def color_at(world, ray, remaining=LIMIT):
xs = intersect_world(world, ray)
if len(xs) == 0:
return color(0, 0, 0)
else:
for i in xs:
if i.t > 0:
comps = prepare_computations(i, ray, xs)
return shade_hit(world, comps, remaining)
return color(0, 0, 0)
def default_world():
w = world()
w.light = point_light(point(-10, 10, -10), color(1, 1, 1))
s1 = sphere()
s1.material.color = color(0.8, 1.0, 0.6)
s1.material.diffuse = 0.7
s1.material.specular = 0.2
w.objects.append(s1)
s2 = sphere()
s2.transform = scaling(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
w.objects.append(s2)
return w
def reflected_color(world, comps, remaining=LIMIT):
if remaining <= 0:
return color(0, 0, 0)
else:
if comps.object.material.reflective == 0:
return color(0, 0, 0)
else:
reflect_ray = ray(comps.over_point, comps.reflectv)
remaining -= 1
c = color_at(world, reflect_ray, remaining)
return c * comps.object.material.reflective
def lighting(material, obj, light, point, eyev, normalv, in_shawdow=False):
if material.pattern is not None:
c = pattern_at_shape(material.pattern, obj, point)
else:
c = material.color
effective_color = c * light.intensity
lightv = normalize(light.position - point)
ambient = effective_color * material.ambient
light_dot_normal = dot(lightv, normalv)
black = color(0, 0, 0)
if light_dot_normal < 0:
diffuse = black
specular = black
else:
diffuse = effective_color * material.diffuse * light_dot_normal
reflectv = reflect(-lightv, normalv)
reflect_dot_eye = dot(reflectv, eyev)
if reflect_dot_eye <= 0:
specular = black
else:
factor = reflect_dot_eye ** material.shininess
specular = light.intensity * material.specular * factor
if in_shawdow:
return ambient
else:
return ambient + diffuse + specular
def refracted_color(world, comps, remaining):
if comps.object.material.transparency == 0 or remaining <= 0:
return color(0, 0, 0)
else:
n_ratio = comps.n1 / comps.n2
cos_i = dot(comps.eyev, comps.normalv)
sin2_t = n_ratio ** 2 * (1 - cos_i ** 2)
if sin2_t > 1:
return color(0, 0, 0)
else:
cos_t = sqrt(1.0 - sin2_t)
direction = comps.normalv * (n_ratio * cos_i - cos_t) - comps.eyev * n_ratio
refract_ray = ray(comps.under_point, direction)
c = (
color_at(world, refract_ray, remaining - 1)
* comps.object.material.transparency
)
return c
def __init__(self):
self.color = color(1, 1, 1)
self.ambient = 0.1
self.diffuse = 0.9
self.specular = 0.9
self.shininess = 200.0
self.reflective = 0
self.transparency = 0
self.refractive_index = 1
self.pattern = None
def step_impl(context):
context.c2 = color(0.9, 1, 0.1)
def step_impl(context):
context.c3 = color(-0.5, 0, 1)
def step_impl(context):
assert context.c1 * context.c2 == color(0.9, 0.2, 0.04)
def step_impl(context):
context.c1 = color(1.5, 0, 0)
def step_impl(context):
context.c2 = color(0, 0.5, 0)
def step_impl(context):
context.black = color(0, 0, 0)
def step_impl(context):
context.red = color(1, 0, 0)
from matrix import normalize
from ray import ray
from shape import hit, intersect
from sphere import sphere
from tuple import color, point
if __name__ == "__main__":
ray_origin = point(0, 0, -5)
wall_z = 10
wall_size = 7
canvas_pixels = 400
pixel_size = wall_size / canvas_pixels
half = wall_size / 2
canvas = canvas(canvas_pixels, canvas_pixels)
color = color(1, 0, 0)
shape = sphere()
# transformations
# shape.transform = scaling(1, 0.5, 1)
# shape.transform = scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
# shape.transform = rotation_z(pi / 4) * scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
# shape.transform = shearing(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) * scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
for y in range(canvas_pixels):
world_y = half - pixel_size * y
from sphere import intersect, sphere
from tuple import color, normalize, point, point_light
from world import lighting
if __name__ == "__main__":
ray_origin = point(0, 0, -5)
wall_z = 10
wall_size = 7
canvas_pixels = 400
pixel_size = wall_size / canvas_pixels
half = wall_size / 2
canvas = canvas(canvas_pixels, canvas_pixels)
shape = sphere()
shape.material = material()
shape.material.color = color(0.2, 1, 1)
light_position = point(-10, 10, -10)
light_color = color(1, 1, 1)
light = point_light(light_position, light_color)
# transformations
# shape.transform = scaling(1, 0.5, 1)
# shape.transform = scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
# shape.transform = rotation_z(pi / 4) * scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
# shape.transform = shearing(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) * scaling(0.5, 1, 1)
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
for y in range(canvas_pixels):
def write_file(self, filename):
f = open(filename, "w")
f.write(str(self))
f.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
start = point(0, 1, 0)
velocity = normalize(vector(1, 1.8, 0)) * 11.25
p = projectile(start, velocity)
gravity = vector(0, -0.1, 0)
wind = vector(-0.01, 0, 0)
e = environment(gravity, wind)
red = color(1, 0, 0)
c = canvas(900, 550)
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
x = 0
while x < 300:
write_pixel(c, p.position.x, c.height - p.position.y, red)
p = tick(e, p)
x += 1
end = time.time()
print("Finished render.")
print(str(round(end - start, 2)) + "s")
def step_impl(context):
assert context.c == color(1, 1.5, 2)
import time
from math import pi
from camera import camera, render
from canvas import canvas_to_ppm
from hexagon import hexagon
from matrix import view_transform
from tuple import color, point, point_light, vector
from world import world
if __name__ == "__main__":
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
w = world()
w.light = point_light(point(-10, 10, -10), color(1, 1, 1))
hex = hexagon()
w.objects.append(hex)
cam = camera(1600, 800, pi / 2)
cam.transform = view_transform(point(0, 1.5, -5), point(0, 1, 0), vector(0, 1, 0))
canvas = render(cam, w)
end = time.time()
print("Finished render.")
print(str(round(end - start, 2)) + "s")
start = time.time()
print("Start writing file...")
def step_impl(context):
context.white = color(1, 1, 1)
def step_impl(context):
assert context.pattern.pattern_at(context.pattern, point(0.75, 0, 0)) == color(
0.25, 0.25, 0.25
)
def step_impl(context):
context.c1 = color(1, 0.2, 0.4)
def step_impl(context):
assert context.c * 2 == color(0.4, 0.6, 0.8)
def clamp(c):
return color(
int(max(min(c.red * 255, 255), 0) + 0.5),
int(max(min(c.green * 255, 255), 0) + 0.5),
int(max(min(c.blue * 255, 255), 0) + 0.5),
)
def step_impl(context):
assert context.c == color(0.75, 0.5, 0.25)
def step_impl(context):
context.intensity = color(1, 1, 1)
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.canvas = [[color(0, 0, 0) for x in range(height)] for y in range(width)]
from camera import camera, render
from canvas import canvas_to_ppm
from material import material
from matrix import rotation_x, rotation_y, scaling, translation, view_transform
from pattern import checkers_pattern, gradient_pattern, ring_pattern, stripe_pattern
from plane import plane
from sphere import sphere
from tuple import color, point, point_light, vector
from world import world
if __name__ == "__main__":
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
w = world()
w.light = point_light(point(-10, 10, -10), color(1, 1, 1))
black = color(0, 0, 0)
white = color(1, 1, 1)
floor = plane()
floor.transform = scaling(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
floor.material.color = color(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)
floor.material.specular = 0.3
floor.material.pattern = checkers_pattern(black, white)
floor.material.reflective = 0.6
w.objects.append(floor)
left_wall = plane()
left_wall.transform = (translation(0, 0, 5) * rotation_y(-pi / 4) *
rotation_x(pi / 2) * scaling(10, 0.01, 10))
def step_impl(context):
for i in range(0, context.c.width):
for j in range(0, context.c.height):
context.c.canvas[i][j] = color(1, 0.8, 0.6)
from camera import camera, render
from canvas import canvas_to_ppm
from material import material
from matrix import scaling, translation, view_transform
from plane import plane
from sphere import sphere
from tuple import color, point, point_light, vector
from world import world
if __name__ == "__main__":
start = time.time()
print("Starting render...")
w = world()
w.light = point_light(point(-10, 10, -10), color(1, 1, 1))
floor = plane()
floor.transform = scaling(10, 0.01, 10)
floor.material.color = color(1, 0.9, 0.9)
floor.material.specular = 0
w.objects.append(floor)
# left_wall = sphere()
# left_wall.transform = translation(0, 0, 5) * rotation_y(-pi/4) * rotation_x(pi/2) * scaling(10, 0.01, 10)
# left_wall.material = floor.material
# w.objects.append(left_wall)
# right_wall = sphere()
# right_wall.transform = translation(0, 0, 5) * rotation_y(pi/4) * rotation_x(pi/2) * scaling(10, 0.01, 10)
# right_wall.material = floor.material
def step_impl(context):
for i in range(0, context.c.width):
for j in range(0, context.c.height):
assert context.c.canvas[i][j] == color(0, 0, 0)