def ar1(N, alpha=0.2, sigma=1, prng=None):
""" Create AR1 noise.
Parameters
---------
N : numeric
Length of 1d noise array to return
alpha : float
Degree of autocorrelation
sigma : numeric
Standard deviation of white noise
prng : np.random.RandomState, None
A RandomState instance, or None
Alpha of 0.2 was taken from the 'temporalnoise.R' function
in the R neuRosim package (ver 02-10)
"""
if (alpha > 1) or (alpha < 0):
raise ValueError("alpha must be between 0-1.")
prng = process_prng(prng)
noise, prng = white(N=N, sigma=sigma, prng=prng)
arnoise = [noise[0], ]
[arnoise.append(
noise[ii] + (alpha * noise[ii-1])
) for ii in range(1, len(noise))]
return arnoise, prng
def learn(N, k, loc=3, prng=None):
"""Simulate learning behavior"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
trials, prng = tlib.random(N, k, prng=prng)
trials, prng = tlib.jitter(trials, prng=prng)
l = trials.shape[0]
acc = np.zeros(l)
p = np.zeros(l)
conds = np.unique(trials)
for n in conds:
## Skip null trials
if (n == 0) | (n == '0'):
continue
p_n, prng = probability.learn(k, loc, prng=prng)
acc_n, prng = acclib.accuracy(p_n, prng=prng)
for t in enumerate(trials):
acc[trials == n] = acc_n
p[trials == n] = p_n
return trials, acc, p, prng
def learn(N, loc=3, prng=None):
"""Simulate learning moving p(correct) from random to a sigmoid
Note
----
* Transition from random to learn is itself random, sampled from
uniform(1, N).
* loc of 3 gives 'realistic' learning curves
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
np.random.set_state(prng.get_state())
# Random and learn are divided by T
T = int(prng.randint(0, N, 1))
# Random p
p_1, prng = random(T, prng)
# Learn p
trials = np.arange(.01, 10, (10/float(N - T)))
trials = trials + stats.norm.rvs(size=trials.shape[0])
p_2 = stats.norm.cdf(trials,loc)
p_2[p_2 < 0.5] = prng.rand(np.sum(p_2 < 0.5))
## Remove p vals les than 0.5 otherwise
## p drops badly as learning is suppose
## to start
prng.set_state(np.random.get_state())
return np.concatenate([p_1, p_2]), prng
def random(N, k, prng=None):
"""Creates a randomly list of trials (int) of N cond with
k trials / cond.
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
trials = []
[trials.extend([n, ] * k) for n in range(1, N+1)]
trials = np.asarray(trials)
prng.shuffle(trials)
return trials, prng
def white(N, sigma=1, prng=None):
""" Create white noise.
Parameters
---------
N : numeric
Length of 1d noise array to return
sigma : numeric
Standard deviation
prng : np.random.RandomState, None
A RandomState instance, or None
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
return prng.normal(loc=0, scale=sigma, size=N), prng
def jitter(trials, code=0, fraction=.5, jit=(1,7), prng=None):
"""Introduce random (uniform) jitter to trials"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
jittimes = np.arange(*jit, dtype=np.int)
jittered = []
for t in trials:
if fraction >= prng.rand(1):
prng.shuffle(jittimes)
jt = [t, ] + [code, ] * jittimes[0]
jittered.extend(jt)
else:
jittered.append(t)
return np.asarray(jittered), prng
def rescorla_wagner(trials, acc, p, alpha=None, prng=None):
"""Create a RW learning dataset
Parameters
----------
trials : list([int, ])
Trials coded by condition
acc : list([int((0,1)), ])
Accuracy data
p : list([float])
p(correct)
alpha : float, None
The learning rate (None fits by ML)
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
l = trials.shape[0]
# fit RW models?
if alpha is None:
best_rl_pars, best_logL = rl.fit.ml_delta(acc, trials, 0.05)
v_dict, rpe_dict = rl.reinforce.b_delta(acc, trials, best_rl_pars[0])
else:
best_rl_pars, best_logL = None, None
v_dict, rpe_dict = rl.reinforce.b_delta(acc, trials, alpha)
values = rl.misc.unpack(v_dict, trials) ## Reformat from dict to array
rpes = rl.misc.unpack(rpe_dict, trials)
# Store sim data
box = np.zeros_like(trials)
box[trials > 0] = 1
rand = prng.rand(l)
df = pd.DataFrame(data={
'trials' : trials,
'box' : box,
'acc' : acc,
'p' : p,
'value' : np.asarray(values),
'rpe' : np.asarray(rpes),
'rand' : rand
})
return df, {'best_rl_pars' : best_rl_pars, 'best_logL' : best_logL}
def _preturb(weight, width=32, TR=1, a1=6.0, a2=12., b1=0.9, b2=0.9, c=0.35, prng=None):
prng = process_prng(prng)
np.random.set_state(prng.get_state())
# Parameters to preturb
params = {a1:6.0, a2:12.0, b1:0.9, b2:0.9, c:0.35}
# Preturb it
keys = params.keys()
prng.shuffle(keys)
par = params[keys[0]]
params[keys[0]] = prng.normal(loc=par, scale=par / (1. * weight))
# Add unpreturbed params
params['width'] = width
params['TR'] = TR
return params, prng
def lowfreqdrift(N, TR=1, sigma=1, prng=None):
""" Create noise with a low frequency drift (0.002-0.015 Hz)
Parameters
---------
N : numeric
Length of 1d noise array to return
TR : float
The repetition rate (BOLD signal)
prng : np.random.RandomState, None
A RandomState instance, or None
Note
----
Smith et al (1999), Investigation of the Low Frequency Drift in fMRI
Signal, NeuroImage 9, 526-533.
This function was ported form a similar function ('lowfreqdrift.R')
in the R 'neuRosim' package (ver 02-10):
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/neuRosim/index.html
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
freq = prng.randint(66, 500)
## i.e. 0.002-0.015 Hz
nbasis = int(np.floor(2 * (N * TR) / freq + 1))
noise = _gen_drifts(N, nbasis)
noise = noise[:,1:] ## Drop the first col
noise = noise.sum(1) ## Sum the rows, creating
## creating the final noise
# Now add white noise
whiten, prng = white(N, sigma=sigma, prng=prng)
noise += whiten
return noise, prng
def random(N, k, prng=None):
"""Simulate random behavior
Parameters
----------
N : int
Number of conditions
k : int
Number of trials / condition
prng : RandomState object, None
Explicit passing of random state. None create
a new state
"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
trials, prng = tlib.random(N, k, prng=prng)
trials, prng = tlib.jitter(trials, prng=prng)
l = trials.shape[0]
acc = np.zeros(l)
p = np.zeros(l)
conds = np.unique(trials)
for n in conds:
## Skip null trials
if (n == 0) | (n == '0'):
continue
p_n, prng = probability.random(k, prng=prng)
acc_n, prng = acclib.accuracy(p_n, prng=prng)
for t in enumerate(trials):
acc[trials == n] = acc_n
p[trials == n] = p_n
return trials, acc, p, prng
def random(N, prng=None):
"""Create N p(correct) sampled from a uniform distribution (0-1)"""
prng = process_prng(prng)
return prng.rand(N), prng
def accuracy(p, prng=None):
prng = process_prng(prng)
N = len(p)
return prng.binomial(1, p, N), prng