def cardinality(self):
r"""
Return the number of words in the shuffle product
of ``w1`` and ``w2``.
This is understood as a multiset cardinality, not as a
set cardinality; it does not count the distinct words only.
It is given by `\binom{l_1+l_2}{l_1}`, where `l_1` is the
length of ``w1`` and where `l_2` is the length of ``w2``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.combinat.words.shuffle_product import ShuffleProduct_w1w2
sage: w, u = map(Words("abcd"), ["ab", "cd"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
sage: w, u = map(Words("ab"), ["ab", "ab"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
"""
return binomial(self._w1.length()+self._w2.length(), self._w1.length())
def cardinality(self):
r"""
Return the number of words in the shuffle product
of ``w1`` and ``w2``.
This is understood as a multiset cardinality, not as a
set cardinality; it does not count the distinct words only.
It is given by `\binom{l_1+l_2}{l_1}`, where `l_1` is the
length of ``w1`` and where `l_2` is the length of ``w2``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.combinat.words.shuffle_product import ShuffleProduct_w1w2
sage: w, u = map(Words("abcd"), ["ab", "cd"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
sage: w, u = map(Words("ab"), ["ab", "ab"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
"""
return binomial(self._w1.length() + self._w2.length(),
self._w1.length())
def unrank(self, r):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: c = Combinations([1,2,3])
sage: c.list() == map(c.unrank, range(c.cardinality()))
True
"""
k = 0
n = len(self.mset)
b = binomial(n, k)
while r >= b:
r -= b
k += 1
b = binomial(n,k)
return map(lambda i: self.mset[i], from_rank(r, n, k))
def unrank(self, r):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: c = Combinations([1,2,3])
sage: c.list() == map(c.unrank, range(c.cardinality()))
True
"""
k = 0
n = len(self.mset)
b = binomial(n, k)
while r >= b:
r -= b
k += 1
b = binomial(n, k)
return map(lambda i: self.mset[i], from_rank(r, n, k))
def by_taylor_expansion(self, fs, k):
"""
We combine the theta decomposition and the heat operator as in [Sko].
This yields a bijections of Jacobi forms of weight `k` and
`M_k \times S_{k+2} \times .. \times S_{k+2m}`.
NOTE:
To make ``phi_divs`` integral we introduce an extra factor
`2^{\mathrm{index}} * \mathrm{factorial}(k + 2 * \mathrm{index} - 1)`.
"""
## we introduce an abbreviations
p = self.__p
PS = self.power_series_ring()
if not len(fs) == self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1:
raise ValueError(
"fs must be a list of m + 1 elliptic modular forms or their fourier expansion"
)
qexp_prec = self._qexp_precision()
if qexp_prec is None: # there are no forms below the precision
return dict()
f_divs = dict()
for (i, f) in enumerate(fs):
f_divs[(i, 0)] = PS(f(qexp_prec), qexp_prec)
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1):
for j in xrange(1, self.__precision.jacobi_index() - i + 1):
f_divs[(i, j)] = f_divs[(i, j - 1)].derivative().shift(1)
phi_divs = list()
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1):
## This is the formula in Skoruppas thesis. He uses d/ d tau instead of d / dz which yields
## a factor 4 m
phi_divs.append(
sum(f_divs[(j, i - j)] *
(4 * self.__precision.jacobi_index())**i * binomial(i, j) *
(2**self.index() // 2**i) * prod(2 * (i - l) + 1
for l in xrange(1, i)) *
(factorial(k + 2 * self.index() - 1) //
factorial(i + k + j - 1)) *
factorial(2 * self.__precision.jacobi_index() + k - 1)
for j in xrange(i + 1)))
phi_coeffs = dict()
for r in xrange(self.index() + 1):
series = sum(map(operator.mul, self._theta_factors()[r], phi_divs))
series = self._eta_factor() * series
for n in xrange(qexp_prec):
phi_coeffs[(n, r)] = int(series[n].lift()) % p
return phi_coeffs
def cardinality(self):
"""
TESTS::
sage: SC4 = SignedCompositions(4)
sage: SC4.cardinality() == len(SC4.list())
True
sage: SignedCompositions(3).cardinality()
18
"""
return sum([ binomial(self.n-1, i-1)*2**(i) for i in range(1, self.n+1)])
def cardinality(self):
"""
TESTS::
sage: SC4 = SignedCompositions(4)
sage: SC4.cardinality() == len(SC4.list())
True
sage: SignedCompositions(3).cardinality()
18
"""
return sum([
binomial(self.n - 1, i - 1) * 2**(i) for i in range(1, self.n + 1)
])
def by_taylor_expansion(self, fs, k) :
"""
We combine the theta decomposition and the heat operator as in [Sko].
This yields a bijections of Jacobi forms of weight `k` and
`M_k \times S_{k+2} \times .. \times S_{k+2m}`.
NOTE:
To make ``phi_divs`` integral we introduce an extra factor
`2^{\mathrm{index}} * \mathrm{factorial}(k + 2 * \mathrm{index} - 1)`.
"""
## we introduce an abbreviations
p = self.__p
PS = self.power_series_ring()
if not len(fs) == self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1 :
raise ValueError("fs must be a list of m + 1 elliptic modular forms or their fourier expansion")
qexp_prec = self._qexp_precision()
if qexp_prec is None : # there are no forms below the precision
return dict()
f_divs = dict()
for (i, f) in enumerate(fs) :
f_divs[(i, 0)] = PS(f(qexp_prec), qexp_prec)
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) :
for j in xrange(1, self.__precision.jacobi_index() - i + 1) :
f_divs[(i,j)] = f_divs[(i, j - 1)].derivative().shift(1)
phi_divs = list()
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) :
## This is the formula in Skoruppas thesis. He uses d/ d tau instead of d / dz which yields
## a factor 4 m
phi_divs.append( sum( f_divs[(j, i - j)] * (4 * self.__precision.jacobi_index())**i
* binomial(i,j) * ( 2**self.index() // 2**i)
* prod(2*(i - l) + 1 for l in xrange(1, i))
* (factorial(k + 2*self.index() - 1) // factorial(i + k + j - 1))
* factorial(2*self.__precision.jacobi_index() + k - 1)
for j in xrange(i + 1) ) )
phi_coeffs = dict()
for r in xrange(self.index() + 1) :
series = sum( map(operator.mul, self._theta_factors()[r], phi_divs) )
series = self._eta_factor() * series
for n in xrange(qexp_prec) :
phi_coeffs[(n, r)] = int(series[n].lift()) % p
return phi_coeffs
def rank(self, x):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: c = Combinations([1,2,3])
sage: range(c.cardinality()) == map(c.rank, c)
True
"""
x = map(self.mset.index, x)
r = 0
n = len(self.mset)
for i in range(len(x)):
r += binomial(n, i)
r += rank(x, n)
return r
def rank(self, x):
"""
EXAMPLES::
sage: c = Combinations([1,2,3])
sage: range(c.cardinality()) == map(c.rank, c)
True
"""
x = map(self.mset.index, x)
r = 0
n = len(self.mset)
for i in range(len(x)):
r += binomial(n, i)
r += rank(x, n)
return r
def cardinality(self):
"""
Returns the number of words in the shuffle product
of w1 and w2.
It is given by binomial(len(w1)+len(w2), len(w1)).
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.combinat.words.shuffle_product import ShuffleProduct_w1w2
sage: w, u = map(Words("abcd"), ["ab", "cd"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
"""
return binomial(self._w1.length()+self._w2.length(), self._w1.length())
def cardinality(self):
"""
Returns the number of words in the shuffle product
of w1 and w2.
It is given by binomial(len(w1)+len(w2), len(w1)).
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.combinat.words.shuffle_product import ShuffleProduct_w1w2
sage: w, u = map(Words("abcd"), ["ab", "cd"])
sage: S = ShuffleProduct_w1w2(w,u)
sage: S.cardinality()
6
"""
return binomial(self._w1.length() + self._w2.length(),
self._w1.length())
def _frobenius_coefficient_bound(self):
"""
Computes bound on number of p-adic digits needed to recover
frobenius polynomial, i.e. returns B so that knowledge of
a_1, ..., a_g modulo p^B determine frobenius polynomial uniquely.
TESTS::
sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(37))
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^3 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
1
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^5 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^7 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(next_prime(10^9)))
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^3 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
1
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^5 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^7 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^9 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^11 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^13 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
4
"""
assert self.base_ring().is_finite()
p = self.base_ring().characteristic()
q = self.base_ring().order()
sqrtq = RR(q).sqrt()
g = self.genus()
# note: this bound is from Kedlaya's paper, but he tells me it's not
# the best possible
M = 2 * binomial(2 * g, g) * sqrtq**g
B = ZZ(M.ceil()).exact_log(p)
if p**B < M:
B += 1
return B
def _frobenius_coefficient_bound(self):
"""
Computes bound on number of p-adic digits needed to recover
frobenius polynomial, i.e. returns B so that knowledge of
a_1, ..., a_g modulo p^B determine frobenius polynomial uniquely.
TESTS::
sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(37))
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^3 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
1
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^5 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^7 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(next_prime(10^9)))
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^3 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
1
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^5 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^7 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
2
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^9 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^11 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
3
sage: HyperellipticCurve(t^13 + t + 1)._frobenius_coefficient_bound()
4
"""
assert self.base_ring().is_finite()
p = self.base_ring().characteristic()
q = self.base_ring().order()
sqrtq = RR(q).sqrt()
g = self.genus()
# note: this bound is from Kedlaya's paper, but he tells me it's not
# the best possible
M = 2 * binomial(2*g, g) * sqrtq**g
B = ZZ(M.ceil()).exact_log(p)
if p**B < M:
B += 1
return B
def cardinality(self):
r"""
Return the number of elements in ``self``.
The number of signed compositions of `n` is equal to
.. MATH::
\sum_{i=1}^{n+1} \binom{n-1}{i-1} 2^i
TESTS::
sage: SC4 = SignedCompositions(4)
sage: SC4.cardinality() == len(SC4.list())
True
sage: SignedCompositions(3).cardinality()
18
"""
return sum([binomial(self.n-1, i-1)*2**(i) for i in range(1, self.n+1)])
def cardinality(self):
r"""
Return the number of elements in ``self``.
The number of signed compositions of `n` is equal to
.. MATH::
\sum_{i=1}^{n+1} \binom{n-1}{i-1} 2^i
TESTS::
sage: SC4 = SignedCompositions(4)
sage: SC4.cardinality() == len(SC4.list())
True
sage: SignedCompositions(3).cardinality()
18
"""
return sum([
binomial(self.n - 1, i - 1) * 2**(i) for i in range(1, self.n + 1)
])
def saturation(A, proof=True, p=0, max_dets=5):
"""
Compute a saturation matrix of A.
INPUT:
A -- a matrix over ZZ
proof -- bool (default: True)
p -- int (default: 0); if not 0
only guarantees that output is p-saturated
max_dets -- int (default: 4) max number of dets of
submatrices to compute.
OUTPUT:
matrix -- saturation of the matrix A.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense_saturation import saturation
sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 2, 2, [3,2,3,4]); B = matrix(ZZ, 2,3,[1,2,3,4,5,6]); C = A*B
sage: C
[11 16 21]
[19 26 33]
sage: C.index_in_saturation()
18
sage: S = saturation(C); S
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: S.index_in_saturation()
1
sage: saturation(C, proof=False)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: saturation(C, p=2)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: saturation(C, p=2, max_dets=1)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
"""
# Find a submatrix of full rank and instead saturate that matrix.
r = A.rank()
if A.is_square() and r == A.nrows():
return identity_matrix(ZZ, r)
if A.nrows() > r:
P = []
while len(P) < r:
P = matrix_integer_dense_hnf.probable_pivot_rows(A)
A = A.matrix_from_rows(P)
# Factor out all common factors from all rows, just in case.
A = copy(A)
A._factor_out_common_factors_from_each_row()
if A.nrows() <= 1:
return A
A, zero_cols = A._delete_zero_columns()
if max_dets > 0:
# Take the GCD of at most num_dets randomly chosen determinants.
nr = A.nrows(); nc = A.ncols()
d = 0
trials = min(binomial(nc, nr), max_dets)
already_tried = []
while len(already_tried) < trials:
v = random_sublist_of_size(nc, nr)
tm = verbose('saturation -- checking det condition on submatrix')
d = gcd(d, A.matrix_from_columns(v).determinant(proof=proof))
verbose('saturation -- got det down to %s'%d, tm)
if gcd(d, p) == 1:
return A._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)
already_tried.append(v)
if gcd(d, p) == 1:
# already p-saturated
return A._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)
# Factor and p-saturate at each p.
# This is not a good algorithm, because all the HNF's in it are really slow!
#
#tm = verbose('factoring gcd %s of determinants'%d)
#limit = 2**31-1
#F = d.factor(limit = limit)
#D = [p for p, e in F if p <= limit]
#B = [n for n, e in F if n > limit] # all big factors -- there will only be at most one
#assert len(B) <= 1
#C = B[0]
#for p in D:
# A = p_saturation(A, p=p, proof=proof)
# This is a really simple but powerful algorithm.
# FACT: If A is a matrix of full rank, then hnf(transpose(A))^(-1)*A is a saturation of A.
# To make this practical we use solve_system_with_difficult_last_row, since the
# last column of HNF's are typically the only really big ones.
B = A.transpose().hermite_form(include_zero_rows=False, proof=proof)
B = B.transpose()
# Now compute B^(-1) * A
C = solve_system_with_difficult_last_row(B, A)
return C.change_ring(ZZ)._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)
def by_taylor_expansion(self, fs, k) :
r"""
We combine the theta decomposition and the heat operator as in the
thesis of Nils Skoruppa. This yields a bijections of the space of weak
Jacobi forms of weight `k` and index `m` with the product of spaces
of elliptic modular forms `M_k \times S_{k+2} \times .. \times S_{k+2m}`.
INPUT:
- ``fs`` -- A list of functions that given an integer `p` return the
q-expansion of a modular form with rational coefficients
up to precision `p`. These modular forms correspond to
the components of the above product.
- `k` -- An integer. The weight of the weak Jacobi form to be computed.
NOTE:
In order to make ``phi_divs`` integral we introduce an extra factor
`2^{\mathrm{index}} * \mathrm{factorial}(k + 2 * \mathrm{index} - 1)`.
"""
## we introduce an abbreviations
p = self.__p
PS = self.power_series_ring()
if not len(fs) == self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1 :
raise ValueError( "fs (which has length {0}) must be a list of {1} Fourier expansions" \
.format(len(fs), self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) )
qexp_prec = self._qexp_precision()
if qexp_prec is None : # there are no forms below the precision
return dict()
f_divs = dict()
for (i, f) in enumerate(fs) :
f_divs[(i, 0)] = PS(f(qexp_prec), qexp_prec)
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) :
for j in xrange(1, self.__precision.jacobi_index() - i + 1) :
f_divs[(i,j)] = f_divs[(i, j - 1)].derivative().shift(1)
phi_divs = list()
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) :
## This is the formula in Skoruppas thesis. He uses d/ d tau instead of d / dz which yields
## a factor 4 m
phi_divs.append( sum( f_divs[(j, i - j)] * (4 * self.__precision.jacobi_index())**i
* binomial(i,j) * ( 2**self.index() // 2**i)
* prod(2*(i - l) + 1 for l in xrange(1, i))
* (factorial(k + 2*self.index() - 1) // factorial(i + k + j - 1))
* factorial(2*self.__precision.jacobi_index() + k - 1)
for j in xrange(i + 1) ) )
phi_coeffs = dict()
for r in xrange(self.index() + 1) :
series = sum( map(operator.mul, self._theta_factors()[r], phi_divs) )
series = self._eta_factor() * series
for n in xrange(qexp_prec) :
phi_coeffs[(n, r)] = int(series[n].lift()) % p
return phi_coeffs
def by_taylor_expansion(self, fs, k):
r"""
We combine the theta decomposition and the heat operator as in the
thesis of Nils Skoruppa. This yields a bijections of the space of weak
Jacobi forms of weight `k` and index `m` with the product of spaces
of elliptic modular forms `M_k \times S_{k+2} \times .. \times S_{k+2m}`.
INPUT:
- ``fs`` -- A list of functions that given an integer `p` return the
q-expansion of a modular form with rational coefficients
up to precision `p`. These modular forms correspond to
the components of the above product.
- `k` -- An integer. The weight of the weak Jacobi form to be computed.
NOTE:
In order to make ``phi_divs`` integral we introduce an extra factor
`2^{\mathrm{index}} * \mathrm{factorial}(k + 2 * \mathrm{index} - 1)`.
"""
## we introduce an abbreviations
p = self.__p
PS = self.power_series_ring()
if not len(fs) == self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1:
raise ValueError( "fs (which has length {0}) must be a list of {1} Fourier expansions" \
.format(len(fs), self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1) )
qexp_prec = self._qexp_precision()
if qexp_prec is None: # there are no forms below the precision
return dict()
f_divs = dict()
for (i, f) in enumerate(fs):
f_divs[(i, 0)] = PS(f(qexp_prec), qexp_prec)
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1):
for j in xrange(1, self.__precision.jacobi_index() - i + 1):
f_divs[(i, j)] = f_divs[(i, j - 1)].derivative().shift(1)
phi_divs = list()
for i in xrange(self.__precision.jacobi_index() + 1):
## This is the formula in Skoruppas thesis. He uses d/ d tau instead of d / dz which yields
## a factor 4 m
phi_divs.append(
sum(f_divs[(j, i - j)] *
(4 * self.__precision.jacobi_index())**i * binomial(i, j) *
(2**self.index() // 2**i) * prod(2 * (i - l) + 1
for l in xrange(1, i)) *
(factorial(k + 2 * self.index() - 1) //
factorial(i + k + j - 1)) *
factorial(2 * self.__precision.jacobi_index() + k - 1)
for j in xrange(i + 1)))
phi_coeffs = dict()
for r in xrange(self.index() + 1):
series = sum(map(operator.mul, self._theta_factors()[r], phi_divs))
series = self._eta_factor() * series
for n in xrange(qexp_prec):
phi_coeffs[(n, r)] = int(series[n].lift()) % p
return phi_coeffs
def saturation(A, proof=True, p=0, max_dets=5):
"""
Compute a saturation matrix of A.
INPUT:
A -- a matrix over ZZ
proof -- bool (default: True)
p -- int (default: 0); if not 0
only guarantees that output is p-saturated
max_dets -- int (default: 4) max number of dets of
submatrices to compute.
OUTPUT:
matrix -- saturation of the matrix A.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense_saturation import saturation
sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 2, 2, [3,2,3,4]); B = matrix(ZZ, 2,3,[1,2,3,4,5,6]); C = A*B
sage: C
[11 16 21]
[19 26 33]
sage: C.index_in_saturation()
18
sage: S = saturation(C); S
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: S.index_in_saturation()
1
sage: saturation(C, proof=False)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: saturation(C, p=2)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
sage: saturation(C, p=2, max_dets=1)
[11 16 21]
[-2 -3 -4]
"""
# Find a submatrix of full rank and instead saturate that matrix.
r = A.rank()
if A.is_square() and r == A.nrows():
return identity_matrix(ZZ, r)
if A.nrows() > r:
P = []
while len(P) < r:
P = matrix_integer_dense_hnf.probable_pivot_rows(A)
A = A.matrix_from_rows(P)
# Factor out all common factors from all rows, just in case.
A = copy(A)
A._factor_out_common_factors_from_each_row()
if A.nrows() <= 1:
return A
A, zero_cols = A._delete_zero_columns()
if max_dets > 0:
# Take the GCD of at most num_dets randomly chosen determinants.
nr = A.nrows()
nc = A.ncols()
d = 0
trials = min(binomial(nc, nr), max_dets)
already_tried = []
while len(already_tried) < trials:
v = random_sublist_of_size(nc, nr)
tm = verbose('saturation -- checking det condition on submatrix')
d = gcd(d, A.matrix_from_columns(v).determinant(proof=proof))
verbose('saturation -- got det down to %s' % d, tm)
if gcd(d, p) == 1:
return A._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)
already_tried.append(v)
if gcd(d, p) == 1:
# already p-saturated
return A._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)
# Factor and p-saturate at each p.
# This is not a good algorithm, because all the HNF's in it are really slow!
#
#tm = verbose('factoring gcd %s of determinants'%d)
#limit = 2**31-1
#F = d.factor(limit = limit)
#D = [p for p, e in F if p <= limit]
#B = [n for n, e in F if n > limit] # all big factors -- there will only be at most one
#assert len(B) <= 1
#C = B[0]
#for p in D:
# A = p_saturation(A, p=p, proof=proof)
# This is a really simple but powerful algorithm.
# FACT: If A is a matrix of full rank, then hnf(transpose(A))^(-1)*A is a saturation of A.
# To make this practical we use solve_system_with_difficult_last_row, since the
# last column of HNF's are typically the only really big ones.
B = A.transpose().hermite_form(include_zero_rows=False, proof=proof)
B = B.transpose()
# Now compute B^(-1) * A
C = solve_system_with_difficult_last_row(B, A)
return C.change_ring(ZZ)._insert_zero_columns(zero_cols)