Esempio n. 1
0
def test_FinIborCapFloor():

    todayDate = FinDate(20, 6, 2019)
    valuationDate = todayDate
    startDate = todayDate.addWeekDays(2)
    maturityDate = startDate.addTenor("1Y")
    liborCurve = test_FinIborDepositsAndSwaps(todayDate)

    # The capfloor has begun
    # lastFixing = 0.028

    ##########################################################################
    # COMPARISON OF MODELS
    ##########################################################################

    strikes = np.linspace(0.02, 0.08, 5)

    testCases.header("LABEL", "STRIKE", "BLK", "BLK_SHFTD", "SABR",
                     "SABR_SHFTD", "HW", "BACH")

    model1 = FinModelBlack(0.20)
    model2 = FinModelBlackShifted(0.25, 0.0)
    model3 = FinModelSABR(0.013, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
    model4 = FinModelSABRShifted(0.013, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, -0.008)
    model5 = FinModelRatesHW(0.30, 0.01)
    model6 = FinModelBachelier(0.01)

    for k in strikes:
        capFloorType = FinCapFloorTypes.CAP
        capfloor = FinIborCapFloor(startDate, maturityDate, capFloorType, k)
        cvalue1 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        cvalue2 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        cvalue3 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        cvalue4 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        cvalue5 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        cvalue6 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)
        testCases.print("CAP", k, cvalue1, cvalue2, cvalue3, cvalue4, cvalue5, cvalue6)

    testCases.header("LABEL", "STRIKE", "BLK", "BLK_SHFTD", "SABR",
                     "SABR_SHFTD", "HW", "BACH")

    for k in strikes:
        capFloorType = FinCapFloorTypes.FLOOR
        capfloor = FinIborCapFloor(startDate, maturityDate, capFloorType, k)
        fvalue1 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        fvalue2 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        fvalue3 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        fvalue4 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        fvalue5 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        fvalue6 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)
        testCases.print("FLR", k, fvalue1, fvalue2, fvalue3, fvalue4, fvalue5, fvalue6)

###############################################################################
# PUT CALL CHECK
###############################################################################

    testCases.header("LABEL", "STRIKE", "BLK", "BLK_SHFTD", "SABR",
                     "SABR SHFTD", "HW", "BACH")

    for k in strikes:
        capFloorType = FinCapFloorTypes.CAP
        capfloor = FinIborCapFloor(startDate, maturityDate, capFloorType, k)
        cvalue1 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        cvalue2 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        cvalue3 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        cvalue4 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        cvalue5 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        cvalue6 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)

        capFloorType = FinCapFloorTypes.FLOOR
        capfloor = FinIborCapFloor(startDate, maturityDate, capFloorType, k)
        fvalue1 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        fvalue2 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        fvalue3 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        fvalue4 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        fvalue5 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        fvalue6 = capfloor.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)

        pcvalue1 = cvalue1 - fvalue1
        pcvalue2 = cvalue2 - fvalue2
        pcvalue3 = cvalue3 - fvalue3
        pcvalue4 = cvalue4 - fvalue4
        pcvalue5 = cvalue5 - fvalue5
        pcvalue6 = cvalue6 - fvalue6

        testCases.print("PUT_CALL", k, pcvalue1, pcvalue2, pcvalue3,
                        pcvalue4, pcvalue5, pcvalue6)
Esempio n. 2
0
def testFinLiborSwaptionMatlabExamples():

    # We value a European swaption using Black's model and try to replicate a
    # ML example at https://fr.mathworks.com/help/fininst/swaptionbyblk.html

    testCases.header("=======================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH FLAT TERM STRUCTURE")
    testCases.header("=======================================")

    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2010)
    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveFlat(valuationDate, 0.06,
                                      FinFrequencyTypes.CONTINUOUS,
                                      FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360)

    settlementDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2011)
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2016)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2019)

    fixedCoupon = 0.062
    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    notional = 100.0

    # Pricing a PAYER
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional)

    model = FinModelBlack(0.20)
    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 2.071

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    ###############################################################################

    testCases.header("===================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH TERM STRUCTURE")
    testCases.header("===================================")

    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2010)

    dates = [
        FinDate(1, 1, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2012),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2013),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2014),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2015)
    ]

    zeroRates = [0.03, 0.034, 0.037, 0.039, 0.040]

    contFreq = FinFrequencyTypes.CONTINUOUS
    interpType = FinInterpTypes.LINEAR_ZERO_RATES
    dayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360

    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveZeros(valuationDate, dates, zeroRates,
                                       contFreq, dayCountType, interpType)

    settlementDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2011)
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2017)
    fixedCoupon = 0.03

    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360
    floatFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    floatDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360
    notional = 1000.0

    # Pricing a put
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.RECEIVER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional,
                                floatFrequencyType, floatDayCountType)

    model = FinModelBlack(0.21)
    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 0.5771

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    ###############################################################################

    testCases.header("===================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH SHIFTED BLACK")
    testCases.header("===================================")

    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2016)

    dates = [
        FinDate(1, 1, 2017),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2018),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2019),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2020),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2021)
    ]

    zeroRates = np.array([-0.02, 0.024, 0.047, 0.090, 0.12]) / 100.0

    contFreq = FinFrequencyTypes.ANNUAL
    interpType = FinInterpTypes.LINEAR_ZERO_RATES
    dayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360

    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveZeros(valuationDate, dates, zeroRates,
                                       contFreq, dayCountType, interpType)

    settlementDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2016)
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2017)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2020)
    fixedCoupon = -0.003

    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    floatFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    floatDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    notional = 1000.0

    # Pricing a PAYER
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional,
                                floatFrequencyType, floatDayCountType)

    model = FinModelBlackShifted(0.31, 0.008)
    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 12.8301

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    ###############################################################################

    testCases.header("===================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH HULL WHITE")
    testCases.header("===================================")

    # https://fr.mathworks.com/help/fininst/swaptionbyhw.html

    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2007)

    dates = [
        FinDate(1, 1, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    ]

    zeroRates = np.array([0.075] * 11)
    interpType = FinInterpTypes.FLAT_FORWARDS
    dayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    contFreq = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL

    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveZeros(valuationDate, dates, zeroRates,
                                       contFreq, dayCountType, interpType)

    settlementDate = valuationDate
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2010)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    fixedCoupon = 0.04

    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    notional = 100.0

    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.RECEIVER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional)

    model = FinModelRatesHW(0.05, 0.01)
    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 2.9201

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    ###############################################################################

    testCases.header("====================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH BLACK KARASINSKI")
    testCases.header("====================================")

    # https://fr.mathworks.com/help/fininst/swaptionbybk.html
    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2007)

    dates = [
        FinDate(1, 1, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    ]

    zeroRates = np.array([0.07] * 11)

    interpType = FinInterpTypes.FLAT_FORWARDS
    dayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    contFreq = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL

    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveZeros(valuationDate, dates, zeroRates,
                                       contFreq, dayCountType, interpType)

    settlementDate = valuationDate
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2011)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2012)

    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    notional = 100.0

    model = FinModelRatesBK(0.1, 0.05, 200)

    fixedCoupon = 0.07
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional)

    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 0.3634

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    fixedCoupon = 0.0725
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.RECEIVER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional)

    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 0.4798

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)

    ###############################################################################

    testCases.header("====================================")
    testCases.header("MATLAB EXAMPLE WITH BLACK-DERMAN-TOY")
    testCases.header("====================================")

    # https://fr.mathworks.com/help/fininst/swaptionbybdt.html

    valuationDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2007)

    dates = [
        FinDate(1, 1, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2007),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2008),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2009),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2010),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 7, 2011),
        FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    ]

    zeroRates = np.array([0.06] * 11)

    interpType = FinInterpTypes.FLAT_FORWARDS
    dayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    contFreq = FinFrequencyTypes.ANNUAL

    liborCurve = FinDiscountCurveZeros(valuationDate, dates, zeroRates,
                                       contFreq, dayCountType, interpType)

    settlementDate = valuationDate
    exerciseDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2012)
    maturityDate = FinDate(1, 1, 2015)

    fixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.ANNUAL
    fixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    notional = 100.0

    fixedCoupon = 0.062
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER
    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, maturityDate,
                                swaptionType, fixedCoupon, fixedFrequencyType,
                                fixedDayCountType, notional)

    model = FinModelRatesBDT(0.20, 200)
    v_finpy = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model)
    v_matlab = 2.0592

    testCases.header("LABEL", "VALUE")
    testCases.print("FP Price:", v_finpy)
    testCases.print("MATLAB Prix:", v_matlab)
    testCases.print("DIFF:", v_finpy - v_matlab)
Esempio n. 3
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def testFinLiborSwaptionModels():

    ##########################################################################
    # COMPARISON OF MODELS
    ##########################################################################

    valuationDate = FinDate(2011, 1, 1)
    liborCurve = test_FinLiborDepositsAndSwaps(valuationDate)

    exerciseDate = FinDate(2012, 1, 1)
    swapMaturityDate = FinDate(2017, 1, 1)

    swapFixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    swapFixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.ACT_365F

    strikes = np.linspace(0.02, 0.08, 10)

    testCases.header("LAB", "STRIKE", "BLK", "BLK_SHFT", "SABR", "SABR_SHFT",
                     "HW", "BK")

    model1 = FinModelBlack(0.00001)
    model2 = FinModelBlackShifted(0.00001, 0.0)
    model3 = FinModelSABR(0.013, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
    model4 = FinModelSABRShifted(0.013, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, -0.008)
    model5 = FinModelRatesHW(0.00001, 0.00001)
    model6 = FinModelRatesBK(0.01, 0.01)

    settlementDate = valuationDate.addWorkDays(2)

    for k in strikes:
        swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER
        swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate,
                                    swapMaturityDate, swaptionType, k,
                                    swapFixedFrequencyType,
                                    swapFixedDayCountType)

        swap1 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        swap2 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        swap3 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        swap4 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        swap5 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        swap6 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)
        testCases.print("PAY", k, swap1, swap2, swap3, swap4, swap5, swap6)

    testCases.header("LABEL", "STRIKE", "BLK", "BLK_SHFTD", "SABR",
                     "SABR_SHFTD", "HW", "BK")

    for k in strikes:
        swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.RECEIVER
        swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate,
                                    swapMaturityDate, swaptionType, k,
                                    swapFixedFrequencyType,
                                    swapFixedDayCountType)

        swap1 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model1)
        swap2 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model2)
        swap3 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model3)
        swap4 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model4)
        swap5 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model5)
        swap6 = swaption.value(valuationDate, liborCurve, model6)
        testCases.print("REC", k, swap1, swap2, swap3, swap4, swap5, swap6)
Esempio n. 4
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def test_FinLiborSwaptionQLExample():

    #   valuationDate = FinDate(28, 2, 2014)
    settlementDate = FinDate(4, 3, 2014)

    depoDCCType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    depos = []
    depo = FinLiborDeposit(settlementDate, "1W", 0.0023, depoDCCType)
    depos.append(depo)
    depo = FinLiborDeposit(settlementDate, "1M", 0.0023, depoDCCType)
    depos.append(depo)
    depo = FinLiborDeposit(settlementDate, "3M", 0.0023, depoDCCType)
    depos.append(depo)
    depo = FinLiborDeposit(settlementDate, "6M", 0.0023, depoDCCType)
    depos.append(depo)

    # No convexity correction provided so I omit interest rate futures

    swaps = []
    accType = FinDayCountTypes.ACT_365F
    fixedFreqType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    swapType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER

    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "3Y", swapType, 0.00790, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "4Y", swapType, 0.01200, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "5Y", swapType, 0.01570, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "6Y", swapType, 0.01865, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "7Y", swapType, 0.02160, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "8Y", swapType, 0.02350, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "9Y", swapType, 0.02540, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "10Y", swapType, 0.0273, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "15Y", swapType, 0.0297, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "20Y", swapType, 0.0316, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "25Y", swapType, 0.0335, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)
    swap = FinLiborSwap(settlementDate, "30Y", swapType, 0.0354, fixedFreqType,
                        accType)
    swaps.append(swap)

    liborCurve = FinLiborCurve(settlementDate, depos, [], swaps,
                               FinInterpTypes.LINEAR_ZERO_RATES)

    exerciseDate = settlementDate.addTenor("5Y")
    swapMaturityDate = exerciseDate.addTenor("5Y")
    swapFixedCoupon = 0.040852
    swapFixedFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.SEMI_ANNUAL
    swapFixedDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.THIRTY_E_360_ISDA
    swapFloatFrequencyType = FinFrequencyTypes.QUARTERLY
    swapFloatDayCountType = FinDayCountTypes.ACT_360
    swapNotional = 1000000
    swaptionType = FinLiborSwapTypes.PAYER

    swaption = FinLiborSwaption(settlementDate, exerciseDate, swapMaturityDate,
                                swaptionType, swapFixedCoupon,
                                swapFixedFrequencyType, swapFixedDayCountType,
                                swapNotional, swapFloatFrequencyType,
                                swapFloatDayCountType)

    testCases.header("MODEL", "VALUE")

    model = FinModelBlack(0.1533)
    v = swaption.value(settlementDate, liborCurve, model)
    testCases.print(model.__class__, v)

    model = FinModelBlackShifted(0.1533, -0.008)
    v = swaption.value(settlementDate, liborCurve, model)
    testCases.print(model.__class__, v)

    model = FinModelSABR(0.132, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
    v = swaption.value(settlementDate, liborCurve, model)
    testCases.print(model.__class__, v)

    model = FinModelSABRShifted(0.352, 0.5, 0.15, 0.15, -0.005)
    v = swaption.value(settlementDate, liborCurve, model)
    testCases.print(model.__class__, v)

    model = FinModelRatesHW(0.010000000, 0.00000000001)
    v = swaption.value(settlementDate, liborCurve, model)
    testCases.print(model.__class__, v)