def excess(signed):
  decimal = to_decimal_from_signed(signed)
  return from_decimal_to_excess(decimal)
def excess(one_complement):
  decimal = to_decimal_from_one_complement(one_complement)
  return from_decimal_to_excess(decimal)
def excess(two_complement):
  decimal = to_decimal_from_two_complement(two_complement)
  return from_decimal_to_excess(decimal)