds)
assert g() == 2
# g must be dynamic and not based on static eval of ds on initialization
ds['bbb'] = 2
assert g._args == []
assert g() == 3
m = args(pars=copy(ds))
h = expr2fun('m.pars["a"]+c', m=m, c=1)
assert h() == 4
assert h._args == []
h2 = expr2fun('1 + m.pars["a"]/2.', m=m)
assert h2() == 2.5
assert h2._args == []
def func(x, y):
return x * (y + 1)
m.func = func
i = expr2fun('1+func(x,y)+b', func=m.func, b=0.5)
assert 1 + func(2, 3) + 0.5 == i(2, 3)
j = expr2fun('i(x,func(2,y))*2', i=i, func=m.func)
assert j(1, 0) == 9
fnspec = {'f': (['x', 'y'], 'x+1+2*y-a')}
# a is expected to be in scope like a FuncSpec parameter
# so can't use the above method of providing explicit functions
k = expr2fun('-f(c,d)+b', f=fnspec['f'], b=0.5, a=1)
assert k(1, 2) == -4.5
s = '1+a/(f(x,y)-3)+h(2)'
t = s.replace('y', 'g(x,z)')
u = t.replace('z', 'f(z)')
r1, d1 = replaceCallsWithDummies(s, ['f', 'g', 'h'])
r2, d2 = replaceCallsWithDummies(t, ['f', 'g', 'h'])
r3, d3 = replaceCallsWithDummies(u, ['f', 'g', 'h'])
assert r1 == '1+a/(__dummy1__-3)+__dummy2__'
assert len(d1) == 2
assert r2 == '1+a/(__dummy2__-3)+__dummy3__'
assert len(d2) == 3
assert r2 == '1+a/(__dummy2__-3)+__dummy3__'
assert len(d3) == 4
ps = 'abs((HB9_fs_Vq-HB9_fs_V)*(-((HB9_fs_Lk_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Lk_vrev))+(-HB9_fs_Iapp_Ibias)+((HB9_fs_Na_g*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1-HB9_fs_K_n))*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_vrev))+(HB9_fs_K_g*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_vrev))+(HB9_fs_isyn_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_isyn_vrev))+(HB9_fs_esyn_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_esyn_vrev)))/HB9_fs_C)+(HB9_fs_Knq-HB9_fs_K_n)*(((1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_theta_n)/HB9_fs_K_k_n)))-HB9_fs_K_n)/(HB9_fs_K_taun_bar/cosh((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_theta_n)/(2*HB9_fs_K_k_n)))))/(sqrt(HB9_fs_Vq*HB9_fs_Vq+HB9_fs_Knq*HB9_fs_Knq)+sqrt(pow((-((HB9_fs_Lk_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Lk_vrev))+(-HB9_fs_Iapp_Ibias)+((HB9_fs_Na_g*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_theta_m)/HB9_fs_Na_k_m)))*(1-HB9_fs_K_n))*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_Na_vrev))+(HB9_fs_K_g*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*HB9_fs_K_n*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_vrev))+(HB9_fs_isyn_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_isyn_vrev))+(HB9_fs_esyn_g*(HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_esyn_vrev)))/HB9_fs_C),2)+pow((((1.0/(1.0+exp((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_theta_n)/HB9_fs_K_k_n)))-HB9_fs_K_n)/(HB9_fs_K_taun_bar/cosh((HB9_fs_V-HB9_fs_K_theta_n)/(2*HB9_fs_K_k_n)))),2)))'
parnames = [
'HB9_fs_Vq', 'HB9_fs_Lk_g', 'HB9_fs_Lk_vrev', 'HB9_fs_Iapp_Ibias',
'HB9_fs_Na_g', 'HB9_fs_Na_theta_m', 'HB9_fs_Na_k_m', 'HB9_fs_Na_vrev',
'HB9_fs_K_g', 'HB9_fs_K_vrev', 'HB9_fs_isyn_g', 'HB9_fs_isyn_vrev',
'HB9_fs_esyn_g', 'HB9_fs_esyn_vrev', 'HB9_fs_C', 'HB9_fs_Knq',
'HB9_fs_K_theta_n', 'HB9_fs_K_k_n', 'HB9_fs_K_taun_bar'
]
varnames = ['HB9_fs_V', 'HB9_fs_K_n']
ps2 = convertPowers(ps, 'pow')
for n in parnames + varnames:
v = rand(1)[0] + 1e-5
ps2 = ps2.replace(n, str(v))
ps = ps.replace(n, str(v))
eps = eval(ps)
eps2 = eval(ps2)
assert eps == eps2
a = Par('3.5', 'a')
qa = Var(['a*3', 'b'], 'array_test')
assert str(qa.eval(a=1)) == '[3,b]'
# explicit exporting 'a' to globals to make this work as expected
globals()['a'] = a
assert str(qa.eval()) == '[10.5,b]'
testq = QuantSpec('d', 'a')
testq.simplify()
assert testq() == 'a'
assert str(testq.eval(a=3)) == '3'
q = QuantSpec('q', 'zeta(yrel(y,initcond(y)),z)-1')
print(q.eval({}))
assert 'initcond' in str(q.eval({}))
q2 = QuantSpec('q', 'Exp(-spikeTable+b)/k')
assert 'spikeTable' in q2.freeSymbols
# x = Var('x')
# print x.isDefined()
# xs = QuantSpec('x', '1-rel - 2*x + cos(z) + 2e10', 'RHSfuncSpec')
# x.bindSpec(xs)
# print x.isDefined(),"\n"
x = Var(QuantSpec('x', '1-rel - 2*x + cos(z) + 2e10', 'RHSfuncSpec'))
p = Par('p')
az = Var(QuantSpec('z', 'myfunc(0,z)+abs(x+1)', 'RHSfuncSpec'))
w = Var('x-1/w[i]', 'w[i,0,1]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')
myLeaf1.compatibleContainers = (myNode, )
myLeaf2.compatibleContainers = (myNode, )
myNode.compatibleSubcomponents = (myLeaf1, myLeaf2)
c = myLeaf1('leaf1')
assert c.isDefined() == False
c.add(x)
print(c.freeSymbols, c.isDefined())
c.add(az)
print(c.freeSymbols, c.isDefined())
c.add(w)
print(c.freeSymbols, c.isDefined())
c.compileFuncSpec()
print(c.funcSpecDict)
empty_fn = Fun('1+exp(1)', [], 'dumb_fn')
print(empty_fn())
q = Par('qpar')
y = Var(QuantSpec('rel', 'v+p'), domain=[0, 1])
g = Fun(QuantSpec('qfunc', '-1.e-05+sin(qpar)*(10.e-5-xtol)'), ['xtol'])
d = myLeaf2('leaf2')
## d.add(y)
q_dummy = Var(QuantSpec('q_notpar', '-2+sin(30)'))
g_dummy = Fun(QuantSpec('qfunc_dummy', 'sin(q_notpar)*(10.e-5-xtol)'),
['xtol'])
d.add([q_dummy, g_dummy]) # will delete these later
d.add([q, g])
d2 = myLeaf2('leaf3')
d2.add([q, g])
v = Var(QuantSpec('v', 'v * myfunc(rel,v) - sin(p)*t', 'RHSfuncSpec'))
# p is a global parameter so this is ok in v
f = Fun(QuantSpec('myfunc', '2.0+s-t+exp(p)'), ['s', 't'])
# t is just a local argument here, so it won't clash with its
# occurrence in v (which we'll see is declared as a global
# when we call flattenSpec()).
ipar = Par('ipar')
z = Var('z[i]+v/(i*ipar)', 'z[i,0,5]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')
a = myNode('sys1')
a.add([f, p, y])
print(a.isDefined(True))
a.add(c)
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
a.add(d)
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
a.add(d2)
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
a.add(v)
print("Added v")
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
print("Removed v")
a.remove(v)
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
a.add([z, ipar])
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
print("\na._registry --> ")
print(a._registry)
print("Re-added v")
a.add(v)
print(a.freeSymbols, a.isDefined(), a.isComplete())
print("\nv in a -->", v in a)
print("\n")
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
a.compileFuncSpec()
a.remove(['leaf2.qfunc_dummy', 'leaf2.q_notpar'])
print("--------- sys1: funcSpecDict ---------------------")
a.compileFuncSpec()
info(a.funcSpecDict)
print("\n\n------------- Flatten spec with unravelling\n")
print("\n\ninfo(a.flattenSpec()) --> \n")
info(a.flattenSpec(globalRefs=['t']), "Model specification")
print("\n\n------------- Flatten spec with no unravelling\n")
print("\n\ninfo(a.flattenSpec(False, globalRefs=['t'])) --> \n")
info(a.flattenSpec(False, globalRefs=['t']), "Model specification")
print("\n\nDemos for functions (results are strings):\n")
h = f(p, -x)
z = QuantSpec('zero', '0')
print("h = f(p, -x) --> ", h)
print("z = QuantSpec('zero','0') --> ", z)
print("f(g(3)*1,h) --> ", f(g(3) * 1, h))
print("f(g(p),h) --> ", f(g(p), h))
print("f(g(p),0*h) --> ", f(g(p), 0 * h))
print("f(g(x),h+z) --> ", f(g(x), h + z))
# e is the math constant, but it doesn't evaluate to a float!
print("f(g(x()),(e+h)/2) --> ", f(g(x()), (e + h) / 2))
print("f(g(x()),-h) --> ", f(g(x()), -h))
print("f(g(x()),.5-h+0) --> ", f(g(x()), .5 - h + 0))
print("Sin(pi+q) --> ", Sin(pi + q))
qsin = QuantSpec('qsin', 'zv-sin(beta)')
assert str(qsin.eval()) == 'zv-sin(beta)'
print("\n\nDemos for local scope evaluation and **:\n")
print("q=Var('xv+1','qv')")
print("x=Var('3','xv')")
q = Var('xv+1', 'qv')
x = Var('3', 'xv')
globals()['x'] = x
globals()['q'] = q
sc1 = str(q.eval()) == '4'
print("q.eval() == 4? ", sc1)
assert sc1
print("a=x/q")
a = x / q
sc2 = str(a) == 'xv/qv'
print("a == xv/qv? ", sc2)
assert sc2
sc3 = str(a.eval()) == '0.75'
print("a.eval() == 0.75? ", sc3)
assert sc3
sc4 = str(a.eval(xv=5)) == '5/qv'
print("a.eval(xv=5) == 5/q? ", sc4)
assert sc4
sc5 = (str(a.eval(xv=5, qv=q())), '0.83333333333333337')
assert_approx_equal(*sc5)
print("assert_approx_equal(%s,%s)" % sc5)
sc6 = (str(a.eval({'xv': 10, 'qv': q()})), '0.90909090909090906')
print("assert_approx_equal(%s,%s)" % sc6)
assert_approx_equal(*sc6)
print("qs=QuantSpec('qsv','xsv+1')")
print("xs=QuantSpec('xsv','3')")
qs = QuantSpec('qsv', 'xsv+1')
xs = QuantSpec('xsv', '3')
globals()['qs'] = qs
globals()['xs'] = xs
qse = qs.eval()
qt1 = str(qse) == '4'
print("qs.eval() == 4? ", qt1)
assert qt1
assert qse.tonumeric() == 4
print("asq = xs/qs")
asq = xs / qs
qt2 = str(asq) == '3/(xsv+1)'
print("asq == 3/(xsv+1)? ", qt2)
assert qt2
qt3 = str(asq.eval()) == '0.75'
print("as.eval() == 0.75? ", qt3)
assert qt3
ps = asq**xs
print("ps = as**xs")
qt4 = str(ps) == 'Pow(3/(xsv+1),3)'
print("ps == Pow(3/(xsv+1),3)? ", qt4)
assert qt4
qt5 = str(ps.eval()) == str(0.75**3)
print("ps.eval() == 0.421875? ", qt5)
assert qt5
print("sq=QuantSpec('sv','sin(xsv)')")
print("s2q=QuantSpec('s2v','Sin(xv)')")
sq = QuantSpec('sv', 'sin(xsv)')
s2q = QuantSpec('s2v', 'Sin(xv)')
print("sq.eval() --> ", sq.eval())
print("s2q.eval() --> ", s2q.eval())
assert sq.eval().tonumeric() == s2q.eval().tonumeric()
assert sq[:] == ['sin', '(', 'xsv', ')']
print("\n\nDemos for multiple quantity definitions:\n")
mp = QuantSpec('p', 'a + 3*z[4*i-2]')
m = Var(mp, 'z[i,2,5]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')
v = Var('3*z[i-1]+z4-i', 'z[i,1,5]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')
print("mp=QuantSpec('p','a + 3*z[4*i-2]')")
print("m=Var(mp, 'z[i,2,5]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')")
print("v=Var('3*z[i-1]+z4-i', 'z[i,1,5]', specType='RHSfuncSpec')")
print("v[3] -->", v[3])
assert str(v[3]) == 'z3'
print("v.freeSymbols -->", v.freeSymbols)
assert v.freeSymbols == ['z0']
print("\nModelSpec a already contains 'z0', which was defined as part of")
print("a multiple quantity definition, so check that attempting to add")
print("v to a results in an error ...")
with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
a.add(v)
print("\nTest of eval method, e.g. on a function f(s,t)...")
print("f.eval(s='1', t='t_val') -->", f.eval(s='1', t='t_val'))
print("f.eval(s=1, t='t_val', p=0.5) -->", f.eval(s=1, t='t_val', p=0.5))
print("\nTesting convertPowers():")
cp_tests = [
"phi1dot^m3", "1+phi1dot^m3*s", "phi1dot**m3", "1+phi1dot**m3*s",
"sin(x^3)**4", "(2/3)^2.5", "3^cos(x)-pi", "3^(cos(x)-pi)",
"2^(sin(y**p))"
]
for spec in cp_tests:
print(spec, " --> ", convertPowers(spec))
globals().pop('a')
qc = QuantSpec('t', "a+coot+b/'coot'")
assert str(qc.eval()) == 'a+coot+b/"coot"'
coot = QuantSpec('coot', "1.05")
globals()['coot'] = coot
assert str(qc.eval()) == 'a+1.05+b/"coot"'
print("\nTest of function calling with argument names that clash with")
print("bound names inside the function.")
x0 = Var('x0')
x1 = Var('x1')
x2 = Var('x2')
F = Fun([x0 * x2, x0 * 5, x2**0.5], [x0, x1, x2], 'F')
print("F=Fun([x0*x2,x0*5,x2**0.5], [x0,x1,x2], 'F')")
print("F(3,2,Sin(x0))) = [3*Sin(x0),15,Pow(Sin(x0),0.5)] ...")
print(" ... even though x0 is a bound name inside definition of F")
assert str(F(3, 2, Sin(x0))) == '[3*Sin(x0),15,Pow(Sin(x0),0.5)]'
def test_symbolic_vector():
# XXX: doesn't work without global
global q0, q1
p0 = Var('p0')
q0 = Var(p0 + 3, 'q0')
q1 = Var(Diff(1 + Sin(Pow(p0, 3) + q0), p0), 'q1')
qv = Var([q0, q1], 'q')
assert str(qv()) == '[q0,q1]'
assert str(qv.eval()) == '[(p0+3),(3*Pow(p0,2)*Cos(Pow(p0,3)+(p0+3)))]'
v = Var('v')
w = Var('w')
f = Var([-3 * Pow((2 * v + 1), 3) + 2 * (w + v), -w / 2], 'f')
df = Diff(f, [v, w])
assert str(df) == '[[-3*6*Pow((2*v+1),2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
dfe = df.eval(v=3, w=10).tonumeric()
assert_allclose(dfe, [[-880.0, 2.0], [0.0, -0.5]])
assert isinstance(dfe, ndarray)
assert isinstance(df.fromvector(), list)
y0 = Var('y0')
y1 = Var('y1')
y2 = Var('y2')
t = Var('t')
ydot0 = Fun(-0.04 * y0 + 1e4 * y1 * y2, [y0, y1, y2], 'ydot0')
ydot2 = Fun(3e7 * y1 * y1, [y0, y1, y2], 'ydot2')
ydot1 = Fun(-ydot0(y0, y1, y2) - ydot2(y0, y1, y2), [y0, y1, y2], 'ydot1')
F = Fun([ydot0(y0, y1, y2),
ydot1(y0, y1, y2),
ydot2(y0, y1, y2)], [y0, y1, y2], 'F')
assert F.dim == 3
DF = Diff(F, [y0, y1, y2])
DF0, DF1, DF2 = DF.fromvector()
assert_approx_equal(DF0.fromvector()[0].tonumeric(), -0.04)
# str(Diff(F,[y0,y1,y2])) should be (to within numerical rounding errors):
# '[[-0.04,10000*y2,10000*y1],[0.040000000000000001,(-10000*y2)-30000000*2*y1,-10000*y1],[0,30000000*2*y1,0]]')
jac = Fun(Diff(F, [y0, y1, y2]), [t, y0, y1, y2], 'Jacobian')
assert jac(t, 0.1, y0 + 1, 0.5).eval(y0=0) == jac(t, 0.1, 1 + y0,
0.5).eval(y0=0)
assert jac(t, 0.1, y0, 0.5) == jac(t, 0.1, 0 + y0, 0.5)
x = Var('x')
y = Var('y')
f1 = Fun([-3 * x**3 + 2 * (x + y), -y / 2], [x, y], 'f1')
f2 = ['-3*x**3+2*(x+y)', '-y/2']
f3 = [-3 * x**3. + 2 * (x + y), -y / 2.]
assert str(f1) == 'f1'
assert str(f2) == '[\'-3*x**3+2*(x+y)\', \'-y/2\']'
assert str(
f3
) == '[QuantSpec __result__ (ExpFuncSpec), QuantSpec __result__ (ExpFuncSpec)]'
f4 = [-3 * Pow((2 * x + 1), 3) + 2 * (x + y), -y / 2]
xx = QuantSpec('dummy', 'x')
f5 = Var([-3 * Pow((2 * x + 1), 3) + 2 * (x + y), -y / 2], 'f5')
assert Diff(f1, x) == Diff(f1, 'x')
assert str(Diff(f1, x)) == '[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,0]'
assert str(Diff(f3, x)) == '[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,0]'
assert str(Diff(f3, xx)) == '[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,0]'
assert str(Diff(f4, x)) == '[-3*6*Pow((2*x+1),2)+2,0]'
assert str(Diff(f4, xx)) == '[-3*6*Pow((2*x+1),2)+2,0]'
# Examples of Jacobian Diff(f, [x,y])...
assert Diff(f1, [x, y]) == Diff(f1, ['x', 'y']) == Diff(f1(x, y), [x, y])
assert str(Diff(f2, ['x', 'y'])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f3, ['x', 'y'])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f1, [xx, y])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f1, [xx, 'y'])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f2, [x, y])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f3, [x, y])) == '[[-3*3*Pow(x,2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert str(Diff(f4, [x, y])) == '[[-3*6*Pow((2*x+1),2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
df5 = Diff(f5, [x, y])
assert str(df5) == '[[-3*6*Pow((2*x+1),2)+2,2],[0,-0.5]]'
assert_allclose(
df5.eval(x=3, y=10).tonumeric(), [[-880.0, 2.0], [0.0, -0.5]])
# FIXME: segmentation fault!
# assert_allclose(df5.eval(x=3,y=10).fromvector(0), [-880.0,2.0])
assert str(df5.eval(x=3, y=10).fromvector(0)) == '[-880.0,2]'
assert str(df5.fromvector(0)) == '[-3*6*Pow((2*x+1),2)+2,2]'
assert isinstance(df5.fromvector(), list)
a = df5.fromvector(0).eval(x=3, y=10).tonumeric()
b = df5.eval(x=3, y=10).tonumeric()[0]
assert a[0] == b[0] and a[1] == b[1]