def test_pressure_to_heights_basic(array_type):
"""Test basic pressure to height calculation for standard atmosphere."""
mask = [False, True, False, True]
pressures = array_type([975.2, 987.5, 956., 943.], 'mbar', mask=mask)
heights = pressure_to_height_std(pressures)
values = array_type([321.5, 216.5, 487.6, 601.7], 'meter', mask=mask)
assert_array_almost_equal(heights, values, 1)
def p2h(x):
"""
x in hPa
"""
y = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(np.array(x) * units.hPa)
# y = y.metpy.convert_units('m')
y = y.to('m')
return y.magnitude
def pressure_to_height(target_p, hgt3D, targetdir=".", debug=False):
junktime = datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1)
surface_height = scalardata('surface_height',
junktime,
targetdir=targetdir,
debug=debug)
lcl_height_MSL = pressure_to_height_std(target_p)
# subtract surface geopotential height to get height AGL
# switch from xarray to pint quantities for now.
lcl_height_AGL = lcl_height_MSL - surface_height.metpy.unit_array
lv_ISBL0 = hgt3D.lv_ISBL0.metpy.unit_array
# subtract pint quantities. surface_height broadcasted to multiple vertical levels in hgt3D
AGL3D = hgt3D.metpy.unit_array - surface_height.metpy.unit_array
shp = target_p.shape
nz = len(lv_ISBL0)
junk = np.empty(shp)
for i, p in enumerate(target_p.metpy.unit_array.flatten()):
ituple = np.unravel_index(
i, shp) # 277 lat , 349 lon - ituple may have 2 or 3 dims
# interpolate linearly in ln(p). convert to same units, remove units, before applying natural log
lclinterp = np.interp(np.log(p.to('hPa').m),
np.log(lv_ISBL0.to('hPa').m),
AGL3D[:, ituple[-2], ituple[-1]])
if not hasattr(lclinterp, "units"):
# TODO: figure out why lclinterp sometimes has and sometimes doesn't have this attribute.
lclinterp *= AGL3D.units # Prior to pint 0.11 np.interp lost units
if debug: # this slows things down
if np.abs(lclinterp - lcl_height_AGL[ituple]) > 415 * munits.meter:
print('ituple={} lclinterp={} lclstd={}'.format(
ituple, lclinterp, lcl_height_AGL[ituple]))
pdb.set_trace()
# strip units with .m magnitude attribute or get ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.
junk[
ituple] = lclinterp.m # this is slow if you update an xarray. speed things up by updating a ndarray.
# Change pint quantity to xarray
attrs = hgt3D.attrs
# Units were stripped earlier from lclinterp. Make they are what was expected.
assert attrs["units"] == lclinterp.units or (attrs["units"] == "gpm" and
lclinterp.units == "meter")
#attrs['units'] = lclinterp.units # replaces 'gpm' with 'meters'. TODO: figure out why this causes AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'evaluate' later when significant tornado function is called.
lcl_height_AGL = xarray.DataArray(data=junk,
coords=target_p.coords,
dims=target_p.dims,
name='lcl_height_AGL',
attrs=attrs)
lcl_height_AGL.attrs['long_name'] = 'lifted condensation level height AGL'
return lcl_height_AGL
def test_pressure_to_heights_units():
"""Test that passing non-mbar units works."""
assert_almost_equal(pressure_to_height_std(29 * units.inHg),
262.859 * units.meter, 3)
def test_pressure_to_heights_basic():
"""Test basic pressure to height calculation for standard atmosphere."""
pressures = np.array([975.2, 987.5, 956., 943.]) * units.mbar
heights = pressure_to_height_std(pressures)
values = np.array([321.5, 216.5, 487.6, 601.7]) * units.meter
assert_almost_equal(heights, values, 1)
def get_bounds_data():
"""Provide pressure and height data for testing layer bounds calculation."""
pressures = np.linspace(1000, 100, 10) * units.hPa
heights = pressure_to_height_std(pressures)
return pressures, heights
def atmCalc(height, temp, humid):
print("ATMCALC", height, temp, humid, file=sys.stderr)
mtny = windh(MTNX, height, ratio=1,
yoffset=0)
windx = XVALUES
windy = windh(windx, height)
temp_ = temp * units.degC
initp = mc.height_to_pressure_std(windy[0] * units.meters)
dewpt = mc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(temp_, humid / 100.)
lcl_ = mc.lcl(initp, temp_, dewpt, max_iters=50, eps=1e-5)
LCL = mc.pressure_to_height_std(lcl_[0])
if (lcl_[0] > mc.height_to_pressure_std(max(windy) * units.meters)
and LCL > windy[0] * units.meters * 1.000009):
# add LCL to x
xlcl = windh(LCL.to('meters').magnitude, height, inv=True)
windx = np.sort(np.append(windx, xlcl))
windy = windh(windx, height)
pressures = mc.height_to_pressure_std(windy * units.meters)
wvmr0 = mc.mixing_ratio_from_relative_humidity(initp, temp_, humid / 100.)
# now calculate the air parcel temperatures and RH at each position
if (lcl_[0] <= min(pressures)):
T = mc.dry_lapse(pressures, temp_)
RH = [
mc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(
wvmr0, t, p) for t, p in zip(
T, pressures)]
else:
mini = np.argmin(pressures)
p1 = pressures[:mini + 1]
p2 = pressures[mini:] # with an overlap
p11 = p1[p1 >= lcl_[0] * .9999999] # lower (with tol) with lcl
p12 = p1[p1 < lcl_[0] * 1.000009] # upper (with tol) with lcl
T11 = mc.dry_lapse(p11, temp_)
T12 = mc.moist_lapse(p12, lcl_[1])
T1 = concatenate((T11[:-1], T12))
T2 = mc.dry_lapse(p2, T1[-1])
T = concatenate((T1, T2[1:]))
wvmrtop = mc.saturation_mixing_ratio(pressures[mini], T[mini])
RH=[]
for i in range(len(pressures)):
if pressures[i] > lcl_[0] and i <= mini:
v=mc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(pressures[i], T[i], wvmr0)
else:
if i < mini:
v=1
else:
v=mc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(pressures[i], T[i], wvmrtop)
RH.append(v)
#RH = [mc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(*tp, wvmr0) if tp[1] > lcl_[
#0] and i <= mini else 1.0 if i < mini else
#mc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(*tp, wvmrtop)
#for i, tp in enumerate(zip(pressures, T))]
RH = concatenate(RH)
return windx, mtny, windy, lcl_, LCL, T.to("degC"), RH
def get_bounds_data():
"""Provide pressure and height data for testing layer bounds calculation."""
pressures = np.linspace(1000, 100, 10) * units.hPa
heights = pressure_to_height_std(pressures)
return pressures, heights
def test_pressure_to_heights_units():
"""Test that passing non-mbar units works."""
assert_almost_equal(pressure_to_height_std(29 * units.inHg), 262.859 * units.meter, 3)
def test_pressure_to_heights_basic():
"""Test basic pressure to height calculation for standard atmosphere."""
pressures = np.array([975.2, 987.5, 956., 943.]) * units.mbar
heights = pressure_to_height_std(pressures)
values = np.array([321.5, 216.5, 487.6, 601.7]) * units.meter
assert_almost_equal(heights, values, 1)
def skewt_plot(p,
tc,
tdc,
t0,
date,
u=None,
v=None,
fout='sounding.png',
latlon='',
title='',
show=False):
"""
h: heights
p: pressure
tc: Temperature [C]
tdc: Dew point [C]
date: date of the forecast
u,v: u,v wind components
adapted from:
https://geocat-examples.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gallery/Skew-T/NCL_skewt_3_2.html#sphx-glr-gallery-skew-t-ncl-skewt-3-2-py
"""
Pmax = 150 # XXX upper limit
print('Checking units')
if p.attrs['units'] != 'hPa':
print('P wrong units')
exit()
if tc.attrs['units'] != 'degC':
print('Tc wrong units')
exit()
if tdc.attrs['units'] != 'degC':
print('Tdc wrong units')
exit()
if t0.attrs['units'] != 'degC':
print('T0 wrong units')
exit()
if type(u) != type(None) and type(v) != type(None):
if u.attrs['units'] != 'm s-1':
print('Wind wrong units')
exit()
LG.info('Inside skewt plot')
p = p.values
tc = tc.values
tdc = tdc.values
t0 = t0.mean().values
u = u.values * 3.6 # km/h
v = v.values * 3.6 # km/h
# Grid plot
LG.info('creating figure')
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(11, 12))
LG.info('created figure')
LG.info('creating axis')
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1, 2, width_ratios=[4, 1])
fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0., hspace=0.)
# ax1 = plt.subplot(gs[1:-1,0])
# Adding the "rotation" kwarg will over-ride the default MetPy rotation of
# 30 degrees for the 45 degree default found in NCL Skew-T plots
LG.info('created axis')
LG.info('Creatin SkewT')
skew = SkewT(fig, rotation=45, subplot=gs[0, 0])
ax = skew.ax
LG.info('Created SkewT')
if len(latlon) > 0:
ax.text(0,
1,
latlon,
va='top',
ha='left',
color='k',
fontsize=12,
bbox=dict(boxstyle="round", ec=None, fc=(1., 1., 1., 0.9)),
zorder=100,
transform=ax.transAxes)
# Plot the data, T and Tdew vs pressure
skew.plot(p, tc, 'C3')
skew.plot(p, tdc, 'C0')
LG.info('plotted dew point and sounding')
# LCL
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = mpcalc.lcl(p[0] * units.hPa,
t0 * units.degC,
tdc[0] * units.degC)
skew.plot(lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature, 'k.')
# Calculate the parcel profile #XXX units workaround
parcel_prof = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p * units.hPa, t0 * units.degC,
tdc[0] * units.degC).to('degC')
# Plot cloud base
ind_cross = np.argmin(np.abs(parcel_prof.magnitude - tc))
p_base = np.max([lcl_pressure.magnitude, p[ind_cross]])
t_base = np.max([lcl_temperature.magnitude, tc[ind_cross]])
m_base = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(np.array(p_base) * units.hPa)
m_base = m_base.to('m').magnitude
skew.ax.axhline(p_base, color=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), ls='--')
skew.plot(p_base, t_base, 'C3o', zorder=100)
skew.ax.text(t_base, p_base, f'{m_base:.0f}m', ha='left')
# Plot the parcel profile as a black line
skew.plot(p, parcel_prof, 'k', linewidth=1)
LG.info('plotted parcel profile')
# shade CAPE and CIN
skew.shade_cape(p * units.hPa, tc * units.degC, parcel_prof)
skew.shade_cin(p * units.hPa, tc * units.degC, parcel_prof,
tdc * units.degC)
LG.info('plotted CAPE and CIN')
if type(u) != type(None) and type(v) != type(None):
LG.info('Plotting wind')
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[0, 1], sharey=ax, zorder=-1)
# ax2.yaxis.set_visible(False)
ax2.yaxis.tick_right()
# ax2.xaxis.tick_top()
wspd = np.sqrt(u * u + v * v)
ax2.scatter(wspd, p, c=p, cmap=HEIGHTS, zorder=10)
gnd = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(np.array(p[0]) * units.hPa)
gnd = gnd.to('m')
# Ground
ax2.axhline(p[0], c='k', ls='--')
ax2.text(56,
p[0],
f'{int(gnd.magnitude)}m',
horizontalalignment='right')
# Techo
ax2.axhline(p_base, c=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), ls='--')
### Background colors ##
#for i,c in enumerate(WindSpeed.colors):
# rect = Rectangle((i*4, 150), 4, 900, color=c, alpha=0.5,zorder=-1)
# ax2.add_patch(rect)
#########################
ax2.set_xlim(0, 56)
ax2.set_xlabel('Wspeed (km/h)')
ax2.grid()
def p2h(x):
"""
x in hPa
"""
y = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(np.array(x) * units.hPa)
# y = y.metpy.convert_units('m')
y = y.to('m')
return y.magnitude
def h2p(x):
"""
x in m
"""
# x = x.values
y = mpcalc.height_to_pressure_std(np.array(x) * units.m)
# y = y.metpy.convert_units('hPa')
y = y.to('hPa')
return y.magnitude
# print('------')
# print(p[0])
# print('---')
# print(p2h(p[0]))
# print('---')
# print(h2p(p2h(p[0])))
# print('------')
# exit()
ax2y = ax2.secondary_yaxis(1.02, functions=(p2h, h2p))
ax2y.set_ylabel('height (m)')
# ax2y.set_yticks(np.array([1000,2000,3000,4000,6000,6000,10000]))
# XXX Not working
ax2y.yaxis.set_major_formatter(ScalarFormatter())
ax2y.yaxis.set_minor_formatter(ScalarFormatter())
#################
ax2y.set_color('red')
ax2y.tick_params(colors='red', size=7, width=1,
which='both') # 'both' refers to minor and major axes
# ax2y.set_yticks([1,2,3,4])
#ax2.set_xticks([0,5,10,15,20,30,40,50])
#ax2.set_xticklabels(['0','','10','','20','30','40','50'])
ax2.set_xticks([0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56])
ax2.set_xticklabels(
['0', '', '8', '', '16', '', '24', '32', '40', '48', '56'],
fontsize=11,
va='center')
plt.setp(ax2.get_yticklabels(), visible=False)
# Hodograph
ax_hod = inset_axes(ax2, '110%', '30%', loc=1)
ax_hod.set_yticklabels([])
ax_hod.set_xticklabels([])
L = 80
ax_hod.text(0,
L - 5,
'N',
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
ax_hod.text(L - 5,
0,
'E',
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
ax_hod.text(-(L - 5),
0,
'W',
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
ax_hod.text(0,
-(L - 5),
'S',
horizontalalignment='center',
verticalalignment='center')
h = Hodograph(ax_hod, component_range=L)
h.add_grid(increment=20)
h.plot_colormapped(
-u, -v, p, cmap=HEIGHTS
) #'viridis_r') # Plot a line colored by pressure (altitude)
LG.info('Plotted wind')
# # print('=-=-=-=-=-=-=')
# # print(ax2.get_yscale())
# # print(ax2y.get_yscale())
# # print('=-=-=-=-=-=-=')
# # ax2y.yaxis.tick_right()
# # # ax2y.set_ylim(*reversed(ax.get_ylim()))
# # ax2y.set_ylim(*ax.get_ylim())
# # # calc pressure to height
# # locs = ax2.get_yticks()
# # labels = [mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(h*units.hPa) for h in locs]
# # labels = [round(l.to('m'),1) for l in labels]
# # for xp,xh in zip(locs,labels):
# # print(xp,xh)
# # ax2y.set_yticks(locs)
# # ax2y.set_yticklabels([f'{int(l.magnitude)}' for l in labels])
# Plot only every n windbarb
n = 4
inds, = np.where(p > Pmax)
break_p = 25
inds_low = inds[:break_p]
inds_high = inds[break_p:]
inds = np.append(inds_low[::n], inds_high)
skew.plot_barbs(
pressure=p[inds], #[::n], # * units.hPa,
u=u[inds], #[::n],
v=v[inds], #[::n],
xloc=0.985, # fill_empty=True,
sizes=dict(emptybarb=0.075, width=0.1, height=0.2))
# # # Draw line underneath wind barbs
# # line = mlines.Line2D([1.05, 1.05], [0, 1], color='gray', linewidth=0.5,
# # transform=ax.transAxes,
# # dash_joinstyle='round',
# # clip_on=False,
# # zorder=0)
# # ax.add_line(line)
# Add relevant special lines
# Choose starting temperatures in Kelvin for the dry adiabats
LG.info('Plot adiabats, and other grid lines')
skew.ax.text(t0, p[0], f'{t0:.1f}°C', va='top')
skew.ax.axvline(t0, color=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), ls='--')
t0 = units.K * np.arange(243.15, 473.15, 10)
skew.plot_dry_adiabats(t0=t0,
linestyles='solid',
colors='gray',
linewidth=1)
# Choose temperatures for moist adiabats
t0 = units.K * np.arange(281.15, 306.15, 4)
msa = skew.plot_moist_adiabats(t0=t0,
linestyles='solid',
colors='lime',
linewidths=.75)
# Choose mixing ratios
w = np.array([0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.008, 0.012,
0.020]).reshape(-1, 1)
# Choose the range of pressures that the mixing ratio lines are drawn over
p_levs = units.hPa * np.linspace(1000, 400, 7)
skew.plot_mixing_lines(mixing_ratio=w,
pressure=p_levs,
linestyle='dotted',
linewidths=1,
colors='lime')
LG.info('Plotted adiabats, and other grid lines')
skew.ax.set_ylim(1000, Pmax)
skew.ax.set_xlim(-20, 43)
# skew.ax.set_xlim(-30, 40)
# XXX gvutil not installed
# gvutil.set_titles_and_labels(ax, maintitle="ATS Rawinsonde: degC + Thin wind")
# Set axes limits and ticks
# gvutil.set_axes_limits_and_ticks(ax=ax, xlim=[-30, 50],
# yticks=[1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100])
# Change the style of the gridlines
ax.grid(True,
which='major',
axis='both',
color='tan',
linewidth=1.5,
alpha=0.5)
ax.set_xlabel("Temperature (C)")
ax.set_ylabel("P (hPa)")
if len(title) == 0:
title = f"{(date).strftime('%d/%m/%Y-%H:%M')} (local time)"
ax.set_title(title, fontsize=20)
else:
ax.set_title(title, fontsize=20)
if show: plt.show()
LG.info('saving')
fig.savefig(fout, bbox_inches='tight', pad_inches=0.1, dpi=150, quality=90)
LG.info('saved')
plt.close('all')
def delta_height(p1, p2):
h1 = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(p1)
h2 = mpcalc.pressure_to_height_std(p2)
return h2 - h1
