def write_input_files(self, N_batches=1):
'Write ABAQUS input files and batch script(s)'
# Open list of batch files
batchfiles = []
for b in range(N_batches):
fname = '{0:s}/_run_{1:d}.bat'.format(self.out_dir, b)
batchfiles.append(open(fname, 'w'))
pp_script = open('{0:s}/_postproc.bat'.format(self.out_dir), 'w')
b = 0
for jobname, j in self.db.iterrows():
w = self.wheel_from_row(j)
mm = ModeMatrix(w)
# Apply tension
if j['spk_T'] == 0.:
w.apply_tension(0.001)
else:
w.apply_tension(j['spk_T'])
# Choose total radial displacement
if j['sim_u2'] == 'auto':
# Estimate radial displacement to failure for truss wheel
Pc_est = mm.calc_lat_stiff() * w.rim.radius
u_rad = 1.5 * Pc_est / mm.calc_rad_stiff()
else:
u_rad = j['sim_u2']
# Write ABAQUS input files
write_abaqus_pre(self.out_dir + '/' + jobname + '_preT.inp', w, j)
write_abaqus_exp(self.out_dir + '/' + jobname + '_collapse.inp', w,
j, u_rad)
# Write to batch file
bf = batchfiles[b]
bf.write('call abaqus interactive ')
bf.write('job={0:s}_preT input={0:s}_preT.inp\n'.format(jobname))
bf.write('call abaqus interactive ')
bf.write(
'job={0:s}_collapse input={0:s}_collapse.inp oldjob={0:s}_preT\n'
.format(jobname))
# Next batchfile
b = (b + 1) % N_batches
# Write entry to postprocess script
pp_script.write('call abaqus python postproc_rad_buckling.py ' +
'{0:s}_collapse.odb\n'.format(jobname))
# Close batch files
for f in batchfiles:
f.close()
def calc_tor_stiff(wheel,
theta=0.,
N=20,
smeared_spokes=True,
tension=True,
buckling=True,
coupling=True,
r0=False):
'Calculate torsional (wind-up) stiffness in [N/rad].'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
F_ext = mm.F_ext(theta, [0., 0., 1., 0.])
d = np.zeros(F_ext.shape)
K = (mm.K_rim(tension=buckling, r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=tension, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
if coupling:
d = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
else:
ix_uc = mm.get_ix_uncoupled(dim='radial')
K = mm.get_K_uncoupled(K=K, dim='radial')
d[ix_uc] = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext[ix_uc])
return wheel.rim.radius / mm.B_theta(theta).dot(d)[2]
def calc_lat_stiff(wheel,
theta=0.,
N=20,
smeared_spokes=True,
tension=True,
buckling=True,
coupling=False,
r0=False):
'Calculate lateral stiffness.'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., [1., 0., 0., 0.])
d = np.zeros(F_ext.shape)
K = (mm.K_rim(tension=buckling, r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=tension, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
if coupling:
d = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
else:
ix_uc = mm.get_ix_uncoupled(dim='lateral')
K = mm.get_K_uncoupled(K=K, dim='lateral')
d[ix_uc] = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext[ix_uc])
return 1. / mm.B_theta(0.).dot(d)[0]
def calc_buckling_tension_modematrix(smeared_spokes=True,
coupling=True,
r0=True):
'Estimate buckling tension from condition number of stiffness matrix.'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
def neg_cond(T):
wheel.apply_tension(T)
K = (mm.K_rim(buckling=True, r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
if not coupling:
K = mm.get_K_uncoupled(buckling=True,
smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes)
return -np.linalg.cond(K)
# Find approximate buckling tension from linear analytical solution
Tc_approx = calc_buckling_tension(wheel, approx='linear')
# Maximize the condition number as a function of tension
res = minimize(fun=neg_cond,
x0=[Tc_approx],
method='Nelder-Mead',
options={'maxiter': 50})
return res.x[0]
def extract_results(self):
'Extract results and calculated quantities from ABAQUS output'
def spoke_buckle_load(pd_data):
'Get load at which spokes start to buckle'
return pd_data.RF3[np.nonzero(pd_data.n_buckled)[0][0]]
for i in self.db.index:
print('.', end='')
j = self.db.loc[i]
w = self.wheel_from_row(j)
mm = ModeMatrix(w)
try:
# Buckling tension
Tc, nc = calc_buckling_tension(w)
self.db.at[i, 'Tc'] = Tc
self.db.at[i, 'nc'] = nc
# Get load-deflection data
if j['sim_type'] == 'exp':
pd_fname = self.out_dir + '/' + j.name + '_collapse_Pd.csv'
elif j['sim_type'] == 'riks':
pd_fname = self.out_dir + '/' + j.name + '_riks_Pd.csv'
pd_data = pd.read_csv(pd_fname)
pd_data.columns = ['Time', 'U3', 'RF3', 'n_buckled']
# Stiffness
w.apply_tension(0.01)
K_lat_0 = mm.calc_lat_stiff(smeared_spokes=True,
coupling=False)
K_rad_0 = mm.calc_rad_stiff(smeared_spokes=False,
coupling=False)
self.db.at[i, 'K_lat_0'] = K_lat_0
self.db.at[i, 'K_rad_0'] = K_rad_0
# Critical loads
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_max'] = max(pd_data.RF3)
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_spk'] = spoke_buckle_load(pd_data)
except Exception as e:
print('Error on {0:s}: {1:s}'.format(j.name, str(e)))
continue
def calc_tor_stiff(wheel, theta=0., N=20, smeared_spokes=True, tension=True, buckling=True, coupling=True, r0=False):
'Calculate torsional (wind-up) stiffness in [N/rad].'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
F_ext = mm.F_ext(theta, [0., 0., 1., 0.])
d = np.zeros(F_ext.shape)
K = (mm.K_rim(tension=buckling, r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=tension, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
if coupling:
d = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
else:
ix_uc = mm.get_ix_uncoupled(dim='radial')
K = mm.get_K_uncoupled(K=K, dim='radial')
d[ix_uc] = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext[ix_uc])
return wheel.rim.radius / mm.B_theta(theta).dot(d)[2]
def calc_lat_stiff(wheel, theta=0., N=20, smeared_spokes=True, tension=True, buckling=True, coupling=False, r0=False):
'Calculate lateral stiffness.'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., [1., 0., 0., 0.])
d = np.zeros(F_ext.shape)
K = (mm.K_rim(tension=buckling, r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=tension, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
if coupling:
d = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
else:
ix_uc = mm.get_ix_uncoupled(dim='lateral')
K = mm.get_K_uncoupled(K=K, dim='lateral')
d[ix_uc] = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext[ix_uc])
return 1. / mm.B_theta(0.).dot(d)[0]
def calc_buckling_tension_modematrix(wheel, smeared_spokes=False, coupling=True, r0=True, N=24):
'Estimate buckling tension from condition number of stiffness matrix.'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
K_matl = (mm.K_rim_matl(r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=False, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
K_geom = (mm.K_rim_geom(r0=r0) -
mm.K_spk_geom(smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
# Solve generalized eigienvalue problem:
# (K_matl + T*K_geom)
if coupling:
w, v = eig(K_matl, K_geom)
else:
w, v = eig(mm.get_K_uncoupled(K_matl),
mm.get_K_uncoupled(K_geom))
return np.min(np.real(w)[np.real(w) > 0])
def calc_rad_stiff(wheel):
'Calculate radial stiffness.'
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=True) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=False, tension=True)
# Create a unit radial load pointing radially inwards at theta=0
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([0., 1., 0., 0.]))
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
return 1e-6 / mm.rim_def_rad(0., dm)[0]
def calc_rot_stiff(wheel):
'Calculate rotational (wind-up) stiffness.'
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=True) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=False, tension=True)
# Create a unit tangential load at theta=0
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([0., 0., 1., 0.]))
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
return 1e-3*np.pi/180*wheel.rim.radius / mm.rim_def_tan(0., dm)[0]
def calc_lat_stiff(wheel):
'Calculate lateral (side-load) stiffness.'
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=True) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=False, tension=True)
# Create a unit lateral load at theta=0
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([1., 0., 0., 0.]))
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
return 1e-3 / mm.rim_def_lat(0., dm)[0]
def calc_buckling_tension_modematrix(wheel,
smeared_spokes=False,
coupling=True,
r0=True,
N=24):
'Estimate buckling tension from condition number of stiffness matrix.'
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=N)
K_matl = (mm.K_rim_matl(r0=r0) +
mm.K_spk(tension=False, smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
K_geom = (mm.K_rim_geom(r0=r0) -
mm.K_spk_geom(smeared_spokes=smeared_spokes))
# Solve generalized eigienvalue problem:
# (K_matl + T*K_geom)
if coupling:
w, v = eig(K_matl, K_geom)
else:
w, v = eig(mm.get_K_uncoupled(K_matl), mm.get_K_uncoupled(K_geom))
return np.min(np.real(w)[np.real(w) > 0])
# Create an example wheel and rim
wheel = BicycleWheel()
wheel.hub = Hub(width=0.05, diameter=0.05)
wheel.rim = Rim(radius=0.3,
area=100e-6,
I_lat=200. / 69e9,
I_rad=100. / 69e9,
J_tor=25. / 26e9,
I_warp=0.0,
young_mod=69e9,
shear_mod=26e9)
wheel.lace_cross(n_spokes=36, n_cross=3, diameter=2.0e-3, young_mod=210e9)
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Create a 500 Newton pointing radially inwards at theta=0
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([0., 500., 0., 0.]))
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=False) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=False, tension=False)
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
# Get radial deflection
theta = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 100)
rad_def = mm.rim_def_rad(theta, dm)
# Calculate change in spoke tensions
wheel.hub = Hub(diameter=0.050, width=0.05)
wheel.rim = Rim(radius=0.3, area=100e-6,
I_lat=200./69e9, I_rad=100./69e9, J_tor=25./26e9, I_warp=0.0,
young_mod=69e9, shear_mod=26e9)
diam_flange = np.linspace(0.01, 0.1, 10)
rot_stiff = []
for d in diam_flange:
# Create hub and spokes for each flange diameter
wheel.hub = Hub(width=0.025, diameter=d)
wheel.lace_cross(n_spokes=36, n_cross=3, diameter=2.0e-3, young_mod=210e9)
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Create a unit tangential force
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([0., 0., 1., 0.]))
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=False) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=True, tension=False)
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
# Calculate the rotational stiffness
rot_stiff.append(np.pi/180*wheel.rim.radius/mm.rim_def_tan(0., dm)[0])
plt.plot(diam_flange * 100, rot_stiff, 'ro')
plt.xlabel('Flange diameter [cm]')
from bikewheelcalc import BicycleWheel, Rim, Hub, ModeMatrix
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# Create an example wheel and rim
wheel = BicycleWheel()
wheel.hub = Hub(width=0.05, diameter=0.05)
wheel.rim = Rim(radius=0.3, area=100e-6,
I_lat=200./69e9, I_rad=100./69e9, J_tor=25./26e9, I_warp=0.0,
young_mod=69e9, shear_mod=26e9)
wheel.lace_cross(n_spokes=36, n_cross=3, diameter=2.0e-3, young_mod=210e9)
# Create a ModeMatrix model with 24 modes
mm = ModeMatrix(wheel, N=24)
# Create a 500 Newton pointing radially inwards at theta=0
F_ext = mm.F_ext(0., np.array([0., 500., 0., 0.]))
# Calculate stiffness matrix
K = mm.K_rim(tension=False) + mm.K_spk(smeared_spokes=False, tension=False)
# Solve for the mode coefficients
dm = np.linalg.solve(K, F_ext)
# Get radial deflection
theta = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 100)
rad_def = mm.rim_def_rad(theta, dm)
# Calculate change in spoke tensions
def extract_results(self):
'Extract results and calculated quantities from ABAQUS output'
def buckling_load_southwell(pd_data):
'Get critical buckling load from Southwell plot'
pass
def buckling_load_nonlin(pd_data):
'Get critical buckling from departure from linearity'
# Fit straight line to first 5% of data
N = int(np.ceil(0.05 * len(pd_data)))
pf = np.polyfit(pd_data['U2'][:N], pd_data['RF2'][:N], 1)
err = (np.polyval(pf, pd_data['U2']) - pd_data['RF2']) /\
np.mean(pd_data['RF2'])
return pd_data['RF2'][np.argmax(np.abs(err) > 0.02)]
def calc_T_nb(w, K_lat_0, K_rad_0, Tc, form=1):
'Calculate minimum spoke tension for no spoke buckling'
R = w.rim.radius
EA = w.spokes[0].EA
alpha = w.spokes[0].alpha
ls = w.spokes[0].length
if form == 2:
# Quadratic approximation for K_lat(T)
x = K_rad_0 * Tc * ls / (2 * EA * K_lat_0 * R * np.cos(alpha))
return np.sqrt(1 + x**2) - x
else:
# Linear approximation for K_lat(T)
return 1.0 / (1 + K_rad_0 * ls * Tc /
(K_lat_0 * R * EA * np.cos(alpha)))
def calc_P_nb(w, K_lat_0, K_rad_0, Tc, form=1):
'Critical load at the critical no-buckling tension'
R = w.rim.radius
EA = w.spokes[0].EA
alpha = w.spokes[0].alpha
ls = w.spokes[0].length
if form == 2:
# Quadratic approximation for K_lat(T)
x = K_rad_0 * Tc * ls / (2 * EA * K_lat_0 * R * np.cos(alpha))
T_nb = np.sqrt(1 + x**2) - x
return K_lat_0 * R * (1 - T_nb**2)
else:
# Linear approximation for K_lat(T)
return K_lat_0 * R / (1 + EA / Tc * K_lat_0 / K_rad_0)
for i in self.db.index:
print('.', end='')
j = self.db.loc[i]
w = self.wheel_from_row(j)
mm = ModeMatrix(w)
try:
# Buckling tension
Tc, nc = calc_buckling_tension(w)
self.db.at[i, 'Tc'] = Tc
self.db.at[i, 'nc'] = nc
# Get load-deflection data
pd_data = pd.read_csv(self.out_dir + '/' + j.name +
'_collapse_Pd.csv')
pd_data.columns = ['Time', 'U2', 'RF2', 'U3', 'n_buckled']
# Stiffness at zero tension
w.apply_tension(0.01)
K_lat_0 = mm.calc_lat_stiff(smeared_spokes=True,
coupling=False)
K_rad_0 = mm.calc_rad_stiff(smeared_spokes=False,
coupling=False)
w.apply_tension(j['spk_T'])
K_lat = mm.calc_lat_stiff(smeared_spokes=True, coupling=False)
self.db.at[i, 'K_lat_0'] = K_lat_0
self.db.at[i, 'K_rad_0'] = K_rad_0
self.db.at[i, 'K_lat'] = K_lat
# Radial buckling load
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_max'] = max(pd_data.RF2)
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_nonlin'] = buckling_load_nonlin(pd_data)
self.db.at[i, 'T_nb'] = calc_T_nb(w, K_lat_0, K_rad_0, Tc)
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_nb'] = calc_P_nb(w, K_lat_0, K_rad_0, Tc)
self.db.at[i, 'T_nb_2'] = calc_T_nb(w,
K_lat_0,
K_rad_0,
Tc,
form=2)
self.db.at[i, 'Pc_nb_2'] = calc_P_nb(w,
K_lat_0,
K_rad_0,
Tc,
form=2)
except Exception as e:
print('Error on {0:s}: {1:s}'.format(j.name, str(e)))
continue