def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, random_seed, memory=None):
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(random_seed)

        # Actor Network
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                 random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                  random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                   random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                    random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC,
                                           weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, random_seed)

        # Replay memory
        if memory is None:
            self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE,
                                       random_seed)
        else:
            self.memory = memory
Exemple #2
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    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, random_seed):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            random_seed (int): random seed
        """
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(random_seed)

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size, action_size, random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size, action_size, random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(), lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size, action_size, random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size, action_size, random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(), lr=LR_CRITIC, weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, random_seed)

        # Replay memory
        self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE, random_seed)
Exemple #3
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    def __init__(self, args, state_size, action_size):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            
        """
        self.args = args
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(self.args.seed)

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size,
                                 action_size,
                                 self.args.seed,
                                 fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
                                 fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
                                 fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size,
                                  action_size,
                                  self.args.seed,
                                  fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
                                  fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
                                  fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=self.args.lr_Actor,
                                          eps=self.args.adam_eps)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(
            state_size,
            action_size,
            self.args.seed,
            fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
            fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
            fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(
            state_size,
            action_size,
            self.args.seed,
            fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
            fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
            fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=self.args.lr_Critic,
                                           eps=self.args.adam_eps,
                                           weight_decay=self.args.weight_decay)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size,
                             self.args.seed,
                             sigma=self.args.noise_std)

        self.learning_starts = int(args.memory_capacity *
                                   args.learning_starts_ratio)
        self.learning_frequency = args.learning_frequency
Exemple #4
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    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, n_agents=1, seed=0):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            n_agents: number of agents it will control in the environment
            seed (int): random seed
        """
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = np.random.seed(seed)
        random.seed(seed)
        self.n_agents = n_agents

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size,
                                 action_size,
                                 leak=LEAKINESS,
                                 seed=seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size,
                                  action_size,
                                  leak=LEAKINESS,
                                  seed=seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size,
                                   action_size,
                                   leak=LEAKINESS,
                                   seed=seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size,
                                    action_size,
                                    leak=LEAKINESS,
                                    seed=seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC)
        # self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(), lr=LR_CRITIC, weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, seed)

        # Replay memory
        self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE, seed)
        self.timesteps = 0
class Agent():
    """Interacts with and learns from the environment."""
    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, random_seed):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            random_seed (int): random seed
        """
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(random_seed)

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(action_size, state_size, (512, 256),
                                 random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(action_size, state_size, (512, 256),
                                  random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(action_size, state_size, (512, 256),
                                   random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(action_size, state_size, (512, 256),
                                    random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC,
                                           weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, random_seed)
        self.t_step = 0

        # Replay memory
        self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE,
                                   random_seed, device)

    def step(self, states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones):
        """Save experience in replay memory, and use random sample from buffer to learn."""
        # Save experience / reward
        for state, action, reward, next_state, done in zip(
                states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones):
            self.memory.add(state, action, reward, next_state, done)

        # Learn every UPDATE_EVERY time steps.
        self.t_step = (self.t_step + 1) % UPDATE_EVERY
        if self.t_step == 0:
            # If enough samples are available in memory, get random subset and learn
            if len(self.memory) > BATCH_SIZE:
                experiences = self.memory.sample()
                self.learn(experiences, GAMMA)

    def act(self, state, add_noise=True):
        states = torch.from_numpy(state).float().to(device)
        self.actor_local.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            actions = self.actor_local(states).cpu().data.numpy()
        self.actor_local.train()
        actions += self.noise.sample()
        return np.clip(actions, -1, 1)

    def reset(self):
        self.noise.reset()

    def learn(self, experiences, gamma):
        """Update policy and value parameters using given batch of experience tuples.
        Q_targets = r + γ * critic_target(next_state, actor_target(next_state))
        where:
            actor_target(state) -> action
            critic_target(state, action) -> Q-value

        Params
        ======
            experiences (Tuple[torch.Tensor]): tuple of (s, a, r, s', done) tuples 
            gamma (float): discount factor
        """
        states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = experiences
        #print("states shape",states.shape)

        # ---------------------------- update critic ---------------------------- #
        # Get predicted next-state actions and Q values from target models
        actions_next = self.actor_target(next_states)
        Q_targets_next = self.critic_target(next_states, actions_next)
        # Compute Q targets for current states (y_i)
        Q_targets = rewards + (gamma * Q_targets_next * (1 - dones))
        # Compute critic loss
        Q_expected = self.critic_local(states, actions)
        critic_loss = F.mse_loss(Q_expected, Q_targets)
        # Minimize the loss
        self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad()
        critic_loss.backward()
        torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.critic_local.parameters(), 1)
        self.critic_optimizer.step()

        # ---------------------------- update actor ---------------------------- #
        # Compute actor loss
        actions_pred = self.actor_local(states)
        actor_loss = -self.critic_local(states, actions_pred).mean()
        # Minimize the loss
        self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad()
        actor_loss.backward()
        self.actor_optimizer.step()

        # ----------------------- update target networks ----------------------- #
        self.soft_update(self.critic_local, self.critic_target, TAU)
        self.soft_update(self.actor_local, self.actor_target, TAU)

    def soft_update(self, local_model, target_model, tau):
        """Soft update model parameters.
        θ_target = τ*θ_local + (1 - τ)*θ_target

        Params
        ======
            local_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied from)
            target_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied to)
            tau (float): interpolation parameter 
        """
        for target_param, local_param in zip(target_model.parameters(),
                                             local_model.parameters()):
            target_param.data.copy_(tau * local_param.data +
                                    (1.0 - tau) * target_param.data)
Exemple #6
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class Agent():
    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, n_agents=1, seed=0):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            n_agents: number of agents it will control in the environment
            seed (int): random seed
        """
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = np.random.seed(seed)
        random.seed(seed)
        self.n_agents = n_agents

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size,
                                 action_size,
                                 leak=LEAKINESS,
                                 seed=seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size,
                                  action_size,
                                  leak=LEAKINESS,
                                  seed=seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size,
                                   action_size,
                                   leak=LEAKINESS,
                                   seed=seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size,
                                    action_size,
                                    leak=LEAKINESS,
                                    seed=seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC)
        # self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(), lr=LR_CRITIC, weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, seed)

        # Replay memory
        self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE, seed)
        self.timesteps = 0

    def step(self, states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones):
        """ Given a batch of S,A,R,S' experiences, it saves them into the
            experience buffer, and occasionally samples from the experience
            buffer to perform training steps.
        """
        self.timesteps += 1
        for i in range(self.n_agents):
            self.memory.add(states[i], actions[i], rewards[i], next_states[i],
                            dones[i])

        if (len(self.memory) > BATCH_SIZE) and (self.timesteps % 20 == 0):
            for _ in range(10):
                experiences = self.memory.sample()
                self.learn(experiences, GAMMA)

    def act(self, states, add_noise=True):
        """ Given a list of states for each agent it returns the actions to be
            taken by each agent based on the current policy.
            Returns a numpy array of shape [n_agents, n_actions]
            NOTE: clips actions to be between -1, 1
        Args:
            states:    () one row of state for each agent [n_agents, n_actions]
            add_noise: (bool) add noise to the actions?
        """
        states = torch.from_numpy(states).float().to(device)
        self.actor_local.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            actions = self.actor_local(states).cpu().data.numpy()
        self.actor_local.train()
        if add_noise:
            actions += [self.noise.sample() for _ in range(self.n_agents)]
        return np.clip(actions, -1, 1)

    def reset(self):
        self.noise.reset()

    def learn(self, experiences, gamma):
        """Update policy and value parameters using given batch of experience tuples.
        Q_targets = r + γ * critic_target(next_state, actor_target(next_state))
        where:
            actor_target(state) -> action
            critic_target(state, action) -> Q-value
        Params
        ======
            experiences (Tuple[torch.Tensor]): tuple of (s, a, r, s', done) tuples
            gamma (float): discount factor
        """
        states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = experiences

        # ---------------------------- update critic ---------------------------- #
        # Get predicted next-state actions and Q values from target models
        actions_next = self.actor_target(next_states)
        Q_targets_next = self.critic_target(next_states, actions_next)
        # Compute Q targets for current states (y_i)
        Q_targets = rewards + (gamma * Q_targets_next * (1 - dones))
        # Compute critic loss
        Q_expected = self.critic_local(states, actions)
        critic_loss = F.mse_loss(Q_expected, Q_targets)
        # Minimize the loss
        self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad()
        critic_loss.backward()
        self.critic_optimizer.step()

        # ---------------------------- update actor ---------------------------- #
        # Compute actor loss
        actions_pred = self.actor_local(states)
        actor_loss = -self.critic_local(states, actions_pred).mean()
        # Minimize the loss
        self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad()
        actor_loss.backward()
        self.actor_optimizer.step()

        # ----------------------- update target networks ----------------------- #
        self.soft_update(self.critic_local, self.critic_target, TAU)
        self.soft_update(self.actor_local, self.actor_target, TAU)

    def soft_update(self, local_model, target_model, tau):
        """Soft update model parameters.
        θ_target = τ*θ_local + (1 - τ)*θ_target
        Params
        ======
            local_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied from)
            target_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied to)
            tau (float): interpolation parameter
        """
        for target_param, local_param in zip(target_model.parameters(),
                                             local_model.parameters()):
            target_param.data.copy_(tau * local_param.data +
                                    (1.0 - tau) * target_param.data)

    @property
    def device(self):
        return device
class Agent():
    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, random_seed, memory=None):
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(random_seed)

        # Actor Network
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                 random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                  random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                   random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                    random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC,
                                           weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, random_seed)

        # Replay memory
        if memory is None:
            self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE,
                                       random_seed)
        else:
            self.memory = memory

    def step(self, states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones, step):
        for state, action, reward, next_state, done in zip(
                states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones):
            self.memory.add(state, action, reward, next_state, done)

        if len(self.memory) > BATCH_SIZE and step % LEARN_EVERY == 0:
            for _ in range(LEARN_N_TIMES):
                experiences = self.memory.sample()
                self.learn(experiences, GAMMA)

    def act(self, states, add_noise=True):
        states = torch.from_numpy(states).float().to(device)
        self.actor_local.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            actions = self.actor_local(states).cpu().data.numpy()
        self.actor_local.train()
        if add_noise:
            actions += self.noise.sample()
        return np.clip(actions, -1, 1)

    def reset(self):
        self.noise.reset()

    def learn(self, experiences, gamma):
        states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = experiences

        actions_next = self.actor_target(next_states)
        Q_targets_next = self.critic_target(next_states, actions_next)

        Q_targets = rewards + (gamma * Q_targets_next * (1 - dones))
        Q_expected = self.critic_local(states, actions)
        critic_loss = F.mse_loss(Q_expected, Q_targets)

        self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad()
        critic_loss.backward()
        torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.critic_local.parameters(), 1)
        self.critic_optimizer.step()

        actions_pred = self.actor_local(states)
        actor_loss = -self.critic_local(states, actions_pred).mean()
        self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad()
        actor_loss.backward()
        self.actor_optimizer.step()

        self.soft_update(self.critic_local, self.critic_target, TAU)
        self.soft_update(self.actor_local, self.actor_target, TAU)

    def soft_update(self, local_model, target_model, tau):
        for target_param, local_param in zip(target_model.parameters(),
                                             local_model.parameters()):
            target_param.data.copy_(tau * local_param.data +
                                    (1.0 - tau) * target_param.data)
Exemple #8
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class Agent():
    """Interacts with and learns from the environment."""
    def __init__(self, state_size, action_size, random_seed, learn_every):
        """Initialize an Agent object.

        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            random_seed (int): random seed
        """
        self.seed = random.seed(random_seed)

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.learn_every = learn_every
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                 random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size, action_size,
                                  random_seed).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=LR_ACTOR)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                   random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(state_size, action_size,
                                    random_seed).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=LR_CRITIC,
                                           weight_decay=WEIGHT_DECAY)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size, random_seed)

        # Replay memory
        self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE,
                                   random_seed)

    def step(self, state, action, reward, next_state, done):
        """Save experience in replay memory, and use random sample from buffer to learn."""
        # Save experience / reward
        self.memory.add(state, action, reward, next_state, done)

    def act(self, state, add_noise=True):
        """Returns actions for given state as per current policy."""
        state = torch.from_numpy(state).float().to(device)
        self.actor_local.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            action = self.actor_local(state).cpu().data.numpy()
        self.actor_local.train()
        if add_noise:
            action += self.noise.sample()
        return np.clip(action, -1, 1)

    def reset(self):
        self.noise.reset()

    def learn_from_file(self):
        try:
            file = np.random.choice(glob('data/*.*'))
            exps = pickle.load(open(file, 'rb'))
            exps = [experience(**exp) for exp in exps]
            exps = batch_from_sample(exps)
            self.learn(exps, GAMMA)
        except EOFError:
            pass

    def learn(self, experiences, gamma):
        """Update policy and value parameters using given batch of experience tuples.
        Q_targets = r + γ * critic_target(next_state, actor_target(next_state))
        where:
            actor_target(state) -> action
            critic_target(state, action) -> Q-value

        Params
        ======
            experiences (Tuple[torch.Tensor]): tuple of (s, a, r, s', done) tuples
            gamma (float): discount factor
        """
        states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = experiences

        # ---------------------------- update critic ---------------------------- #
        # Get predicted next-state actions and Q values from target models
        actions_next = self.actor_target(next_states)
        Q_targets_next = self.critic_target(next_states, actions_next)
        # Compute Q targets for current states (y_i)
        Q_targets = rewards + (gamma * Q_targets_next * (1 - dones))
        # Compute critic loss
        Q_expected = self.critic_local(states, actions)
        critic_loss = F.mse_loss(Q_expected, Q_targets)
        # Minimize the loss
        self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad()
        critic_loss.backward()
        self.critic_optimizer.step()

        # ---------------------------- update actor ---------------------------- #
        # Compute actor loss
        actions_pred = self.actor_local(states)
        actor_loss = -self.critic_local(states, actions_pred).mean()
        # Minimize the loss
        self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad()
        actor_loss.backward()
        self.actor_optimizer.step()

        # ----------------------- update target networks ----------------------- #
        self.soft_update(self.critic_local, self.critic_target, TAU)
        self.soft_update(self.actor_local, self.actor_target, TAU)

    def soft_update(self, local_model, target_model, tau):
        """Soft update model parameters.
        θ_target = τ*θ_local + (1 - τ)*θ_target

        Params
        ======
            local_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied from)
            target_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied to)
            tau (float): interpolation parameter
        """
        for target_param, local_param in zip(target_model.parameters(),
                                             local_model.parameters()):
            target_param.data.copy_(tau * local_param.data +
                                    (1.0 - tau) * target_param.data)
Exemple #9
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class Agent():
    """Interacts with and learns from the environment."""
    def __init__(self, args, state_size, action_size):
        """Initialize an Agent object.
        
        Params
        ======
            state_size (int): dimension of each state
            action_size (int): dimension of each action
            
        """
        self.args = args
        self.state_size = state_size
        self.action_size = action_size
        self.seed = random.seed(self.args.seed)

        # Actor Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.actor_local = Actor(state_size,
                                 action_size,
                                 self.args.seed,
                                 fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
                                 fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
                                 fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.actor_target = Actor(state_size,
                                  action_size,
                                  self.args.seed,
                                  fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
                                  fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
                                  fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.actor_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.actor_local.parameters(),
                                          lr=self.args.lr_Actor,
                                          eps=self.args.adam_eps)

        # Critic Network (w/ Target Network)
        self.critic_local = Critic(
            state_size,
            action_size,
            self.args.seed,
            fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
            fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
            fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.critic_target = Critic(
            state_size,
            action_size,
            self.args.seed,
            fc1_units=self.args.hidden_1_size,
            fc2_units=self.args.hidden_2_size,
            fc3_units=self.args.hidden_3_size).to(device)
        self.critic_optimizer = optim.Adam(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           lr=self.args.lr_Critic,
                                           eps=self.args.adam_eps,
                                           weight_decay=self.args.weight_decay)

        # Noise process
        self.noise = OUNoise(action_size,
                             self.args.seed,
                             sigma=self.args.noise_std)

        self.learning_starts = int(args.memory_capacity *
                                   args.learning_starts_ratio)
        self.learning_frequency = args.learning_frequency
        #self.memory = ReplayBuffer(action_size, BUFFER_SIZE, LEARNING_BATCH_SIZE, seed)

    def memorize(self, states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones, memory):
        """Save experience in replay memory, and use random sample from buffer to learn."""
        # Save experience / reward

        for state, action, reward, next_state, done in zip(
                states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones):
            #memory.add(state, action, reward, done)
            memory.add(state, action, reward, next_state, done)

    def act(self, state, add_noise=True):
        """Returns actions for given state as per current policy."""
        state = torch.from_numpy(state).float().to(device)
        self.actor_local.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            action = self.actor_local(state).cpu().data.numpy()
        self.actor_local.train()

        if add_noise:
            action += self.noise.sample()
        return np.clip(action, -1, 1)

    def reset(self):
        self.noise.reset()

    def learn(self, memory, timestep):
        """Update policy and value parameters using given batch of experience tuples.
        Q_targets = r + γ * critic_target(next_state, actor_target(next_state))
        where:
            actor_target(state) -> action
            critic_target(state, action) -> Q-value

        Params
        ======
            
        """
        # Learn, if enough samples are available in memory and after "learning_frequency" steps since we last learnt
        # if memory.num_memories > self.learning_starts and timestep % self.learning_frequency == 0:
        #   idxs, states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones, _ = memory.sample(self.args.batch_size)

        if len(
                memory
        ) > self.learning_starts and timestep % self.learning_frequency == 0:
            states, actions, rewards, next_states, dones = memory.sample()

            # ---------------------------- update critic ---------------------------- #
            # Get predicted next-state actions and Q values from target models
            actions_next = self.actor_target(next_states)
            Q_targets_next = self.critic_target(next_states, actions_next)
            # Compute Q targets for current states (y_i)
            Q_targets = rewards + (self.args.discount * Q_targets_next *
                                   (1 - dones))
            # Compute critic loss
            Q_expected = self.critic_local(states, actions)
            critic_loss = F.mse_loss(Q_expected, Q_targets)
            # Minimize the loss
            self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad()
            critic_loss.backward()
            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.critic_local.parameters(),
                                           self.args.reward_clip)
            self.critic_optimizer.step()

            # ---------------------------- update actor ---------------------------- #
            # Compute actor loss
            actions_pred = self.actor_local(states)
            actor_loss = -self.critic_local(states, actions_pred).mean()
            # Minimize the loss
            self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad()
            actor_loss.backward()
            self.actor_optimizer.step()

            # memory.update_priorities(idxs, actor_loss.detach())  # Update priorities of sampled transitions

            # ----------------------- update target networks ----------------------- #
            # if timestep % self.args.target_update == 0:
            # Every time there is a leartning process happening, let's update
            self.soft_update(self.critic_local, self.critic_target,
                             self.args.tau)
            self.soft_update(self.actor_local, self.actor_target,
                             self.args.tau)

    def soft_update(self, local_model, target_model, tau):
        """Soft update model parameters.
        θ_target = τ*θ_local + (1 - τ)*θ_target

        Params
        ======
            local_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied from)
            target_model: PyTorch model (weights will be copied to)
            tau (float): interpolation parameter 
        """
        for target_param, local_param in zip(target_model.parameters(),
                                             local_model.parameters()):
            target_param.data.copy_(tau * local_param.data +
                                    (1.0 - tau) * target_param.data)