def test_double_ex_unitary_operations(self, pphh, ref_gates):
"""Test the correctness of the DoubleExcitationUnitary template including the gate count
and order, the wires each operation acts on and the correct use of parameters
in the circuit."""
sqg = 72
cnots = 16*(pphh[1]-pphh[0] + pphh[3]-pphh[2] + 1)
weight = np.pi/3
with qml.utils.OperationRecorder() as rec:
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight, wires=pphh)
assert len(rec.queue) == sqg + cnots
for gate in ref_gates:
idx = gate[0]
exp_gate = gate[1]
res_gate = rec.queue[idx]
assert isinstance(res_gate, exp_gate)
exp_wires = gate[2]
res_wires = rec.queue[idx]._wires
assert res_wires == exp_wires
exp_weight = gate[3]
res_weight = rec.queue[idx].parameters
assert res_weight == exp_weight
def test_double_ex_unitary_operations(self, wires1, wires2, ref_gates):
"""Test the correctness of the DoubleExcitationUnitary template including the gate count
and order, the wires each operation acts on and the correct use of parameters
in the circuit."""
sqg = 72
cnots = 16 * (len(wires1) - 1 + len(wires2) - 1 + 1)
weight = np.pi / 3
with pennylane._queuing.OperationRecorder() as rec:
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight, wires1=wires1, wires2=wires2)
assert len(rec.queue) == sqg + cnots
for gate in ref_gates:
idx = gate[0]
exp_gate = gate[1]
res_gate = rec.queue[idx]
assert isinstance(res_gate, exp_gate)
exp_wires = gate[2]
res_wires = rec.queue[idx]._wires
assert res_wires == Wires(exp_wires)
exp_weight = gate[3]
res_weight = rec.queue[idx].parameters
assert res_weight == exp_weight
def UCCSD(weights, wires, ph=None, pphh=None, init_state=None):
r"""Implements the Unitary Coupled-Cluster Singles and Doubles (UCCSD) ansatz.
The UCCSD ansatz calls the
:func:`~.SingleExcitationUnitary` and :func:`~.DoubleExcitationUnitary`
templates to exponentiate the coupled-cluster excitation operator. UCCSD is a VQE ansatz
commonly used to run quantum chemistry simulations.
The UCCSD unitary, within the first-order Trotter approximation, is given by:
.. math::
\hat{U}(\vec{\theta}) =
\prod_{p > r} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{\theta_{pr}
(\hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_r-\mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\}
\prod_{p > q > r > s} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{\theta_{pqrs}
(\hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_q^\dagger \hat{c}_r \hat{c}_s-\mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\}
where :math:`\hat{c}` and :math:`\hat{c}^\dagger` are the fermionic annihilation and
creation operators and the indices :math:`r, s` and :math:`p, q` run over the occupied and
unoccupied molecular orbitals, respectively. Using the `Jordan-Wigner transformation
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5986>`_ the UCCSD unitary defined above can be written in terms
of Pauli matrices as follows (for more details see
`arXiv:1805.04340 <https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04340>`_):
.. math::
\hat{U}(\vec{\theta}) = && \prod_{p > r} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{ \frac{i\theta_{pr}}{2}
\bigotimes_{a=r+1}^{p-1} \hat{Z}_a (\hat{Y}_r \hat{X}_p - \mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\} \\
&& \times \prod_{p > q > r > s} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{ \frac{i\theta_{pqrs}}{8}
\bigotimes_{b=s+1}^{r-1} \hat{Z}_b \bigotimes_{a=q+1}^{p-1}
\hat{Z}_a (\hat{X}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{X}_p +
\hat{Y}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{Y}_p +
\hat{X}_s \hat{Y}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{Y}_p +
\hat{X}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{X}_q \hat{Y}_p -
\{\mathrm{H.c.}\}) \Big\}.
Args:
weights (array): length ``len(ph)+len(pphh)`` vector containing the parameters
:math:`\theta_{pr}` and :math:`\theta_{pqrs}` entering the Z rotation in
:func:`~.SingleExcitationUnitary`
and
:func:`~.DoubleExcitationUnitary`. These parameters are precisely the coupled-cluster
amplitudes that need to be optimized for each configuration generated by the
excitation operator.
wires (Iterable or Wires): Wires that the template acts on. Accepts an iterable of numbers or strings, or
a Wires object.
ph (Sequence[list]): Sequence of two-element lists containing the indices ``r, p`` that
define the 1particle-1hole (ph) configuration :math:`\vert \mathrm{ph} \rangle =
\hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_r \vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle`,
where :math:`\vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle` denotes the Hartee-Fock (HF) reference state.
pphh (Sequence[list]): Sequence of four-elements lists containing the indices
``s, r, q, p`` that define the 2particle-2hole configuration (pphh)
:math:`\vert \mathrm{pphh} \rangle = \hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_q^\dagger \hat{c}_r
\hat{c}_s \vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle`.
init_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the
HF state. ``init_state`` is used to initialize the qubit register.
Raises:
ValueError: if inputs do not have the correct format
.. UsageDetails::
Notice that:
#. The number of wires has to be equal to the number of spin-orbitals included in
the active space.
#. The ``ph`` and ``pphh`` lists can be generated with the function
:func:`~.sd_excitations`. See example below.
#. The vector of parameters ``weights`` is a one-dimensional array of size
``len(ph)+len(pphh)``
An example of how to use this template is shown below:
.. code-block:: python
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.templates import UCCSD
# Number of active electrons
n_active_electrons = 2
# Number of active spin-orbitals
n_active_orbitals = 4
# Set the ``ref_state`` array to encode the HF state
ref_state = qml.qchem.hf_state(n_active_electrons, n_active_orbitals)
# Spin-projection selection rule to generate the excitations
DSz = 0
# Generate the particle-hole configurations
ph, pphh = qml.qchem.sd_excitations(n_active_electrons, n_active_orbitals, DS=DSz)
dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=n_active_orbitals)
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(weights, wires, ph=ph, pphh=pphh, init_state=ref_state):
UCCSD(weights, wires, ph=ph, pphh=pphh, init_state=ref_state)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
params = np.random.normal(0, np.pi, len(ph) + len(pphh))
print(circuit(params, wires, ph=ph, pphh=pphh, init_state=ref_state))
"""
##############
# Input checks
wires = Wires(wires)
if (not ph) and (not pphh):
raise ValueError(
"'ph' and 'pphh' lists can not be both empty; got ph={}, pphh={}".format(ph, pphh)
)
check_type(ph, [list], msg="'ph' must be a list; got {}".format(ph))
expected_shape = (2,)
for i_ph in ph:
check_type(i_ph, [list], msg="Each element of 'ph' must be a list; got {}".format(i_ph))
check_shape(
i_ph,
expected_shape,
msg="Elements of 'ph' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(
expected_shape, get_shape(i_ph)
),
)
for i in i_ph:
check_type(
i, [int], msg="Each element of 'ph' must be a list of integers; got {}".format(i_ph)
)
check_type(pphh, [list], msg="'pphh' must be a list; got {}".format(pphh))
expected_shape = (4,)
for i_pphh in pphh:
check_type(
i_pphh, [list], msg="Each element of 'pphh' must be a list; got {}".format(i_pphh)
)
check_shape(
i_pphh,
expected_shape,
msg="Elements of 'pphh' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(
expected_shape, get_shape(i_pphh)
),
)
for i in i_pphh:
check_type(
i,
[int],
msg="Each element of 'pphh' must be a list of integers; got {}".format(i_pphh),
)
check_type(
init_state,
[np.ndarray],
msg="'init_state' must be a Numpy array; got {}".format(init_state),
)
for i in init_state:
check_type(
i,
[int, np.int64],
msg="Elements of 'init_state' must be integers; got {}".format(init_state),
)
expected_shape = (len(ph) + len(pphh),)
check_shape(
weights,
expected_shape,
msg="'weights' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(expected_shape, get_shape(weights)),
)
expected_shape = (len(wires),)
check_shape(
init_state,
expected_shape,
msg="'init_state' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(
expected_shape, get_shape(init_state)
),
)
###############
wires = wires.tolist() # TODO: Remove when ops accept wires
qml.BasisState(np.flip(init_state), wires=wires)
for d, i_pphh in enumerate(pphh):
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weights[len(ph) + d], wires=i_pphh)
for s, i_ph in enumerate(ph):
SingleExcitationUnitary(weights[s], wires=i_ph)
def circuit(weight):
init_state = np.flip(np.array([1,1,0,0,0]))
qml.BasisState(init_state, wires=wires)
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight, wires=pphh)
def circuit(weight=weight, wires=None):
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight=weight, wires=wires)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
def circuit(weight):
init_state = np.flip(np.array([1, 1, 0, 0, 0]))
qml.BasisState(init_state, wires=range(N))
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight, wires1=wires1, wires2=wires2)
return [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(w)) for w in range(N)]
def circuit(weight=weight):
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weight=weight, wires1=wires1, wires2=wires2)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(0))
def UCCSD(weights, wires, s_wires=None, d_wires=None, init_state=None):
r"""Implements the Unitary Coupled-Cluster Singles and Doubles (UCCSD) ansatz.
The UCCSD ansatz calls the
:func:`~.SingleExcitationUnitary` and :func:`~.DoubleExcitationUnitary`
templates to exponentiate the coupled-cluster excitation operator. UCCSD is a VQE ansatz
commonly used to run quantum chemistry simulations.
The UCCSD unitary, within the first-order Trotter approximation, is given by:
.. math::
\hat{U}(\vec{\theta}) =
\prod_{p > r} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{\theta_{pr}
(\hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_r-\mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\}
\prod_{p > q > r > s} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{\theta_{pqrs}
(\hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_q^\dagger \hat{c}_r \hat{c}_s-\mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\}
where :math:`\hat{c}` and :math:`\hat{c}^\dagger` are the fermionic annihilation and
creation operators and the indices :math:`r, s` and :math:`p, q` run over the occupied and
unoccupied molecular orbitals, respectively. Using the `Jordan-Wigner transformation
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5986>`_ the UCCSD unitary defined above can be written in terms
of Pauli matrices as follows (for more details see
`arXiv:1805.04340 <https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04340>`_):
.. math::
\hat{U}(\vec{\theta}) = && \prod_{p > r} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{ \frac{i\theta_{pr}}{2}
\bigotimes_{a=r+1}^{p-1} \hat{Z}_a (\hat{Y}_r \hat{X}_p - \mathrm{H.c.}) \Big\} \\
&& \times \prod_{p > q > r > s} \mathrm{exp} \Big\{ \frac{i\theta_{pqrs}}{8}
\bigotimes_{b=s+1}^{r-1} \hat{Z}_b \bigotimes_{a=q+1}^{p-1}
\hat{Z}_a (\hat{X}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{X}_p +
\hat{Y}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{Y}_p +
\hat{X}_s \hat{Y}_r \hat{Y}_q \hat{Y}_p +
\hat{X}_s \hat{X}_r \hat{X}_q \hat{Y}_p -
\{\mathrm{H.c.}\}) \Big\}.
Args:
weights (array): Length ``len(s_wires) + len(d_wires)`` vector containing the parameters
:math:`\theta_{pr}` and :math:`\theta_{pqrs}` entering the Z rotation in
:func:`~.SingleExcitationUnitary`
and
:func:`~.DoubleExcitationUnitary`. These parameters are the coupled-cluster
amplitudes that need to be optimized for each single and double excitation generated
with the :func:`~.excitations` function.
wires (Iterable or Wires): Wires that the template acts on. Accepts an iterable of numbers
or strings, or a Wires object.
s_wires (Sequence[Sequence]): Sequence of lists containing the wires ``[r,...,p]``
resulting from the single excitation
:math:`\vert r, p \rangle = \hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_r \vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle`,
where :math:`\vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle` denotes the Hartee-Fock reference state.
The first (last) entry ``r`` (``p``) is considered the wire representing the
occupied (unoccupied) orbital where the electron is annihilated (created).
d_wires (Sequence[Sequence[Sequence]]): Sequence of lists, each containing two lists that
specify the indices ``[s, ...,r]`` and ``[q,..., p]`` defining the double excitation
:math:`\vert s, r, q, p \rangle = \hat{c}_p^\dagger \hat{c}_q^\dagger \hat{c}_r
\hat{c}_s \vert \mathrm{HF} \rangle`. The entries ``s`` and ``r`` are wires
representing two occupied orbitals where the two electrons are annihilated
while the entries ``q`` and ``p`` correspond to the wires representing two unoccupied
orbitals where the electrons are created. Wires in-between represent the occupied
and unoccupied orbitals in the intervals ``[s, r]`` and ``[q, p]``, respectively.
init_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the
HF state. ``init_state`` is used to initialize the wires.
Raises:
ValueError: if inputs do not have the correct format
.. UsageDetails::
Notice that:
#. The number of wires has to be equal to the number of spin orbitals included in
the active space.
#. The single and double excitations can be generated be generated with the function
:func:`~.excitations`. See example below.
#. The vector of parameters ``weights`` is a one-dimensional array of size
``len(s_wires)+len(d_wires)``
An example of how to use this template is shown below:
.. code-block:: python
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane import qchem
from pennylane.templates import UCCSD
from functools import partial
# Build the electronic Hamiltonian
name = "h2"
geo_file = "h2.xyz"
h, qubits = qchem.molecular_hamiltonian(name, geo_file)
# Number of electrons
electrons = 2
# Define the HF state
ref_state = qchem.hf_state(electrons, qubits)
# Generate single and double excitations
singles, doubles = qchem.excitations(electrons, qubits)
# Map excitations to the wires the UCCSD circuit will act on
s_wires, d_wires = qchem.excitations_to_wires(singles, doubles)
# Define the device
dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=qubits)
# Define the UCCSD ansatz
ansatz = partial(UCCSD, init_state=ref_state, s_wires=s_wires, d_wires=d_wires)
# Define the cost function
cost_fn = qml.ExpvalCost(ansatz, h, dev)
# Compute the expectation value of 'h' for given set of parameters 'params'
params = np.random.normal(0, np.pi, len(singles) + len(doubles))
print(cost_fn(params))
"""
##############
# Input checks
wires = Wires(wires)
if (not s_wires) and (not d_wires):
raise ValueError(
"'s_wires' and 'd_wires' lists can not be both empty; got ph={}, pphh={}"
.format(s_wires, d_wires))
check_type(
init_state,
[np.ndarray],
msg="'init_state' must be a Numpy array; got {}".format(init_state),
)
for i in init_state:
check_type(
i,
[int, np.int64, np.ndarray],
msg="Elements of 'init_state' must be integers; got {}".format(
init_state),
)
expected_shape = (len(s_wires) + len(d_wires), )
check_shape(
weights,
expected_shape,
msg="'weights' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(
expected_shape, get_shape(weights)),
)
expected_shape = (len(wires), )
check_shape(
init_state,
expected_shape,
msg="'init_state' must be of shape {}; got {}".format(
expected_shape, get_shape(init_state)),
)
for d_wires_ in d_wires:
if len(d_wires_) != 2:
raise ValueError(
"expected entries of d_wires to be of size 2; got {} of length {}"
.format(d_wires_, len(d_wires_)))
###############
qml.BasisState(np.flip(init_state), wires=wires)
# turn wire arguments into Wires objects
s_wires = [Wires(w) for w in s_wires]
d_wires = [[Wires(w1), Wires(w2)] for w1, w2 in d_wires]
for i, (w1, w2) in enumerate(d_wires):
DoubleExcitationUnitary(weights[len(s_wires) + i],
wires1=w1,
wires2=w2)
for j, s_wires_ in enumerate(s_wires):
SingleExcitationUnitary(weights[j], wires=s_wires_)