Exemple #1
0
def _sqrtdenest_rec(expr):
    """Helper that denests the square root of three or more surds.

    It returns the denested expression; if it cannot be denested it
    throws SqrtdenestStopIteration

    Algorithm: expr.base is in the extension Q_m = Q(sqrt(r_1),..,sqrt(r_k));
    split expr.base = a + b*sqrt(r_k), where `a` and `b` are on
    Q_(m-1) = Q(sqrt(r_1),..,sqrt(r_(k-1))); then a**2 - b**2*r_k is
    on Q_(m-1); denest sqrt(a**2 - b**2*r_k) and so on.
    See [1], section 6.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import sqrt
    >>> from sympy.simplify.sqrtdenest import _sqrtdenest_rec
    >>> _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(-72*sqrt(2) + 158*sqrt(5) + 498))
    -sqrt(10) + sqrt(2) + 9 + 9*sqrt(5)
    >>> w=-6*sqrt(55)-6*sqrt(35)-2*sqrt(22)-2*sqrt(14)+2*sqrt(77)+6*sqrt(10)+65
    >>> _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(w))
    -sqrt(11) - sqrt(7) + sqrt(2) + 3*sqrt(5)
    """
    from sympy.simplify.simplify import radsimp, split_surds, rad_rationalize
    if not expr.is_Pow:
        return sqrtdenest(expr)
    if expr.base < 0:
        return sqrt(-1)*_sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(-expr.base))
    g, a, b = split_surds(expr.base)
    a = a*sqrt(g)
    if a < b:
        a, b = b, a
    c2 = _mexpand(a**2 - b**2)
    if len(c2.args) > 2:
        g, a1, b1 = split_surds(c2)
        a1 = a1*sqrt(g)
        if a1 < b1:
            a1, b1 = b1, a1
        c2_1 = _mexpand(a1**2 - b1**2)
        c_1 = _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(c2_1))
        d_1 = _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(a1 + c_1))
        num, den = rad_rationalize(b1, d_1)
        c = _mexpand(d_1/sqrt(2) + num/(den*sqrt(2)))
    else:
        c = _sqrtdenest1(sqrt(c2))

    if sqrt_depth(c) > 1:
        raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    ac = a + c
    if len(ac.args) >= len(expr.args):
        if count_ops(ac) >= count_ops(expr.base):
            raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    d = sqrtdenest(sqrt(ac))
    if sqrt_depth(d) > 1:
        raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    num, den = rad_rationalize(b, d)
    r = d/sqrt(2) + num/(den*sqrt(2))
    r = radsimp(r)
    return _mexpand(r)
Exemple #2
0
def _sqrtdenest_rec(expr):
    """Helper that denests the square root of three or more surds.

    It returns the denested expression; if it cannot be denested it
    throws SqrtdenestStopIteration

    Algorithm: expr.base is in the extension Q_m = Q(sqrt(r_1),..,sqrt(r_k));
    split expr.base = a + b*sqrt(r_k), where `a` and `b` are on
    Q_(m-1) = Q(sqrt(r_1),..,sqrt(r_(k-1))); then a**2 - b**2*r_k is
    on Q_(m-1); denest sqrt(a**2 - b**2*r_k) and so on.
    See [1], section 6.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import sqrt
    >>> from sympy.simplify.sqrtdenest import _sqrtdenest_rec
    >>> _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(-72*sqrt(2) + 158*sqrt(5) + 498))
    -sqrt(10) + sqrt(2) + 9 + 9*sqrt(5)
    >>> w=-6*sqrt(55)-6*sqrt(35)-2*sqrt(22)-2*sqrt(14)+2*sqrt(77)+6*sqrt(10)+65
    >>> _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(w))
    -sqrt(11) - sqrt(7) + sqrt(2) + 3*sqrt(5)
    """
    from sympy.simplify.simplify import radsimp, split_surds, rad_rationalize
    if not expr.is_Pow:
        return sqrtdenest(expr)
    if expr.base < 0:
        return sqrt(-1)*_sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(-expr.base))
    g, a, b = split_surds(expr.base)
    a = a*sqrt(g)
    if a < b:
        a, b = b, a
    c2 = _mexpand(a**2 - b**2)
    if len(c2.args) > 2:
        g, a1, b1 = split_surds(c2)
        a1 = a1*sqrt(g)
        if a1 < b1:
            a1, b1 = b1, a1
        c2_1 = _mexpand(a1**2 - b1**2)
        c_1 = _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(c2_1))
        d_1 = _sqrtdenest_rec(sqrt(a1 + c_1))
        num, den = rad_rationalize(b1, d_1)
        c = _mexpand(d_1/sqrt(2) + num/(den*sqrt(2)))
    else:
        c = _sqrtdenest1(sqrt(c2))

    if sqrt_depth(c) > 1:
        raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    ac = a + c
    if len(ac.args) >= len(expr.args):
        if count_ops(ac) >= count_ops(expr.base):
            raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    d = sqrtdenest(sqrt(ac))
    if sqrt_depth(d) > 1:
        raise SqrtdenestStopIteration
    num, den = rad_rationalize(b, d)
    r = d/sqrt(2) + num/(den*sqrt(2))
    r = radsimp(r)
    return _mexpand(r)
Exemple #3
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def length(P, Q, D):
    """
    Returns the length of aperiodic part + length of periodic part of
    continued fraction representation of (P + sqrt(D))/Q. It is important
    to remember that this does NOT return the length of the periodic
    part but the addition of the legths of the two parts as mentioned above.

    Usage
    =====

        length(P, Q, D) -> P, Q and D are integers corresponding to the
        continued fraction (P + sqrt(D))/Q.

    Details
    =======

        ``P`` corresponds to the P in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q
        ``D`` corresponds to the D in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q
        ``Q`` corresponds to the Q in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import length
    >>> length(-2 , 4, 5) # (-2 + sqrt(5))/4
    3
    >>> length(-5, 4, 17) # (-5 + sqrt(17))/4
    4
    """
    x = P + sqrt(D)
    y = Q

    x = sympify(x)
    v, res = [], []
    q = x / y

    if q < 0:
        v.append(q)
        res.append(floor(q))
        q = q - floor(q)
        num, den = rad_rationalize(1, q)
        q = num / den

    while 1:
        v.append(q)
        a = int(q)
        res.append(a)

        if q == a:
            return len(res)

        num, den = rad_rationalize(1, (q - a))
        q = num / den

        if q in v:
            return len(res)
Exemple #4
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def length(P, Q, D):
    """
    Returns the length of aperiodic part + length of periodic part of
    continued fraction representation of (P + sqrt(D))/Q. It is important
    to remember that this does NOT return the length of the periodic
    part but the addition of the legths of the two parts as mentioned above.

    Usage
    =====

        length(P, Q, D) -> P, Q and D are integers corresponding to the
        continued fraction (P + sqrt(D))/Q.

    Details
    =======

        ``P`` corresponds to the P in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q
        ``D`` corresponds to the D in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q
        ``Q`` corresponds to the Q in the continued fraction, (P + sqrt(D))/ Q

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.solvers.diophantine import length
    >>> length(-2 , 4, 5) # (-2 + sqrt(5))/4
    3
    >>> length(-5, 4, 17) # (-5 + sqrt(17))/4
    4
    """
    x = P + sqrt(D)
    y = Q

    x = sympify(x)
    v, res = [], []
    q = x/y

    if q < 0:
        v.append(q)
        res.append(floor(q))
        q = q - floor(q)
        num, den = rad_rationalize(1, q)
        q = num / den

    while 1:
        v.append(q)
        a = int(q)
        res.append(a)

        if q == a:
            return len(res)

        num, den = rad_rationalize(1,(q - a))
        q = num / den

        if q in v:
            return len(res)
Exemple #5
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def sqrt_biquadratic_denest(expr, a, b, r, d2):
    """denest expr = sqrt(a + b*sqrt(r))
    where a, b, r are linear combinations of square roots of
    positive rationals on the rationals (SQRR) and r > 0, b != 0,
    d2 = a**2 - b**2*r > 0

    If it cannot denest it returns None.

    ALGORITHM
    Search for a solution A of type SQRR of the biquadratic equation
    4*A**4 - 4*a*A**2 + b**2*r = 0                               (1)
    sqd = sqrt(a**2 - b**2*r)
    Choosing the sqrt to be positive, the possible solutions are
    A = sqrt(a/2 +/- sqd/2)
    Since a, b, r are SQRR, then a**2 - b**2*r is a SQRR,
    so if sqd can be denested, it is done by
    _sqrtdenest_rec, and the result is a SQRR.
    Similarly for A.
    Examples of solutions (in both cases a and sqd are positive):

      Example of expr with solution sqrt(a/2 + sqd/2) but not
      solution sqrt(a/2 - sqd/2):
      expr = sqrt(-sqrt(15) - sqrt(2)*sqrt(-sqrt(5) + 5) - sqrt(3) + 8)
      a = -sqrt(15) - sqrt(3) + 8; sqd = -2*sqrt(5) - 2 + 4*sqrt(3)

      Example of expr with solution sqrt(a/2 - sqd/2) but not
      solution sqrt(a/2 + sqd/2):
      w = 2 + r2 + r3 + (1 + r3)*sqrt(2 + r2 + 5*r3)
      expr = sqrt((w**2).expand())
      a = 4*sqrt(6) + 8*sqrt(2) + 47 + 28*sqrt(3)
      sqd = 29 + 20*sqrt(3)

    Define B = b/2*A; eq.(1) implies a = A**2 + B**2*r; then
    expr**2 = a + b*sqrt(r) = (A + B*sqrt(r))**2

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import sqrt
    >>> from sympy.simplify.sqrtdenest import _sqrt_match, sqrt_biquadratic_denest
    >>> z = sqrt((2*sqrt(2) + 4)*sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)) + 5*sqrt(2) + 8)
    >>> a, b, r = _sqrt_match(z**2)
    >>> d2 = a**2 - b**2*r
    >>> sqrt_biquadratic_denest(z, a, b, r, d2)
    sqrt(2) + sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2) + 2
    """
    from sympy.simplify.simplify import radsimp, rad_rationalize
    if r <= 0 or d2 < 0 or not b or sqrt_depth(expr.base) < 2:
        return None
    for x in (a, b, r):
        for y in x.args:
            y2 = y**2
            if not y2.is_Integer or not y2.is_positive:
                return None
    sqd = _mexpand(sqrtdenest(sqrt(radsimp(d2))))
    if sqrt_depth(sqd) > 1:
        return None
    x1, x2 = [a/2 + sqd/2, a/2 - sqd/2]
    # look for a solution A with depth 1
    for x in (x1, x2):
        A = sqrtdenest(sqrt(x))
        if sqrt_depth(A) > 1:
            continue
        Bn, Bd = rad_rationalize(b, _mexpand(2*A))
        B = Bn/Bd
        z = A + B*sqrt(r)
        if z < 0:
            z = -z
        return _mexpand(z)
    return None
Exemple #6
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def sqrt_biquadratic_denest(expr, a, b, r, d2):
    """denest expr = sqrt(a + b*sqrt(r))
    where a, b, r are linear combinations of square roots of
    positive rationals on the rationals (SQRR) and r > 0, b != 0,
    d2 = a**2 - b**2*r > 0

    If it cannot denest it returns None.

    ALGORITHM
    Search for a solution A of type SQRR of the biquadratic equation
    4*A**4 - 4*a*A**2 + b**2*r = 0                               (1)
    sqd = sqrt(a**2 - b**2*r)
    Choosing the sqrt to be positive, the possible solutions are
    A = sqrt(a/2 +/- sqd/2)
    Since a, b, r are SQRR, then a**2 - b**2*r is a SQRR,
    so if sqd can be denested, it is done by
    _sqrtdenest_rec, and the result is a SQRR.
    Similarly for A.
    Examples of solutions (in both cases a and sqd are positive):

      Example of expr with solution sqrt(a/2 + sqd/2) but not
      solution sqrt(a/2 - sqd/2):
      expr = sqrt(-sqrt(15) - sqrt(2)*sqrt(-sqrt(5) + 5) - sqrt(3) + 8)
      a = -sqrt(15) - sqrt(3) + 8; sqd = -2*sqrt(5) - 2 + 4*sqrt(3)

      Example of expr with solution sqrt(a/2 - sqd/2) but not
      solution sqrt(a/2 + sqd/2):
      w = 2 + r2 + r3 + (1 + r3)*sqrt(2 + r2 + 5*r3)
      expr = sqrt((w**2).expand())
      a = 4*sqrt(6) + 8*sqrt(2) + 47 + 28*sqrt(3)
      sqd = 29 + 20*sqrt(3)

    Define B = b/2*A; eq.(1) implies a = A**2 + B**2*r; then
    expr**2 = a + b*sqrt(r) = (A + B*sqrt(r))**2

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import sqrt
    >>> from sympy.simplify.sqrtdenest import _sqrt_match, sqrt_biquadratic_denest
    >>> z = sqrt((2*sqrt(2) + 4)*sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)) + 5*sqrt(2) + 8)
    >>> a, b, r = _sqrt_match(z**2)
    >>> d2 = a**2 - b**2*r
    >>> sqrt_biquadratic_denest(z, a, b, r, d2)
    sqrt(2) + sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2) + 2
    """
    from sympy.simplify.simplify import radsimp, rad_rationalize
    if r <= 0 or d2 < 0 or not b or sqrt_depth(expr.base) < 2:
        return None
    for x in (a, b, r):
        for y in x.args:
            y2 = y**2
            if not y2.is_Integer or not y2.is_positive:
                return None
    sqd = _mexpand(sqrtdenest(sqrt(radsimp(d2))))
    if sqrt_depth(sqd) > 1:
        return None
    x1, x2 = [a/2 + sqd/2, a/2 - sqd/2]
    # look for a solution A with depth 1
    for x in (x1, x2):
        A = sqrtdenest(sqrt(x))
        if sqrt_depth(A) > 1:
            continue
        Bn, Bd = rad_rationalize(b, _mexpand(2*A))
        B = Bn/Bd
        z = A + B*sqrt(r)
        if z < 0:
            z = -z
        return _mexpand(z)
    return None