from sys import stdin, setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(10**6)
input = stdin.readline
def solve():
M, N = map(int, input().split())
dp = [[-1] * N for _ in range(M)]
d = [(1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1)]
arr = []
for _ in range(M):
arr.append(list(map(int, input().split())))
def dfs(nx, ny):
if dp[nx][ny] != -1:
return dp[nx][ny]
elif nx == M - 1 and ny == N - 1:
return 1
ret_val = 0
for dx, dy in d:
x, y = nx + dx, ny + dy
if 0 <= x < M and 0 <= y < N and arr[nx][ny] > arr[x][y]:
ret_val += dfs(x, y)
dp[nx][ny] = ret_val
return ret_val
print(dfs(0, 0))
# Josephus problem
# g is for small k and large n
# below iterative version is simpler
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL, stdin
SRL(242424)
def g(n, k):
if k == 1: return n-1
if n == 1: return 0
if n < k: return (g(n-1,k) + k) % n
np = n - n//k
return k*((g(np,k)-n%k)%np) // (k-1)
n, k = map(int,input().split())
r = 0
for i in range(1, n+1): r = (r+k)%i
print(r)
#UVa: 10327 - Flip sort
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL
from sys import stdin
SRL(10000)
def solve(num, low, hi):
r = 0
if (hi - low <= 1):
return 0
mid = low + ((hi - low) >> 1)
aux, a, b = [], low, mid
r = solve(num, low, mid)
r += solve(num, mid, hi)
while (a < mid and b < hi):
if (num[a] <= num[b]):
aux.append(num[a])
a += 1
elif (num[a] > num[b]):
aux.append(num[b])
b += 1
r += mid - a
while (a < mid):
aux.append(num[a])
a += 1
while (b < hi):
# Tarjan algorithm for strongly connected component
# v = number of vertices
# adj = list of adjacent nodes
# This is 1-indexed; adj[0] should be []
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL, stdin
SRL(150000)
def SCC(adj):
# given |V| and adj, compute SCC
def SC(i):
nonlocal ind
vin[i] = ind
vll[i] = ind
ind += 1
stack.append(i)
stacked[i] = 1
for j in adj[i]:
if vin[j] == 0:
SC(j)
vll[i] = min(vll[i], vll[j])
elif stacked[j]:
vll[i] = min(vll[i], vin[j])
if vll[i] == vin[i]:
scc = []
j = 0
while j != i:
j = stack.pop()
stacked[j] = 0
for s in strs:
n = root
for c in s:
i = ord(c) - ord('a')
if n[i]:
n = n[i]
continue
n[i] = Node(size)
n.singular = i if n.singular == -1 else -2
n = n[i]
n.end = True
return root
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(23423)
def contract(trie):
for i in range(len(trie.nxt)):
if not trie[i]: continue
while 1:
if trie[i].singular < 0 or trie[i].end: break
grandson = trie[i][trie[i].singular]
trie[i].end |= grandson.end
trie[i] = grandson
contract(trie[i])
#### Dict trie
def makeTrie(words):
from sys import stdin, setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(10**5)
def check(num):
if len(num) == 0:
return True
elif num[0] == '1':
if len(num) < 4:
return False
elif num[1] == '0' and num[2] == '0':
offset = 3
while offset < len(num) and num[offset] == '0':
offset += 1
if offset == len(num):
return False
else:
while offset < len(num) and num[offset] == '1':
offset += 1
if offset == len(num):
return True
else:
if check(num[offset:]) or (num[offset - 2] == '1'
and check(num[offset - 1:])):
return True
else:
return False
else:
if len(num) <= 1:
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(23232)
def start(ty):
return (1, 1) if ty == 0 else (n, n)
def dist(i, j, ty):
xi, yi = p[i] if i else start(ty)
xj, yj = p[j] if j else start(ty)
return abs(xi - xj) + abs(yi - yj)
def update(i, j):
nx = max(i, j) + 1
if nx == w + 1: return
D = dp[i][j] + dist(i, nx, 1)
if dp[nx][j] > D: dp[nx][j], prev[nx][j] = D, (i, j)
D = dp[i][j] + dist(j, nx, 0)
if dp[i][nx] > D: dp[i][nx], prev[i][nx] = D, (i, j)
n = int(input())
w = int(input())
p = [(-1, -1)] + [tuple(map(int, input().split())) for i in range(w)]
dp = [[float('inf')] * (w + 1) for i in range(w + 1)]
prev = [[(-1, -1)] * (w + 1) for i in range(w + 1)]
dp[0][0] = 0
for v in range(w + 1):
# update [v+1][j]
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL, stdin
SRL(55555)
input = stdin.readline
range = xrange
def update(i, j):
nx = max(i, j) + 1
if nx == n: return
dp[nx][j] = min(dp[nx][j], dp[i][j]+dist(i,nx))
dp[i][nx] = min(dp[i][nx], dp[i][j]+dist(j,nx))
def dist(i, j):
xi, yi = p[i]
xj, yj = p[j]
return ((xi-xj)**2 + (yi-yj)**2) ** 0.5
for TEST in range(int(input())):
n = int(input())
p = [tuple(map(int,input().split())) for i in range(n)]
dp = [[float('inf')]*n for i in range(n)]
dp[0][0] = 0
for v in range(n):
# update [v+1][j]
for i in range(v+1): update(i, v)
for j in range(v): update(v, j)
finish = [dp[i][n-1] + dist(i, n-1) for i in range(n)]\
+ [dp[n-1][j] + dist(n-1, j) for j in range(n)]
print(min(finish))
def makeTrie(words):
root = {}
for w in words:
cd = root
for l in w:
cd = cd.setdefault(l, {})
cd[''] = ''
return root
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(22222)
def contract(trie):
for desc in trie:
while 1:
if len(trie[desc]) > 1: break
if trie[desc] == '': break
s = next(iter(trie[desc]))
if s == '': break
trie[desc] = trie[desc][s]
contract(trie[desc])
def totdepth(trie, depth=0):
if trie == '': return depth # totdepth, numelements
return sum(totdepth(trie[desc], depth + 1) for desc in trie)
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL, stdin
SRL(550000)
input = stdin.readline
def BellmanFord(n, adj, source):
dist = [float('inf')]*(n+1)
dist[source] = 0
for i in range(n-1):
for u in range(1, n+1):
for v, c in adj[u]:
dist[v] = min(dist[v], dist[u]+c)
for u in range(1, n+1):
for v, c in adj[u]:
if dist[u]+c < dist[v]:
return False
return dist
n, m = map(int,input().split())
adj = [[] for i in range(n+1)]
for i in range(m):
a, b, c = map(int,input().split())
adj[a].append((b,c))
res = BellmanFord(n, adj, 1)
if not res:
print(-1)
else:
for i in range(2,n+1):
print(res[i] if res[i] != float('inf') else -1)
# DnC Optimization of DP can be used if
# dp[t][i] = min(k<i) dp[t-1][k]+c[k][i] and
# best[t][i] <= best[t][i+1]
# Especially, quadrangle inequality is nice:
# c[a][c]+c[b][d] <= c[a][d]+c[b][c] for a<=b<=c<=d
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL
SRL(232323)
def dnc(s, e, p, q):
if s > e: return
m = (s + e) // 2
for i in range(p, min(q + 1, m)):
v = dp[t - 1][i] + c[i][m] # Change this line!
if dp[m] < v:
dp[m] = v
best[m] = i # Change this "<" if necessary
dnc(s, m - 1, p, best[m])
dnc(m + 1, e, best[m], q)
dp = [-float('inf')] * n
best = [0] * n
n = len(adj)
visited = [False] * n
visited[source] = True
Q = deque()
Q.append(source)
while len(Q):
p = Q.popleft()
for q in adj[p]:
if visited[q]: continue
visited[q] = True
Q.append(q)
return visited
from sys import setrecursionlimit as SRL, stdin
SRL(234234)
input = stdin.readline
n = int(input())
adj = [[] for i in range(n + 1)]
radj = [[] for i in range(n + 1)]
for i in range(1, n):
room = int(input())
for j in map(int, input().split()):
adj[i].append(j)
radj[j].append(i)
limited = "UNLIMITED" if cyclic(adj) else "LIMITED"
bfs1 = bfs(adj, 1)
bfs2 = bfs(radj, n)
pardon = "PRISON" if any(