def _prepare_vis():
objects = []
# --- program and shaders
# Create program and shaders
hprog = gl.glCreateProgram()
hvert = gl.glCreateShader(gl.GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
hfrag = gl.glCreateShader(gl.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
objects.append((gl.glDeleteProgram, hprog))
objects.append((gl.glDeleteShader, hvert))
objects.append((gl.glDeleteShader, hfrag))
# Compile source code
gl.glShaderSource_compat(hvert, VERT)
gl.glShaderSource_compat(hfrag, FRAG)
gl.glCompileShader(hvert)
gl.glCompileShader(hfrag)
# Check
assert_equal(gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(hvert), '')
assert_equal(gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(hfrag), '')
assert_equal(gl.glGetShaderParameter(hvert, gl.GL_COMPILE_STATUS), 1)
assert_equal(gl.glGetShaderParameter(hfrag, gl.GL_COMPILE_STATUS), 1)
# Attach and link
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hvert)
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hfrag)
# touch glDetachShader
gl.glDetachShader(hprog, hvert)
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hvert)
gl.glLinkProgram(hprog)
# Test that indeed these shaders are attached
attached_shaders = gl.glGetAttachedShaders(hprog)
assert_equal(set(attached_shaders), set([hvert, hfrag]))
# Check
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(hprog), '')
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_LINK_STATUS), 1)
gl.glValidateProgram(hprog)
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_VALIDATE_STATUS), 1)
# Use it!
gl.glUseProgram(hprog)
# Bind one attribute
gl.glBindAttribLocation(hprog, 1, 'a_2')
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# Check source
vert_source = gl.glGetShaderSource(hvert)
assert_true('attribute vec2 a_2;' in vert_source)
# --- get information on attributes and uniforms
# Count attribbutes and uniforms
natt = gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES)
nuni = gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS)
assert_equal(natt, 4)
assert_equal(nuni, 4+4+3+1)
# Get names
names = {}
for i in range(natt):
name, count, type = gl.glGetActiveAttrib(hprog, i)
names[name] = type
assert_equal(count, 1)
for i in range(nuni):
name, count, type = gl.glGetActiveUniform(hprog, i)
names[name] = type
assert_equal(count, 1)
# Check
assert_equal(names['a_1'], gl.GL_FLOAT)
assert_equal(names['a_2'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC2)
assert_equal(names['a_3'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC3)
assert_equal(names['a_4'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC4)
assert_equal(names['s_1'], gl.GL_SAMPLER_2D)
#
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_FLOAT, gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC2,
gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC3, gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC4]):
assert_equal(names['u_f%i' % (i+1)], type)
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_INT, gl.GL_INT_VEC2,
gl.GL_INT_VEC3, gl.GL_INT_VEC4]):
assert_equal(names['u_i%i' % (i+1)], type)
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT2, gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT3,
gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT4]):
assert_equal(names['u_m%i' % (i+2)], type)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- texture
# Create, bind, activate
htex = gl.glCreateTexture()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteTexture, htex))
gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
gl.glBindTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, htex)
# Allocate data and upload
# This data is luminance and not C-contiguous
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2) # touch
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2.shape[:2])
gl.glTexSubImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2)
# Set texture parameters (use f and i to touch both)
T = gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D
gl.glTexParameterf(T, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR)
gl.glTexParameteri(T, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR)
# Re-allocate data and upload
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_RGB, gl.GL_RGB,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im1.shape[:2])
gl.glTexSubImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, gl.GL_RGB,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im1)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 's_1')
unit = 0
gl.glActiveTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE0+unit)
gl.glUniform1i(loc, unit)
# Mipmaps (just to touch this function)
gl.glGenerateMipmap(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D)
# Check min filter (touch getTextParameter)
minfilt = gl.glGetTexParameter(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER)
assert_equal(minfilt, gl.GL_LINEAR)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec2 (contiguous VBO)
# Create buffer
hbuf2 = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, hbuf2))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, hbuf2)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buf2.nbytes, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, buf2)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_2')
gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(loc) # touch
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 2, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 2*4, 0)
# Check (touch glGetBufferParameter, glGetVertexAttrib and
# glGetVertexAttribOffset)
size = gl.glGetBufferParameter(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, gl.GL_BUFFER_SIZE)
assert_equal(size, buf2.nbytes)
stride = gl.glGetVertexAttrib(loc, gl.GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE)
assert_equal(stride, 2*4)
offset = gl.glGetVertexAttribOffset(loc, gl.GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER)
assert_equal(offset, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec3 (non-contiguous VBO)
# Create buffer
hbuf3 = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, hbuf3))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, hbuf3)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buf3.nbytes, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, buf3)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_3')
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 3, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 3*4, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec4 (client vertex data)
# Select no FBO
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_4')
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 4, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 4*4, buf4)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- element buffer
# Create buffer
global helements
helements = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, helements))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, helements)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elements, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, elements)
# Turn off
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- uniforms
# Set integer uniforms to 0
# We set them twice just to touch both i and iv functions
for i, fun1, fun2 in [(1, gl.glUniform1i, gl.glUniform1iv),
(2, gl.glUniform2i, gl.glUniform2iv),
(3, gl.glUniform3i, gl.glUniform3iv),
(4, gl.glUniform4i, gl.glUniform4iv)]:
name = 'u_i%i' % i
value = [0] * i
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, name)
fun1(loc, *value) # e.g. glUniform4i
fun2(loc, 1, value) # e.g. glUniform4iv
# Set float uniforms to 1.0
# We set them twice just to touch both i and iv functions
for i, fun1, fun2 in [(1, gl.glUniform1f, gl.glUniform1fv),
(2, gl.glUniform2f, gl.glUniform2fv),
(3, gl.glUniform3f, gl.glUniform3fv),
(4, gl.glUniform4f, gl.glUniform4fv)]:
name = 'u_f%i' % i
value = [1.0] * i
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, name)
fun1(loc, *value) # e.g. glUniform4f
fun2(loc, 1, value) # e.g. glUniform4fv
# Set matrix uniforms
m = np.eye(5, dtype='float32')
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m2')
gl.glUniformMatrix2fv(loc, 1, False, m[:2, :2])
#
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m3')
m = np.eye(3, dtype='float32')
gl.glUniformMatrix3fv(loc, 1, False, m[:3, :3])
#
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m4')
m = np.eye(4, dtype='float32')
gl.glUniformMatrix4fv(loc, 1, False, m[:4, :4])
# Check some uniforms
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_i1')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), 0)
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_i2')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), (0, 0))
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_f2')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), (1.0, 1.0))
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- attributes
# Constant values for attributes. We do not even use this ...
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_1')
gl.glVertexAttrib1f(loc, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_2')
gl.glVertexAttrib2f(loc, 1.0, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_3')
gl.glVertexAttrib3f(loc, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_4')
gl.glVertexAttrib4f(loc, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
# --- flush and finish
# Not really necessary, but we want to touch the functions
gl.glFlush()
gl.glFinish()
#print([i[1] for i in objects])
return objects
def _prepare_vis():
objects = []
# --- program and shaders
# Create program and shaders
hprog = gl.glCreateProgram()
hvert = gl.glCreateShader(gl.GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
hfrag = gl.glCreateShader(gl.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
objects.append((gl.glDeleteProgram, hprog))
objects.append((gl.glDeleteShader, hvert))
objects.append((gl.glDeleteShader, hfrag))
# Compile source code
gl.glShaderSource(hvert, VERT)
gl.glShaderSource(hfrag, FRAG)
gl.glCompileShader(hvert)
gl.glCompileShader(hfrag)
# Check
assert gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(hvert) == ''
assert gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(hfrag) == ''
assert gl.glGetShaderParameter(hvert, gl.GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == 1
assert gl.glGetShaderParameter(hfrag, gl.GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == 1
# Attach and link
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hvert)
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hfrag)
# touch glDetachShader
gl.glDetachShader(hprog, hvert)
gl.glAttachShader(hprog, hvert)
# Bind all attributes - we could let this occur automatically, but some
# implementations bind an attribute to index 0, which has the unfortunate
# property of being unable to be modified.
gl.glBindAttribLocation(hprog, 1, 'a_1')
gl.glBindAttribLocation(hprog, 2, 'a_2')
gl.glBindAttribLocation(hprog, 3, 'a_3')
gl.glBindAttribLocation(hprog, 4, 'a_4')
gl.glLinkProgram(hprog)
# Test that indeed these shaders are attached
attached_shaders = gl.glGetAttachedShaders(hprog)
assert_equal(set(attached_shaders), set([hvert, hfrag]))
# Check
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(hprog), '')
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_LINK_STATUS), 1)
gl.glValidateProgram(hprog)
assert_equal(gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_VALIDATE_STATUS), 1)
# Use it!
gl.glUseProgram(hprog)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# Check source
vert_source = gl.glGetShaderSource(hvert)
assert_true('attribute vec2 a_2;' in vert_source)
# --- get information on attributes and uniforms
# Count attributes and uniforms
natt = gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES)
nuni = gl.glGetProgramParameter(hprog, gl.GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS)
assert_equal(natt, 4)
assert_equal(nuni, 4+4+3+1)
# Get names
names = {}
for i in range(natt):
name, count, type = gl.glGetActiveAttrib(hprog, i)
names[name] = type
assert_equal(count, 1)
for i in range(nuni):
name, count, type = gl.glGetActiveUniform(hprog, i)
names[name] = type
assert_equal(count, 1)
# Check
assert_equal(names['a_1'], gl.GL_FLOAT)
assert_equal(names['a_2'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC2)
assert_equal(names['a_3'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC3)
assert_equal(names['a_4'], gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC4)
assert_equal(names['s_1'], gl.GL_SAMPLER_2D)
#
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_FLOAT, gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC2,
gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC3, gl.GL_FLOAT_VEC4]):
assert_equal(names['u_f%i' % (i+1)], type)
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_INT, gl.GL_INT_VEC2,
gl.GL_INT_VEC3, gl.GL_INT_VEC4]):
assert_equal(names['u_i%i' % (i+1)], type)
for i, type in enumerate([gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT2, gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT3,
gl.GL_FLOAT_MAT4]):
assert_equal(names['u_m%i' % (i+2)], type)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- texture
# Create, bind, activate
htex = gl.glCreateTexture()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteTexture, htex))
gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
gl.glBindTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, htex)
# Allocate data and upload
# This data is luminance and not C-contiguous
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2) # touch
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2.shape[:2])
gl.glTexSubImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, gl.GL_LUMINANCE,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im2)
# Set texture parameters (use f and i to touch both)
T = gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D
gl.glTexParameterf(T, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR)
gl.glTexParameteri(T, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.GL_LINEAR)
# Re-allocate data and upload
gl.glTexImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.GL_RGB, gl.GL_RGB,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im1.shape[:2])
gl.glTexSubImage2D(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, gl.GL_RGB,
gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, im1)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 's_1')
unit = 0
gl.glActiveTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE0+unit)
gl.glUniform1i(loc, unit)
# Mipmaps (just to touch this function)
gl.glGenerateMipmap(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D)
# Check min filter (touch getTextParameter)
minfilt = gl.glGetTexParameter(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER)
assert_equal(minfilt, gl.GL_LINEAR)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec2 (contiguous VBO)
# Create buffer
hbuf2 = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, hbuf2))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, hbuf2)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buf2.nbytes, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, buf2)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_2')
gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(loc) # touch
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 2, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 2*4, 0)
# Check (touch glGetBufferParameter, glGetVertexAttrib and
# glGetVertexAttribOffset)
size = gl.glGetBufferParameter(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, gl.GL_BUFFER_SIZE)
assert_equal(size, buf2.nbytes)
stride = gl.glGetVertexAttrib(loc, gl.GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_STRIDE)
assert_equal(stride, 2*4)
offset = gl.glGetVertexAttribOffset(loc, gl.GL_VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_POINTER)
assert_equal(offset, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec3 (non-contiguous VBO)
# Create buffer
hbuf3 = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, hbuf3))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, hbuf3)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buf3.nbytes, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, buf3)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_3')
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 3, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 3*4, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- buffer vec4 (client vertex data)
# Select no FBO
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
# Attach!
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_4')
gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc)
gl.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, 4, gl.GL_FLOAT, False, 4*4, buf4)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- element buffer
# Create buffer
global helements
helements = gl.glCreateBuffer()
objects.append((gl.glDeleteBuffer, helements))
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, helements)
# Allocate and set data
gl.glBufferData(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elements, gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW)
gl.glBufferSubData(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, elements)
# Turn off
gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- uniforms
# Set integer uniforms to 0
# We set them twice just to touch both i and iv functions
for i, fun1, fun2 in [(1, gl.glUniform1i, gl.glUniform1iv),
(2, gl.glUniform2i, gl.glUniform2iv),
(3, gl.glUniform3i, gl.glUniform3iv),
(4, gl.glUniform4i, gl.glUniform4iv)]:
name = 'u_i%i' % i
value = [0] * i
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, name)
fun1(loc, *value) # e.g. glUniform4i
fun2(loc, 1, value) # e.g. glUniform4iv
# Set float uniforms to 1.0
# We set them twice just to touch both i and iv functions
for i, fun1, fun2 in [(1, gl.glUniform1f, gl.glUniform1fv),
(2, gl.glUniform2f, gl.glUniform2fv),
(3, gl.glUniform3f, gl.glUniform3fv),
(4, gl.glUniform4f, gl.glUniform4fv)]:
name = 'u_f%i' % i
value = [1.0] * i
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, name)
fun1(loc, *value) # e.g. glUniform4f
fun2(loc, 1, value) # e.g. glUniform4fv
# Set matrix uniforms
m = np.eye(5, dtype='float32')
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m2')
gl.glUniformMatrix2fv(loc, 1, False, m[:2, :2])
#
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m3')
m = np.eye(3, dtype='float32')
gl.glUniformMatrix3fv(loc, 1, False, m[:3, :3])
#
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_m4')
m = np.eye(4, dtype='float32')
gl.glUniformMatrix4fv(loc, 1, False, m[:4, :4])
# Check some uniforms
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_i1')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), 0)
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_i2')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), (0, 0))
loc = gl.glGetUniformLocation(hprog, 'u_f2')
assert_equal(gl.glGetUniform(hprog, loc), (1.0, 1.0))
# Check if all is ok
assert_equal(gl.glGetError(), 0)
# --- attributes
# Constant values for attributes. We do not even use this ...
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_1')
gl.glVertexAttrib1f(loc, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_2')
gl.glVertexAttrib2f(loc, 1.0, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_3')
gl.glVertexAttrib3f(loc, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
loc = gl.glGetAttribLocation(hprog, 'a_4')
gl.glVertexAttrib4f(loc, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
# --- flush and finish
# Not really necessary, but we want to touch the functions
gl.glFlush()
gl.glFinish()
# print([i[1] for i in objects])
return objects