def sparsify(a, p=0.25):
"""
SPARSIFY Randomly set matrix elements to zero.
S = SPARSIFY(A, P) is A with elements randomly set to zero
(S = S' if A is square and A = A', i.e. symmetry is preserved).
Each element has probability P of being zeroed.
Thus on average 100*P percent of the elements of A will be zeroed.
Default: P = 0.25.
Note added in porting: by inspection only, it appears the the m*lab
version may have a bug where it always returns zeros on the diagonal
for a symmetric matrix... can anyone confirm?
"""
if p < 0 or p > 1:
raise Higham('Second parameter must be between 0 and 1 inclusive.')
m, n = a.shape
if (a == a.T).all():
# Preserve symmetry
d = np.choose(nrnd.rand(m) > p, (np.zeros(m), np.diag(a)))
a = np.triu(a, 1) * (nrnd.rand(m, n) > p)
a = a + a.T
a = a + np.diag(d)
else:
# Unsymmetric case
a = np.choose(nrnd.rand(m, n) > p, (np.zeros((m, n)), a))
return a
def set_in_region(a, b, alpha=1.0, beta=1.0, mask=None, out=None):
"""set `ret = alpha * a + beta * b` where mask is True"""
alpha = np.asarray(alpha, dtype=a.dtype)
beta = np.asarray(beta, dtype=a.dtype)
a_dat = a.data if isinstance(a, viscid.field.Field) else a
b_dat = b.data if isinstance(b, viscid.field.Field) else b
b = None
if _HAS_NUMEXPR:
vals = ne.evaluate("alpha * a_dat + beta * b_dat")
else:
vals = alpha * a_dat + beta * b_dat
a_dat = b_dat = None
if out is None:
out = field.empty_like(a)
if mask is None:
out.data[...] = vals
else:
if hasattr(mask, "nr_comps") and mask.nr_comps:
mask = mask.as_centered(a.center).as_layout(a.layout)
try:
out.data[...] = np.choose(mask, [out.data, vals])
except ValueError:
out.data[...] = np.choose(mask.data.reshape(list(mask.sshape) + [1]),
[out.data, vals])
return out
def hideNoData(inBand,outBand): noData = inBand.GetNoDataValue() for y in range(inBand.YSize): inLine = inBand.ReadAsArray(0,y,inBand.XSize,1,inBand.XSize,1) outLine = numpy.choose(numpy.equal(inLine,noData),(inLine,0)) outLine = numpy.choose(numpy.not_equal(inLine,noData),(outLine,0xFF)) outBand.WriteArray(outLine,0,y)
def rgb_to_hsv(r, g, b):
maxc = np.maximum(r, np.maximum(g, b))
minc = np.minimum(r, np.minimum(g, b))
v = maxc
minc_eq_maxc = np.equal(minc, maxc)
# compute the difference, but reset zeros to ones to avoid divide by zeros later.
ones = np.ones_like(r)
maxc_minus_minc = np.choose(minc_eq_maxc, (maxc-minc, ones))
s = (maxc-minc) / np.maximum(ones,maxc)
rc = (maxc-r) / maxc_minus_minc
gc = (maxc-g) / maxc_minus_minc
bc = (maxc-b) / maxc_minus_minc
maxc_is_r = np.equal(maxc, r)
maxc_is_g = np.equal(maxc, g)
maxc_is_b = np.equal(maxc, b)
h = np.zeros_like(r)
h = np.choose(maxc_is_b, (h, gc-rc+4.0))
h = np.choose(maxc_is_g, (h, rc-bc+2.0))
h = np.choose(maxc_is_r, (h, bc-gc))
h = np.mod(h/6.0, 1.0)
return (h, s, v)
def _read_particles(self):
if not os.path.exists(self.particle_filename): return
with open(self.particle_filename, 'r') as f:
lines = f.readlines()
self.num_stars = int(lines[0].strip().split(' ')[0])
for num, line in enumerate(lines[1:]):
particle_position_x = float(line.split(' ')[1])
particle_position_y = float(line.split(' ')[2])
particle_position_z = float(line.split(' ')[3])
coord = [particle_position_x, particle_position_y, particle_position_z]
# for each particle, determine which grids contain it
# copied from object_finding_mixin.py
mask = np.ones(self.num_grids)
for i in range(len(coord)):
np.choose(np.greater(self.grid_left_edge.d[:,i],coord[i]), (mask,0), mask)
np.choose(np.greater(self.grid_right_edge.d[:,i],coord[i]), (0,mask), mask)
ind = np.where(mask == 1)
selected_grids = self.grids[ind]
# in orion, particles always live on the finest level.
# so, we want to assign the particle to the finest of
# the grids we just found
if len(selected_grids) != 0:
grid = sorted(selected_grids, key=lambda grid: grid.Level)[-1]
ind = np.where(self.grids == grid)[0][0]
self.grid_particle_count[ind] += 1
self.grids[ind].NumberOfParticles += 1
# store the position in the *.sink file for fast access.
try:
self.grids[ind]._particle_line_numbers.append(num + 1)
except AttributeError:
self.grids[ind]._particle_line_numbers = [num + 1]
def stitch(record1, record2):
seq1 = array([record1.seq.tostring()])
seq2 = array([reverse_complement(record2.seq.tostring())])
seq1.dtype = '|S1'
seq2.dtype = '|S1'
quals1 = array(record1.letter_annotations['phred_quality'])
quals2 = array(record2.letter_annotations['phred_quality'][::-1])
log10p_consensus_1 = log1p(-power(10, -quals1 / 10.)) / log(10)
log10p_consensus_2 = log1p(-power(10, -quals2 / 10.)) / log(10)
log10p_error_1 = -log10(3) - (quals1 / 10.)
log10p_error_2 = -log10(3) - (quals2 / 10.)
min_overlap = 1
max_overlap = max(len(record1), len(record2))
overlaps = {}
for overlap in range(1, max_overlap):
s1 = seq1[-overlap:]
s2 = seq2[:overlap]
q1 = quals1[-overlap:]
q2 = quals2[:overlap]
lpc1 = log10p_consensus_1[-overlap:]
lpc2 = log10p_consensus_2[:overlap]
lpe1 = log10p_error_1[-overlap:]
lpe2 = log10p_error_2[:overlap]
consensus = choose(q1 < q2, [s1, s2])
score = sum(choose(consensus == s1, [lpe1, lpc1])) + sum(choose(consensus == s2, [lpe2, lpc2])) + len(consensus) * log10(4) * 2 # last term is null hypothesis, p=1/4
consensus.dtype = '|S%i' % len(consensus)
overlaps[overlap] = (consensus[0],score)
return overlaps
def __init__(self, template_img_with_alpha):
# result must be 0 where template is transparent
# sum of result must be 0
# scale of result doesn't matter
# scale and bias of input shouldn't matter
assert template_img_with_alpha.shape[2] == 4
self._orig = template_img_with_alpha.astype(float)
return
opaque = template_img_with_alpha[:, :, 3] >= 128
opaque3 = numpy.dstack([opaque]*3)
#opaque_pixels = [pixel[:3].astype(int)
# for row in template_img_with_alpha
# for pixel in row
# if is_opaque(pixel)]
mean = numpy.sum(numpy.choose(opaque3, [0, template_img_with_alpha[:, :, :3]]), axis=(0, 1))/numpy.sum(opaque)
#print mean
res = numpy.choose(opaque3, [0, template_img_with_alpha[:, :, :3] - mean])
#res = numpy.array([
# [pixel[:3] - mean if is_opaque(pixel) else [0, 0, 0] for pixel in row]
#for row in template_img_with_alpha])
#cv2.imshow('normalize(res)', normalize(res))
self._template = res # floating point 3-channel image
def rgb_to_hsv( r,g,b ):
maxc = numpy.maximum(r,numpy.maximum(g,b))
minc = numpy.minimum(r,numpy.minimum(g,b))
v = maxc
minc_eq_maxc = numpy.equal(minc,maxc)
# compute the difference, but reset zeros to ones to avoid divide by zeros later.
ones = numpy.ones((r.shape[0],r.shape[1]))
maxc_minus_minc = numpy.choose( minc_eq_maxc, (maxc-minc,ones) )
s = (maxc-minc) / numpy.maximum(ones,maxc)
rc = (maxc-r) / maxc_minus_minc
gc = (maxc-g) / maxc_minus_minc
bc = (maxc-b) / maxc_minus_minc
maxc_is_r = numpy.equal(maxc,r)
maxc_is_g = numpy.equal(maxc,g)
maxc_is_b = numpy.equal(maxc,b)
h = numpy.zeros((r.shape[0],r.shape[1]))
h = numpy.choose( maxc_is_b, (h,4.0+gc-rc) )
h = numpy.choose( maxc_is_g, (h,2.0+rc-bc) )
h = numpy.choose( maxc_is_r, (h,bc-gc) )
h = numpy.mod(h/6.0,1.0)
hsv = numpy.asarray([h,s,v])
return hsv
def reflectivity(self, Q, L=1):
"""
Compute the Fresnel reflectivity at the given Q/wavelength.
"""
# If Q < 0, then we are going from substrate into incident medium.
# In that case we must negate the change in scattering length density
# and ignore the absorption.
drho = self.rho-self.Vrho
S = 4*pi*choose(Q<0,(-drho,drho)) \
+ 2j*pi/L*choose(Q<0,(self.Vmu,self.mu))
kz = abs(Q)/2
f = sqrt(kz**2 - S) # fresnel coefficient
# Compute reflectivity amplitude, with adjustment for roughness
amp = (kz-f)/(kz+f) * exp(-2*self.sigma**2*kz*f)
# Note: we do not need to check for a divide by zero.
# Qc^2 = 16 pi rho. Since rho is non-zero then Qc is non-zero.
# For mu = 0:
# * If |Qz| < Qc then f has an imaginary component, so |Qz|+f != 0.
# * If |Qz| > Qc then |Qz| > 0 and f > 0, so |Qz|+f != 0.
# * If |Qz| = Qc then |Qz| != 0 and f = 0, so |Qz|+f != 0.
# For mu != 0:
# * f has an imaginary component, so |Q|+f != 0.
R = real(amp*conj(amp))
return R
def _partial_transpose_sparse(rho, mask):
"""
Implement the partial transpose using the CSR sparse matrix.
"""
data = sp.lil_matrix((rho.shape[0], rho.shape[1]), dtype=complex)
for m in range(len(rho.data.indptr) - 1):
n1 = rho.data.indptr[m]
n2 = rho.data.indptr[m + 1]
psi_A = state_index_number(rho.dims[0], m)
for idx, n in enumerate(rho.data.indices[n1:n2]):
psi_B = state_index_number(rho.dims[1], n)
m_pt = state_number_index(
rho.dims[1], np.choose(mask, [psi_A, psi_B]))
n_pt = state_number_index(
rho.dims[0], np.choose(mask, [psi_B, psi_A]))
data[m_pt, n_pt] = rho.data.data[n1 + idx]
return Qobj(data.tocsr(), dims=rho.dims)
def calc_fritch(data):
"""Calculate the fritch index from tmin data (C)"""
growing_threshold=5
startdate=np.zeros(data.shape[1:])+999
enddate=np.zeros(data.shape[1:])
curwarmdays=np.zeros(data.shape[1:])
for doy in range(data.shape[0]):
warmdays=np.where(data[doy,...]>growing_threshold)
colddays=np.where(data[doy,...]<=growing_threshold)
if len(warmdays[0])>0:
curwarmdays[warmdays]+=1
if len(colddays[0])>0:
curwarmdays[colddays]=0
growing=np.where(curwarmdays==5)
if len(growing[0])>0:
startdate[growing]=np.choose((doy-5)<startdate[growing],(startdate[growing],doy-5))
enddate[growing]=np.choose(doy>enddate[growing],(enddate[growing],doy))
growing_season=enddate-startdate
growing_season[growing_season<0]=0
return growing_season
def quad_eqn(l, m, t, aa, bb, cc):
"""
solves the following eqns for m and l
m = (-bb +- sqrt(bb^2 - 4*aa*cc))/(2*aa)
l = (l-a1 - a3*m)/(a2 + a4*m)
"""
if len(aa) is 0:
return
k = bb * bb - 4 * aa * cc
k = np.ma.masked_less(k, 0)
det = np.ma.sqrt(k)
m1 = (-bb - det) / (2 * aa)
l1 = (x[t] - a[0][t] - a[2][t] *
m1) / (a[1][t] + a[3][t] * m1)
m2 = (-bb + det) / (2 * aa)
l2 = (x[t] - a[0][t] - a[2][t] *
m2) / (a[1][t] + a[3][t] * m2)
t1 = np.logical_or(l1 < 0, l1 > 1)
t2 = np.logical_or(m1 < 0, m1 > 1)
t3 = np.logical_or(t1, t2)
m[t] = np.choose(t3, (m1, m2))
l[t] = np.choose(t3, (l1, l2))
def _daylength_processor(self, timearray) :
"""computes daylength
Performs a simple subtraction of sunset-sunrise time. There are three
potential cases:
* if positive, we have the daylength, stop
* if negative, we have the negative of nightlength, add one.
* if zero, the sun is either always up or always down. compute the
solar altitude to find out.
"""
# sunset - sunrise
daylength = timearray[:,2] - timearray[:,1]
# handle negative case
daylength = np.choose(daylength<(0*u.min), [daylength, daylength+1*u.sday]) * u.sday
# any "always up" or "always down"?
no_rise_set = np.abs(timearray[:,2]-timearray[:,1]) < 1*u.min
# hardcode sunrise == transit == sunset
timearray[no_rise_set,1] = timearray[no_rise_set,0]
timearray[no_rise_set,2] = timearray[no_rise_set,0]
if np.any(no_rise_set) :
dec, H, alt = self._calc_event_body_params(timearray[no_rise_set,:], self.obs_location[no_rise_set])
daylength[no_rise_set] = np.choose(alt[:,1]>0*u.deg, [0, 1]) * u.day
return daylength
def updateDistribution(self, tree, dataMatrix, mislabels, distribution, beta): probs = tree.predictProbabilities(dataMatrix.iloc[mislabels[:,0]]) probsIncorrect = np.choose(mislabels[:,1], probs.T) probsCorrect = np.choose(mislabels[:,2], probs.T) power = (0.5 * sum(distribution * (1 + probsCorrect - probsIncorrect))) distribution = distribution * (np.power(beta,power)) distribution = helpers.toProbDistribution(distribution) return distribution
def setFluxoCalSolo(self): self.mask1 = self.ndvi < 0 #-----#------# self.fluxoCalSolo = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (((self.temperaturaSuperficie - 273.15) * (0.0038 + (0.0074 * self.albedoSuperficie))\ * (1.0 - (0.98 * numpy.power(self.ndvi,4)))) * self.saldoRadiacao, self.valores.G * self.saldoRadiacao)) #-----#------# self.mask1 = None self.fluxoCalSolo = numpy.choose(self.mask, (self.valores.noValue, self.fluxoCalSolo))
def update(fig):
"""Fit new pointing model and update plots."""
# Perform early redraw to improve interactivity of clicks (which typically change state of target dots)
# Target state: 0 = flagged, 1 = unflagged, 2 = highlighted
target_state = keep * ((target_index == fig.highlighted_target) + 1)
# Specify colours of flagged, unflagged and highlighted dots, respectively, as RGBA tuples
dot_colors = np.choose(target_state, np.atleast_3d(np.vstack([(1,1,1,1), (0,0,1,1), (1,0,0,1)]))).T
for ax in fig.axes[:7]:
ax.dots.set_facecolors(dot_colors)
fig.canvas.draw()
# Fit new pointing model and update results
params, sigma_params = new_model.fit(az[keep], el[keep], measured_delta_az[keep], measured_delta_el[keep],
std_delta_az[keep], std_delta_el[keep], enabled_params)
new.update(new_model)
# Update rest of figure
fig.texts[3].set_text("$\chi^2$ = %.1f" % new.chi2)
fig.texts[4].set_text("all sky rms = %.3f' (robust %.3f')" % (new.sky_rms, new.robust_sky_rms))
new.metrics(target_index == fig.highlighted_target)
fig.texts[5].set_text("target sky rms = %.3f' (robust %.3f')" % (new.sky_rms, new.robust_sky_rms))
new.metrics(keep)
fig.texts[-1].set_text(unique_targets[fig.highlighted_target])
# Update model parameter strings
for p, param in enumerate(display_params):
fig.texts[2*p + 6].set_text(param_to_str(new_model, param) if enabled_params[param] else '')
# HACK to convert sigmas to arcminutes, but not for P9 and P12 (which are scale factors)
# This functionality should really reside inside the PointingModel class
std_param = rad2deg(sigma_params[param]) * 60. if param not in [8, 11] else sigma_params[param]
std_param_str = ("%.2f'" % std_param) if param not in [8, 11] else ("%.0e" % std_param)
fig.texts[2*p + 7].set_text(std_param_str if enabled_params[param] and opts.use_stats else '')
# Turn parameter string bold if it changed significantly from old value
if np.abs(params[param] - old_model.values()[param]) > 3.0 * sigma_params[param]:
fig.texts[2*p + 6].set_weight('bold')
fig.texts[2*p + 7].set_weight('bold')
else:
fig.texts[2*p + 6].set_weight('normal')
fig.texts[2*p + 7].set_weight('normal')
daz_az, del_az, daz_el, del_el, quiver, before, after = fig.axes[:7]
# Update quiver plot
quiver_scale = 0.1 * fig.quiver_scale_slider.val * np.pi / 6 / deg2rad(old.robust_sky_rms / 60.)
quiver.quiv.set_segments(quiver_segments(new.residual_az, new.residual_el, quiver_scale))
quiver.quiv.set_color(np.choose(keep, np.atleast_3d(np.vstack([(0.3,0.3,0.3,0.2), (0.3,0.3,0.3,1)]))).T)
# Update residual plots
daz_az.dots.set_offsets(np.c_[rad2deg(az), rad2deg(new.residual_xel) * 60.])
del_az.dots.set_offsets(np.c_[rad2deg(az), rad2deg(new.residual_el) * 60.])
daz_el.dots.set_offsets(np.c_[rad2deg(el), rad2deg(new.residual_xel) * 60.])
del_el.dots.set_offsets(np.c_[rad2deg(el), rad2deg(new.residual_el) * 60.])
after.dots.set_offsets(np.c_[np.arctan2(new.residual_el, new.residual_xel), new.abs_sky_error])
resid_lim = 1.2 * max(new.abs_sky_error.max(), old.abs_sky_error.max())
daz_az.set_ylim(-resid_lim, resid_lim)
del_az.set_ylim(-resid_lim, resid_lim)
daz_el.set_ylim(-resid_lim, resid_lim)
del_el.set_ylim(-resid_lim, resid_lim)
before.set_ylim(0, resid_lim)
after.set_ylim(0, resid_lim)
# Redraw the figure
fig.canvas.draw()
def stepsize(n, x, dx, s, ds, z, dz, w, dw):
# Note: choose takes element from second vector if condition true, from first if condition false
delta_p_lhs = np.choose(dx < 0, [np.repeat(self.big, n), ne.evaluate("-x/dx", local_dict = {"x":x, "dx":dx})])
delta_p_rhs = np.choose(ds < 0, [np.repeat(self.big, n), ne.evaluate("-s/ds", local_dict = {"s":s, "ds":ds})])
delta_p = min(self.beta*np.min([delta_p_lhs, delta_p_rhs]), 1)
delta_d_lhs = np.choose(dz < 0, [np.repeat(self.big, n), ne.evaluate("-z/dz", local_dict = {"z":z, "dz":dz})])
delta_d_rhs = np.choose(dw < 0, [np.repeat(self.big, n), ne.evaluate("-w/dw", local_dict = {"w":w, "dw":dw})])
delta_d = min(self.beta*np.min([delta_d_lhs, delta_d_rhs]), 1)
return delta_p, delta_d
def setIaf(self): numpy.seterr(all='ignore') self.mask1 = numpy.logical_and(((0.69 - self.savi) / 0.59) > 0, self.mask) self.iaf = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (self.valores.noValue, -1 * (numpy.log((0.69 - self.savi) / 0.59) / 0.91))) self.mask1 = self.savi <= 0.1 self.iaf = numpy.choose(self.mask1,(self.iaf, 0.0)) self.mask1 = self.savi >= 0.687 self.iaf = numpy.choose(self.mask1,(self.iaf, 6.0)) numpy.seterr(all='warn')
def heightmap_slice(self, heightmap):
# For solid blocks, use the lighting data of the cell above.
this_layer = get_cells_using_heightmap(self._data, heightmap)
above_layer = get_cells_using_heightmap(self._data, numpy.clip(heightmap + 1, 0, self.height-1))
is_transparent = tileid_is_transparent[this_layer['blocks']]
result = this_layer.copy()
result['skylight'] = numpy.choose(is_transparent, [above_layer['skylight'], this_layer['skylight']])
result['blocklight'] = numpy.choose(is_transparent, [above_layer['blocklight'], this_layer['blocklight']])
return Layer(result)
def bounded(seq, bounds, index=None, clip=True, nearest=True):
"""bound a sequence by bounds = [min,max]
For example:
>>> sequence = [0.123, 1.244, -4.755, 10.731, 6.207]
>>>
>>> bounded(sequence, (0,5))
array([0.123, 1.244, 0. , 5. , 5. ])
>>>
>>> bounded(sequence, (0,5), index=(0,2,4))
array([ 0.123, 1.244, 0. , 10.731, 5. ])
>>>
>>> bounded(sequence, (0,5), clip=False)
array([0.123 , 1.244 , 3.46621839, 1.44469038, 4.88937466])
>>>
>>> bounds = [(0,5),(7,10)]
>>> my.constraints.bounded(sequence, bounds)
array([ 0.123, 1.244, 0. , 10. , 7. ])
>>> my.constraints.bounded(sequence, bounds, nearest=False)
array([ 0.123, 1.244, 7. , 10. , 5. ])
>>> my.constraints.bounded(sequence, bounds, nearest=False, clip=False)
array([0.123 , 1.244 , 0.37617154, 8.79013111, 7.40864242])
>>> my.constraints.bounded(sequence, bounds, clip=False)
array([0.123 , 1.244 , 2.38186577, 7.41374049, 9.14662911])
>>>
"""
seq = array(seq) #XXX: asarray?
if bounds is None or not bounds: return seq
if isinstance(index, int): index = (index,)
if not hasattr(bounds[0], '__len__'): bounds = (bounds,)
bounds = asfarray(bounds).T # is [(min,min,...),(max,max,...)]
# convert None to -inf or inf
bounds[0][bounds[0] == None] = -inf
bounds[1][bounds[1] == None] = inf
# find indicies of the elements that are out of bounds
at = where(sum((lo <= seq)&(seq <= hi) for (lo,hi) in bounds.T).astype(bool) == False)[-1]
# find the intersection of out-of-bound and selected indicies
at = at if index is None else intersect1d(at, index)
if not len(at): return seq
if clip:
if nearest: # clip at closest bounds
seq_at = seq[at]
seq[at] = _clip(seq_at, *(b[abs(seq_at.reshape(-1,1)-b).argmin(axis=1)] for b in bounds))
else: # clip in randomly selected interval
picks = choice(len(bounds.T), size=at.shape)
seq[at] = _clip(seq[at], bounds[0][picks], bounds[1][picks])
return seq
# limit to +/- 1e300 #XXX: better defaults?
bounds[0][bounds[0] < -1e300] = -1e300
bounds[1][bounds[1] > 1e300] = 1e300
if nearest:
seq_at = seq[at]
seq[at] = choose(array([abs(seq_at.reshape(-1,1) - b).min(axis=1) for b in bounds.T]).argmin(axis=0), [uniform(0,1, size=at.shape) * (hi - lo) + lo for (lo,hi) in bounds.T])
else: # randomly choose a value in one of the intervals
seq[at] = choose(choice(len(bounds.T), size=at.shape), [uniform(0,1, size=at.shape) * (hi - lo) + lo for (lo,hi) in bounds.T])
return seq
def find_point(self, coord):
"""
Returns the (objects, indices) of grids containing an (x,y,z) point
"""
mask = np.ones(self.num_grids)
for i in range(len(coord)):
np.choose(np.greater(self.grid_left_edge[:, i], coord[i]), (mask, 0), mask)
np.choose(np.greater(self.grid_right_edge[:, i], coord[i]), (0, mask), mask)
ind = np.where(mask == 1)
return self.grids[ind], ind
def enb_e_e0(self): self.ENB = 0.97 + 0.0033 * self.iaf self.E0 = 0.95 + 0.01 * self.iaf self.mask1 = self.iaf >= 3 self.ENB = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (self.ENB, 0.98)) self.E0 = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (self.E0, 0.98)) self.mask1 = self.ndvi <= 0 self.ENB = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (self.ENB, 0.99)) self.E0 = numpy.choose(self.mask1, (self.E0, 0.985)) self.mask1 = None
def _filter(self, rgba, **kwargs):
# transform to linear RGB
rgb = rgba[:, :3]
if self._profile == 'sRGB':
rgb = ColorsRGB._s(rgb)
elif self._profile == 'gamma':
rgb = rgb ** self._gamma
# apply blinding transfrmations
if self._mode == 'achroma':
# D65 in sRGB
z = np.inner(rgba[:, :3], self._achorma_weights)
rgb = np.tile(z, (3,1)).transpose()
else:
xyY = ColorxyYInverse()(rgb)
lx,ly,lm,lyi = [self._blinder.get(self._mode, 'custom')[i] for i in ('x','y','m','yi')]
# The confusion line is between the source color and the confusion point
slope = (xyY[:, 1] - ly) / (xyY[:, 0] - lx)
# slope, and y-intercept (at x=0)
yi = xyY[:, 1] - xyY[:, 0] * slope
# Find the change in the x and y dimensions (no Y change)
dx = (lyi - yi) / (slope - lm)
dy = (slope * dx) + yi
# Find the simulated colors XYZ coords
zXYZ = np.empty_like(rgb)
zXYZ[:, 0] = dx * xyY[:, 2] / dy
zXYZ[:, 1] = xyY[:, 2]
zXYZ[:, 2] = (1 - (dx + dy)) * xyY[:, 2] / dy
# Calculate difference between sim color and neutral color
# find neutral grey using D65 white-point
ngx = 0.312713 * xyY[:, 2] / 0.329016
ngz = 0.358271 * xyY[:, 2] / 0.329016
dXYZ = np.zeros_like(rgb)
dXYZ[:, 0] = ngx - zXYZ[:, 0]
dXYZ[:, 2] = ngz - zXYZ[:, 2]
# find out how much to shift sim color toward neutral to fit in RGB space
# convert d to linear RGB
dRGB = ColorXYZ()(dXYZ, clip = False)
dRGB[np.argwhere(dRGB == 0)] = 1.e-10
rgb = ColorXYZ()(zXYZ, clip = False)
_rgb = (np.choose(rgb < 0, (1, 0)) - rgb) / dRGB
_rgb = np.choose((_rgb > 1) | (_rgb < 0), (_rgb, 0))
adjust = np.amax(_rgb, axis=1)
rgb += adjust[:, np.newaxis] * dRGB
# anomalize
if self._anomalize:
rgb[:,:] = (self._achorma_v * rgb + rgba[:, :3]) / self._achorma_n
# transform back to compressed/non-linerar space
if self._profile == 'sRGB':
rgb = ColorsRGBInverse._s(rgb[:,:3])
elif self._profile == 'gamma':
rgb = rgba[:,:3] ** (1 / self._gamma)
rgba[:, :3] = rgb
return rgba
def predict(self, *args):
# Get Input arguments in given sequence
crv_idxs = args[0]
corpus_mtrx_lst = args[1]
gnr_classes = args[2]
# Get the part of matrices required for the model prediction phase.
# ###crossval_Y = cls_gnr_tgs [crv_idxs, :]
# Initialize Predicted-Classes-Arrays List
predicted_Y_per_gnr = list()
predicted_dist_per_gnr = list()
for g in gnr_classes.keys():
# Get the part of matrices or arrays required for the model prediction phase
crossval_X = corpus_mtrx_lst[self.gnrlst_idx[g]][crv_idxs, 0::]
# params['features_size']]...
# EXTREMELY IMPORTANT: corpus_mtrx_lst[X] where X=[<idx1>,<idx2>,...,<idxN>]...
# ...returns ERROR HDF5 when using pytables Earray. For scipy.sparse there is no...
# ...such a problem. Therefore it always should be used this expression...
# ...corpus_mtrx_lst[X, :]
# Converting TF vectors to Binary
# cv_arr_bin = np.where(crossval_X.toarray() > 0, 1, 0)
# Getting the predictions for each Vector for this genre
predicted_Y = gnr_classes[g].predict(crossval_X)
# For an one-class model, +1 or -1 is returned.
predicted_D = gnr_classes[g].decision_function(crossval_X)
# For Sparse Matrices it might require crossval_X.toarray()
# Assigning Genre-Class tag to Predicted_Y(s)
predicted_Y = np.where(predicted_Y == 1, self.genres_lst.index(g) + 1, 0)
# Keeping the prediction per genre
predicted_Y_per_gnr.append(predicted_Y)
predicted_dist_per_gnr.append(predicted_D.reshape(predicted_D.shape[0]))
# Converting it to Array before returning
predicted_Y_per_gnr = np.vstack(predicted_Y_per_gnr)
predicted_dist_per_gnr = np.vstack(predicted_dist_per_gnr)
# Finding index of the Max Positive distances from the Ensembles Predicted...
# ...distance Array/Matrix
max_dist_idxs = np.argmax(predicted_dist_per_gnr, axis=0)
# Keeping the Max Positive distance form Predicted distances Array/Matrix and the...
# ...respected Predicted Ys
predicted_scores = np.choose(max_dist_idxs, predicted_dist_per_gnr)
predicted_Y = np.choose(max_dist_idxs, predicted_Y_per_gnr)
return (predicted_Y, predicted_scores, predicted_Y_per_gnr, predicted_dist_per_gnr)
def plot_lena_k_mean(self):
n_clusters = 5
np.random.seed(0)
lena = self._lena
X = lena.reshape((-1, 1)) # We need an (n_sample, n_feature) array
k_means = cluster.KMeans(n_clusters=n_clusters, n_init=4)
k_means.fit(X)
values = k_means.cluster_centers_.squeeze()
labels = k_means.labels_
# create an array from labels and values
lena_compressed = np.choose(labels, values)
lena_compressed.shape = lena.shape
vmin = lena.min()
vmax = lena.max()
# original lena
plt.figure(1, figsize=(3, 2.2))
plt.imshow(lena, cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=vmin, vmax=256)
plt.savefig("lena_original.jpg")
# compressed lena
plt.figure(2, figsize=(3, 2.2))
plt.imshow(lena_compressed, cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
plt.savefig("lena_k_means.jpg")
# equal bins lena
regular_values = np.linspace(0, 256, n_clusters + 1)
regular_labels = np.searchsorted(regular_values, lena) - 1
regular_values = .5 * (regular_values[1:] + regular_values[:-1]) # mean
regular_lena = np.choose(regular_labels.ravel(), regular_values)
regular_lena.shape = lena.shape
plt.figure(3, figsize=(3, 2.2))
plt.imshow(regular_lena, cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
plt.savefig("lena_regular.jpg")
# histogram
plt.figure(4, figsize=(3, 2.2))
plt.clf()
plt.axes([.01, .01, .98, .98])
plt.hist(X, bins=256, color='.5', edgecolor='.5')
plt.yticks(())
plt.xticks(regular_values)
values = np.sort(values)
for center_1, center_2 in zip(values[:-1], values[1:]):
plt.axvline(.5 * (center_1 + center_2), color='b')
for center_1, center_2 in zip(regular_values[:-1], regular_values[1:]):
plt.axvline(.5 * (center_1 + center_2), color='b', linestyle='--')
plt.savefig("lena_hist.jpg")
def _get_hue ( self ):
max_rgb = self.max_rgb
rc = (max_rgb - self.red) / self.minus
gc = (max_rgb - self.green) / self.minus
bc = (max_rgb - self.blue) / self.minus
h = (choose( max_rgb == self.red, [
choose( max_rgb == self.green, [
4.0 + gc - rc,
2.0 + rc - bc ] ),
bc - gc ] ) / 6.0) % 1.0
return choose( self.minus == 0.0, [ h, 0.0 ] )
def array3d (surface):
"""pygame.numpyarray.array3d (Surface): return array
copy pixels into a 3d array
Copy the pixels from a Surface into a 3D array. The bit depth of the
surface will control the size of the integer values, and will work
for any type of pixel format.
This function will temporarily lock the Surface as pixels are copied
(see the Surface.lock - lock the Surface memory for pixel access
method).
"""
bpp = surface.get_bytesize ()
array = array2d (surface)
# Taken from from Alex Holkner's pygame-ctypes package. Thanks a
# lot.
if bpp == 1:
palette = surface.get_palette ()
# Resolve the correct values using the color palette
pal_r = numpy.array ([c[0] for c in palette])
pal_g = numpy.array ([c[1] for c in palette])
pal_b = numpy.array ([c[2] for c in palette])
planes = [numpy.choose (array, pal_r),
numpy.choose (array, pal_g),
numpy.choose (array, pal_b)]
array = numpy.array (planes, numpy.uint8)
array = numpy.transpose (array, (1, 2, 0))
return array
elif bpp == 2:
# Taken from SDL_GetRGBA.
masks = surface.get_masks ()
shifts = surface.get_shifts ()
losses = surface.get_losses ()
vr = (array & masks[0]) >> shifts[0]
vg = (array & masks[1]) >> shifts[1]
vb = (array & masks[2]) >> shifts[2]
planes = [(vr << losses[0]) + (vr >> (8 - (losses[0] << 1))),
(vg << losses[1]) + (vg >> (8 - (losses[1] << 1))),
(vb << losses[2]) + (vb >> (8 - (losses[2] << 1)))]
array = numpy.array (planes, numpy.uint8)
return numpy.transpose (array, (1, 2, 0))
else:
masks = surface.get_masks ()
shifts = surface.get_shifts ()
losses = surface.get_losses ()
planes = [((array & masks[0]) >> shifts[0]), # << losses[0], Assume 0
((array & masks[1]) >> shifts[1]), # << losses[1],
((array & masks[2]) >> shifts[2])] # << losses[2]]
array = numpy.array (planes, numpy.uint8)
return numpy.transpose (array, (1, 2, 0))
def tryCreateBuilding(topleft, plan):
bottomright = (topleft[0] + plan.layout.shape[0],
topleft[1] + plan.layout.shape[1])
if max(bottomright) >= height_map.shape[0]:
return False #FIXME Restriction shouldn't exist.
site_height = height_map[topleft[0]:bottomright[0], topleft[1]:bottomright[1]]
if site_height.max() - site_height.min() > 50:
return False
site_terrain = terrain_map[topleft[0]:bottomright[0], topleft[1]:bottomright[1]]
site_costs = numpy.choose(site_terrain, ABuildCosts).sum()
max_cost = 5 * plan.layout.shape[0] * plan.layout.shape[1]
if site_costs > max_cost:
return False
site_terrain[:] = numpy.choose(plan.layout, [TerrainType.ROOFD, TerrainType.WALLS])
return True
def convert ( hue, lightness, saturation, m1, m2 ):
""" Returns one channel of an HSL to RGB conversion.
"""
hue = hue % 1.0
dm = m2 - m1
return (choose( saturation == 0.0, [
choose( hue < OneSixth, [
choose( hue < 0.5, [
choose( hue < TwoThirds, [
m1,
m1 + (dm * (TwoThirds - hue) * 6.0) ] ),
m2 ] ),
m1 + (dm * hue * 6.0) ] ),
lightness ] ) * 255.0).astype( uint8 )
def gbernsen(f, se, contrast_threshold, gthresh):
'''
thresholded = gbernsen(f, se, contrast_threshold, gthresh)
Generalised Bernsen local thresholding
Parameters
----------
f : ndarray
input image
se : boolean ndarray
structuring element to use for "locality"
contrast_threshold : integer
contrast threshold
gthresh : numeric, optional
global threshold to fall back in low contrast regions
Returns
-------
thresholded : binary ndarray
See Also
--------
bernsen : function
Bernsen thresholding with a circular region
'''
from mahotas.convolve import rank_filter
fmax = rank_filter(f, se, se.sum()-1)
fmin = rank_filter(f, se, 0)
fptp = fmax - fmin
fmean = fmax/2. + fmin/2. # Do not use (fmax + fmin) as that may overflow
return np.choose(fptp < contrast_threshold, (fmean < gthresh, fmean > f))
def test_mixed(self):
c = np.array([True, True])
a = np.array([True, True])
assert_equal(np.choose(c, (a, 1)), np.array([1, 1]))
def BARzero(w_F, w_R, DeltaF):
"""A function that when zeroed is equivalent to the solution of
the Bennett acceptance ratio.
from http://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.140601
D_F = M + w_F - Delta F
D_R = M + w_R - Delta F
we want:
\sum_N_F (1+exp(D_F))^-1 = \sum N_R N_R <(1+exp(-D_R))^-1>
ln \sum N_F (1+exp(D_F))^-1>_F = \ln \sum N_R exp((1+exp(-D_R))^(-1)>_R
ln \sum N_F (1+exp(D_F))^-1>_F - \ln \sum N_R exp((1+exp(-D_R))^(-1)>_R = 0
Parameters
----------
w_F : np.ndarray
w_F[t] is the forward work value from snapshot t.
t = 0...(T_F-1) Length T_F is deduced from vector.
w_R : np.ndarray
w_R[t] is the reverse work value from snapshot t.
t = 0...(T_R-1) Length T_R is deduced from vector.
DeltaF : float
Our current guess
Returns
-------
fzero : float
a variable that is zeroed when DeltaF satisfies BAR.
Examples
--------
Compute free energy difference between two specified samples of work values.
>>> from pymbar import testsystems
>>> [w_F, w_R] = testsystems.gaussian_work_example(mu_F=None, DeltaF=1.0, seed=0)
>>> DeltaF = BARzero(w_F, w_R, 0.0)
"""
np.seterr(over='raise') # raise exceptions to overflows
w_F = np.array(w_F, np.float64)
w_R = np.array(w_R, np.float64)
DeltaF = float(DeltaF)
# Recommended stable implementation of BAR.
# Determine number of forward and reverse work values provided.
T_F = float(w_F.size) # number of forward work values
T_R = float(w_R.size) # number of reverse work values
# Compute log ratio of forward and reverse counts.
M = np.log(T_F / T_R)
# Compute log numerator. We have to watch out for overflows. We
# do this by making sure that 1+exp(x) doesn't overflow, choosing
# to always exponentiate a negative number.
# log f(W) = - log [1 + exp((M + W - DeltaF))]
# = - log ( exp[+maxarg] [exp[-maxarg] + exp[(M + W - DeltaF) - maxarg]] )
# = - maxarg - log(exp[-maxarg] + exp[(M + W - DeltaF) - maxarg])
# where maxarg = max((M + W - DeltaF), 0)
exp_arg_F = (M + w_F - DeltaF)
# use boolean logic to zero out the ones that are less than 0, but not if greater than zero.
max_arg_F = np.choose(np.less(0.0, exp_arg_F), (0.0, exp_arg_F))
try:
log_f_F = -max_arg_F - np.log(
np.exp(-max_arg_F) + np.exp(exp_arg_F - max_arg_F))
except:
# give up; if there's overflow, return zero
print("The input data results in overflow in BAR")
return np.nan
log_numer = logsumexp(log_f_F)
# Compute log_denominator.
# log f(R) = - log [1 + exp(-(M + W - DeltaF))]
# = - log ( exp[+maxarg] [exp[-maxarg] + exp[(M + W - DeltaF) - maxarg]] )
# = - maxarg - log[exp[-maxarg] + (T_F/T_R) exp[(M + W - DeltaF) - maxarg]]
# where maxarg = max( -(M + W - DeltaF), 0)
exp_arg_R = -(M - w_R - DeltaF)
# use boolean logic to zero out the ones that are less than 0, but not if greater than zero.
max_arg_R = np.choose(np.less(0.0, exp_arg_R), (0.0, exp_arg_R))
try:
log_f_R = -max_arg_R - np.log(
np.exp(-max_arg_R) + np.exp(exp_arg_R - max_arg_R))
except:
print("The input data results in overflow in BAR")
return np.nan
log_denom = logsumexp(log_f_R)
# This function must be zeroed to find a root
fzero = log_numer - log_denom
np.seterr(
over='warn'
) # return options to standard settings so we don't disturb other functionality.
return fzero
def initialize(
self,
runon=0.0,
f_bare=0.7,
soil_ew=0.1,
intercept_cap_grass=1.0,
zr_grass=0.3,
I_B_grass=20.0,
I_V_grass=24.0,
pc_grass=0.43,
fc_grass=0.56,
sc_grass=0.33,
wp_grass=0.13,
hgw_grass=0.1,
beta_grass=13.8,
LAI_max_grass=2.0,
LAIR_max_grass=2.88,
intercept_cap_shrub=1.5,
zr_shrub=0.5,
I_B_shrub=20.0,
I_V_shrub=40.0,
pc_shrub=0.43,
fc_shrub=0.56,
sc_shrub=0.24,
wp_shrub=0.13,
hgw_shrub=0.1,
beta_shrub=13.8,
LAI_max_shrub=2.0,
LAIR_max_shrub=2.0,
intercept_cap_tree=2.0,
zr_tree=1.3,
I_B_tree=20.0,
I_V_tree=40.0,
pc_tree=0.43,
fc_tree=0.56,
sc_tree=0.22,
wp_tree=0.15,
hgw_tree=0.1,
beta_tree=13.8,
LAI_max_tree=4.0,
LAIR_max_tree=4.0,
intercept_cap_bare=1.0,
zr_bare=0.15,
I_B_bare=20.0,
I_V_bare=20.0,
pc_bare=0.43,
fc_bare=0.56,
sc_bare=0.33,
wp_bare=0.13,
hgw_bare=0.1,
beta_bare=13.8,
LAI_max_bare=0.01,
LAIR_max_bare=0.01,
):
# GRASS = 0; SHRUB = 1; TREE = 2; BARE = 3;
# SHRUBSEEDLING = 4; TREESEEDLING = 5
"""
Parameters
----------
grid: RasterModelGrid
A grid.
runon: float, optional
Runon from higher elevation (mm).
f_bare: float, optional
Fraction to partition PET for bare soil (None).
soil_ew: float, optional
Residual Evaporation after wilting (mm/day).
intercept_cap: float, optional
Plant Functional Type (PFT) specific full canopy interception
capacity.
zr: float, optional
Root depth (m).
I_B: float, optional
Infiltration capacity of bare soil (mm/h).
I_V: float, optional
Infiltration capacity of vegetated soil (mm/h).
pc: float, optional
Soil porosity (None).
fc: float, optional
Soil saturation degree at field capacity (None).
sc: float, optional
Soil saturation degree at stomatal closure (None).
wp: float, optional
Soil saturation degree at wilting point (None).
hgw: float, optional
Soil saturation degree at hygroscopic point (None).
beta: float, optional
Deep percolation constant = 2*b+3 where b is
water retention (None).
parameter (None)
LAI_max: float, optional
Maximum leaf area index (m^2/m^2).
LAIR_max: float, optional
Reference leaf area index (m^2/m^2).
"""
self._vegtype = self._grid["cell"]["vegetation__plant_functional_type"]
self._runon = runon
self._fbare = f_bare
self._interception_cap = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[
intercept_cap_grass,
intercept_cap_shrub,
intercept_cap_tree,
intercept_cap_bare,
intercept_cap_shrub,
intercept_cap_tree,
],
)
self._zr = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[zr_grass, zr_shrub, zr_tree, zr_bare, zr_shrub, zr_tree])
self._soil_Ib = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[I_B_grass, I_B_shrub, I_B_tree, I_B_bare, I_B_shrub, I_B_tree],
)
self._soil_Iv = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[I_V_grass, I_V_shrub, I_V_tree, I_V_bare, I_V_shrub, I_V_tree],
)
self._soil_Ew = soil_ew
self._soil_pc = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[pc_grass, pc_shrub, pc_tree, pc_bare, pc_shrub, pc_tree])
self._soil_fc = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[fc_grass, fc_shrub, fc_tree, fc_bare, fc_shrub, fc_tree])
self._soil_sc = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[sc_grass, sc_shrub, sc_tree, sc_bare, sc_shrub, sc_tree])
self._soil_wp = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[wp_grass, wp_shrub, wp_tree, wp_bare, wp_shrub, wp_tree])
self._soil_hgw = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[hgw_grass, hgw_shrub, hgw_tree, hgw_bare, hgw_shrub, hgw_tree],
)
self._soil_beta = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[
beta_grass, beta_shrub, beta_tree, beta_bare, beta_shrub,
beta_tree
],
)
self._LAI_max = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[
LAI_max_grass,
LAI_max_shrub,
LAI_max_tree,
LAI_max_bare,
LAI_max_shrub,
LAI_max_tree,
],
)
self._LAIR_max = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[
LAIR_max_grass,
LAIR_max_shrub,
LAIR_max_tree,
LAIR_max_bare,
LAIR_max_shrub,
LAIR_max_tree,
],
)
y_min, y_max = -1, 1
# Initialize arrays
x, y = numpy.meshgrid(numpy.linspace(x_min, x_max, SIZE),
numpy.linspace(y_min, y_max, SIZE))
c = x + 1j * y
z = c.copy()
fractal = numpy.zeros(z.shape, dtype=numpy.uint8) + MAX_COLOR
# Generate fractal
for n in range(ITERATIONS):
print n
mask = numpy.abs(z) <= 4
z[mask] = z[mask]**2 + c[mask]
fractal[(fractal == MAX_COLOR)
& (-mask)] = (MAX_COLOR - 1) * n / ITERATIONS
# Display the fractal
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(211)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(fractal)
matplotlib.pyplot.title('Mandelbrot')
matplotlib.pyplot.axis('off')
# Combine with lena
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(212)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(numpy.choose(fractal < lena, [fractal, lena]))
matplotlib.pyplot.axis('off')
matplotlib.pyplot.title('Mandelbrot + Lena')
matplotlib.pyplot.show()
def test_choose_execution(setup):
options.chunk_size = 2
choices = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 11, 12, 13], [20, 21, 22, 23],
[30, 31, 32, 33]]
a = choose([2, 3, 1, 0], choices)
res = a.execute().fetch()
expected = np.choose([2, 3, 1, 0], choices)
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
a = choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='clip') # 4 goes to 3 (4-1)
expected = np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='clip')
res = a.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
a = choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='wrap') # 4 goes to (4 mod 4)
expected = np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices,
mode='wrap') # 4 goes to (4 mod 4)
res = a.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
a = [[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]]
choices = [-10, 10]
b = choose(a, choices)
expected = np.choose(a, choices)
res = b.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
a = np.array([0, 1]).reshape((2, 1, 1))
c1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]).reshape((1, 3, 1))
c2 = np.array([-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]).reshape((1, 1, 5))
b = choose(a, (c1, c2))
expected = np.choose(a, (c1, c2))
res = b.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
# test order
a = np.array([0, 1]).reshape((2, 1, 1), order='F')
c1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]).reshape((1, 3, 1), order='F')
c2 = np.array([-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]).reshape((1, 1, 5), order='F')
b = choose(a, (c1, c2))
expected = np.choose(a, (c1, c2))
res = b.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
assert res.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS'] == expected.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
assert res.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS'] == expected.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
b = choose(a, (c1, c2), out=tensor(np.empty(res.shape, order='F')))
expected = np.choose(a, (c1, c2), out=np.empty(res.shape, order='F'))
res = b.execute().fetch()
np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, expected)
assert res.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS'] == expected.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
assert res.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS'] == expected.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
def ThomasFermi2D(xy, *p):
"""p = [offset, amplitude, size_x, size_y, center_x, center_y]"""
(x, y) = xy
TF_profile = TFParab(x, y, p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5])
return np.choose(TF_profile > 0,
[p[0], p[0] + p[1] * np.abs(TF_profile)**(3 / 2)])
s=50)
plt.title('K-Means Classification')
plt.show()
# In[]:
#Create dataframe for original data comparison with model prediction
iris_df = pd.DataFrame(iris.data)
iris_df.columns = [
'Sepal_Length', 'Sepal_Width', 'Petal_Length', 'Petal_Width'
]
y.columns = ['Targets']
#Set a variable color_theme to color our data points by their species label.
color_theme = np.array(['darkgray', 'lightsalmon', 'powderblue'])
relabel = np.choose(clustering.labels_, [2, 0, 1]).astype(np.int64)
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.scatter(x=iris_df.Petal_Length,
y=iris_df.Petal_Width,
c=color_theme[iris.target],
s=50)
plt.title('Original Dataset Labels')
#Change the color_theme as per the new object 'relabel'.
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.scatter(x=iris_df.Petal_Length,
y=iris_df.Petal_Width,
c=color_theme[relabel],
s=50)
plt.title('K-Means Classification')
plt.show()
def logpow(v, p):
return np.choose(v == 0, [p * np.log(v), 0])
def __call__(self, w):
sigma = np.choose(w > self.wp, [0.07, 0.09])
a = np.exp(-(w / self.wp - 1)**2 / (2 * sigma**2))
S = ((self.alpha / w**5) *
np.exp(-(1 / pi) / (w / self.wp / self.kb)**4) * self.gamma**a)
return S
def gather_elements(data, indices, axis=0): # type: ignore
data_swaped = np.swapaxes(data, 0, axis)
index_swaped = np.swapaxes(indices, 0, axis)
gathered = np.choose(index_swaped, data_swaped)
y = np.swapaxes(gathered, 0, axis)
return y
import scipy as sp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
try:
face = sp.face(gray=True)
except AttributeError:
from scipy import misc
face = misc.face(gray=True)
plt.gray()
plt.imshow(face)
plt.show() # 显示原图
X = face.reshape((-1, 1))
k_means = cluster.KMeans(n_clusters=5, n_init=1) # 构造分类器，参数n_clusters是K值
k_means.fit(X)
values = k_means.cluster_centers_.squeeze()
labels = k_means.labels_
face_compressed = np.choose(labels, values) #按照labels的序号对values中的数进行选择。
face_compressed.shape = face.shape
plt.gray()
plt.imshow(face_compressed)
plt.show() # 显示分类器操作过的图像
len(face_compressed)
face_compressed.shape
X.shape
Usage()
if inNoData is None:
Usage()
if outNoData is None:
Usage()
indataset = gdal.Open(infile, GA_ReadOnly)
out_driver = gdal.GetDriverByName(format)
outdataset = out_driver.Create(outfile, indataset.RasterXSize,
indataset.RasterYSize, indataset.RasterCount,
type)
gt = indataset.GetGeoTransform()
if gt is not None and gt != (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0):
outdataset.SetGeoTransform(gt)
prj = indataset.GetProjectionRef()
if prj is not None and len(prj) > 0:
outdataset.SetProjection(prj)
for iBand in range(1, indataset.RasterCount + 1):
inband = indataset.GetRasterBand(iBand)
outband = outdataset.GetRasterBand(iBand)
for i in range(inband.YSize - 1, -1, -1):
scanline = inband.ReadAsArray(0, i, inband.XSize, 1, inband.XSize, 1)
scanline = numpy.choose(numpy.equal(scanline, inNoData),
(scanline, outNoData))
outband.WriteArray(scanline, 0, i)
# Plot the Original Classifications
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.scatter(x.Petal_Length, x.Petal_Width, c=colormap[y.Targets], s=40)
plt.title('Classification from labels')
# Plot the Models Classifications
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.scatter(x.Petal_Length, x.Petal_Width, c=colormap[model.labels_], s=40)
plt.title('K Mean Classification')
plt.show()
#So according to the tutorial the classifier has mislabeled the data.
# The fix, we convert all the 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s to align to the way to the way we want.
predY = np.choose(model.labels_, [1, 0, 2]).astype(np.int64)
print(model.labels_)
print(predY)
# View the results
# Set the size of the plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14, 7))
# Create a colormap
colormap = np.array(['red', 'blue', 'green'])
# Plot Orginal
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.scatter(x.Petal_Length, x.Petal_Width, c=colormap[y.Targets], s=40)
plt.title('Real Classification')
def __call__(self, samples):
median = np.median(samples[samples > 0])
return np.choose(samples >= median, (0, samples))
def choose(self, choices, out=None, mode='raise'):
# Let __array_function__ take care since choices can be masked too.
return np.choose(self, choices, out=out, mode=mode)
def __call__(self, w):
sigma = np.choose(w > self.wp, [0.07, 0.09])
a = np.exp(-(w - self.wp)**2 / (2 * sigma**2 * self.wp**2))
S = ((self.alpha * g**2 / w**5) * np.exp(-1.25 * (self.wp / w)**4) *
self.gamma**a)
return S
y[np.array([0,2,4]),1] # if idx_size_mismatch in ix_vec1,ix_vec2 they are "broadcasted"/repeated (ix_vec1 or ix_vex2 is int); Broadcasting" is idx_int->idx_vec (ML trivial)
a=np.random.randn(3,4,2); b=r_[3,7.3]; a*b # a[8 x 1 x 6 x 1],b[7 x 1 x 5]->[8 x 7 x 6 x 5]; breaks on vec1+vec2(ambiguity which first); # yuck,it is true;
x=np.arange(0,50,10); x[np.array([1, 1, 3, 1])] += 1; # note "1" incremented only once
z[1,...,2]=z[1,:,:,2]; # "ellipsis" notation looks unreliable
ix1=(1,slice(3,6)); ix2=(1,ellipsis,2) # =[1,3:6],[1,...,2]; fn(arr,idx) - use tuple for idx
z[list1]=z[list1,:]; z[tuple1]=z[t[0],t[1],...]
## reshape
np.array([2,3,4,5]).reshape(-1,1) # vec_transpose; "-1" means "calculate demaining dim_reshape from oth dim"
y[:,np.newaxis,:].shape # ugly reshape, used for ver2arr
n=5; x=r_[:n]; x[:,np.newaxis],x[np.newaxis,:]; x.reshape(n,1);
a.shape=(a.shape[1],a.shape[0]); # new array created,original deleted;
b=20<y; y[b]; b[:,5]; y[b[:,5]] ~y[b[:,np.tile(5,(1,y.shape[1]))]].reshape(xx,y.shape[1]) #
a[:,0,:].shape # it is 2-dim (unlike ML);
a[:] ~ a.copy();
## condition,sort etc
a[1<a]; z=np.nonzero(1<a) '(ar1_x,ar2_y), ~ML [i,j,v]=find(a)'; z=np.where(1<a); np.choose(); a.max(),a.max(0),a.max(1),maximum(a,b),unique(a),np.squeeze(a);
D=B.copy(); # assign matrices by copy; find() may require to convert to vect and back (py pointer helps);
a.ravel().argsort(); a[a[:,0].argsort(),]; a.argsort(axis=1); # ravel()~flatten,argsort~sort,return idx;
## structured arrays~array_of_tuples;
x=np.zeros((2,),dtype=('i4,f4,a10')); x[:]=[(1,2.,'Hello'),(2,3.,"World")]; x['f1'] # array of tuples,fast_collect
dtype='3int8, float32, (2,3)float64'; # ar_type str/tuple(special extra_info)/list(name,dtype)/dict(special)
# np.ndarray() - access to mem; ndarray can be subclassed
#--- numpy math mix
polyfit(); (a,b)=polyfit(x,y,1);vlinalg.lstsq(x,y); poly(); roots(); fft(a),ifft(a),convolve(x,y); eval('e=4');
linalg.solve(a,b); v=a.compress((a!=0).flat); v=extract(a!=0,a);
## genfromtxt,loadtxt, # .gz,.bz2
from StringIO import StringIO;
# 'skip_header d=0','skip_footer d=0' kills lines; 'comments d=None' kills comments till eol; 'autostrip d=F' kills whsp;
def initialize(self,
Blive_init=102.,
Bdead_init=450.,
ETthreshold_up=3.8,
ETthreshold_down=6.8,
Tdmax=10.,
w=0.55,
WUE_grass=0.01,
LAI_max_grass=2.,
cb_grass=0.0047,
cd_grass=0.009,
ksg_grass=0.012,
kdd_grass=0.013,
kws_grass=0.02,
WUE_shrub=0.0025,
LAI_max_shrub=2.,
cb_shrub=0.004,
cd_shrub=0.01,
ksg_shrub=0.002,
kdd_shrub=0.013,
kws_shrub=0.02,
WUE_tree=0.0045,
LAI_max_tree=4.,
cb_tree=0.004,
cd_tree=0.01,
ksg_tree=0.002,
kdd_tree=0.013,
kws_tree=0.01,
WUE_bare=0.01,
LAI_max_bare=0.01,
cb_bare=0.0047,
cd_bare=0.009,
ksg_bare=0.012,
kdd_bare=0.013,
kws_bare=0.02,
**kwds):
# GRASS = 0; SHRUB = 1; TREE = 2; BARE = 3;
# SHRUBSEEDLING = 4; TREESEEDLING = 5
"""
Parameters
----------
grid: RasterModelGrid
A grid.
Blive_init: float, optional
Initial value for vegetation__live_biomass. Converted to field.
Bdead_init: float, optional
Initial value for vegetation__dead_biomass. Coverted to field.
ETthreshold_up: float, optional
Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) threshold for
growing season (mm/d).
ETthreshold_down: float, optional
PET threshold for dormant season (mm/d).
Tdmax: float, optional
Constant for dead biomass loss adjustment (mm/d).
w: float, optional
Conversion factor of CO2 to dry biomass (Kg DM/Kg CO2).
WUE: float, optional
Water Use Efficiency - ratio of water used in plant water
lost by the plant through transpiration (KgCO2Kg-1H2O).
LAI_max: float, optional
Maximum leaf area index (m2/m2).
cb: float, optional
Specific leaf area for green/live biomass (m2 leaf g-1 DM).
cd: float, optional
Specific leaf area for dead biomass (m2 leaf g-1 DM).
ksg: float, optional
Senescence coefficient of green/live biomass (d-1).
kdd: float, optional
Decay coefficient of aboveground dead biomass (d-1).
kws: float, optional
Maximum drought induced foliage loss rate (d-1).
"""
self._vegtype = self.grid["cell"]["vegetation__plant_functional_type"]
self._WUE = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[WUE_grass, WUE_shrub, WUE_tree, WUE_bare, WUE_shrub, WUE_tree],
)
# Water Use Efficiency KgCO2kg-1H2O
self._LAI_max = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[
LAI_max_grass,
LAI_max_shrub,
LAI_max_tree,
LAI_max_bare,
LAI_max_shrub,
LAI_max_tree,
],
)
# Maximum leaf area index (m2/m2)
self._cb = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[cb_grass, cb_shrub, cb_tree, cb_bare, cb_shrub, cb_tree])
# Specific leaf area for green/live biomass (m2 leaf g-1 DM)
self._cd = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[cd_grass, cd_shrub, cd_tree, cd_bare, cd_shrub, cd_tree])
# Specific leaf area for dead biomass (m2 leaf g-1 DM)
self._ksg = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[ksg_grass, ksg_shrub, ksg_tree, ksg_bare, ksg_shrub, ksg_tree],
)
# Senescence coefficient of green/live biomass (d-1)
self._kdd = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[kdd_grass, kdd_shrub, kdd_tree, kdd_bare, kdd_shrub, kdd_tree],
)
# Decay coefficient of aboveground dead biomass (d-1)
self._kws = np.choose(
self._vegtype,
[kws_grass, kws_shrub, kws_tree, kws_bare, kws_shrub, kws_tree],
)
# Maximum drought induced foliage loss rates (d-1)
self._Blive_init = Blive_init
self._Bdead_init = Bdead_init
self._ETthresholdup = ETthreshold_up # Growth threshold (mm/d)
self._ETthresholddown = ETthreshold_down # Dormancy threshold (mm/d)
self._Tdmax = Tdmax # Constant for dead biomass loss adjustment
self._w = w # Conversion factor of CO2 to dry biomass
self._Blive_ini = self._Blive_init * np.ones(self.grid.number_of_cells)
self._Bdead_ini = self._Bdead_init * np.ones(self.grid.number_of_cells)
def process_scale(a_lods, lod):
d = a_lods[lod] - cv2.pyrUp(a_lods[lod+1])
for i in xrange(lod):
d = cv2.pyrUp(d)
v = cv2.GaussianBlur(d*d, (3, 3), 0)
return np.sign(d), v
scale_num = 6
for frame_i in count():
a_lods = [a]
for i in xrange(scale_num):
a_lods.append(cv2.pyrDown(a_lods[-1]))
ms, vs = [], []
for i in xrange(1, scale_num):
m, v = process_scale(a_lods, i)
ms.append(m)
vs.append(v)
mi = np.argmin(vs, 0)
a += np.choose(mi, ms) * 0.025
a = (a-a.min()) / a.ptp()
if out:
out.write(a)
vis = a.copy()
draw_str(vis, (20, 20), 'frame %d' % frame_i)
cv2.imshow('a', vis)
if 0xFF & cv2.waitKey(5) == 27:
break
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
def _calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(grid, node_values, *args,
**kwds):
"""Get steepest gradient to neighbor and diagonal cells.
Calculate the steepest downward gradients in *node_values*, given at every
node in the grid, relative to the nodes centered at *cell_ids*. Note that
upward gradients are reported as positive, so this method returns negative
numbers.
If *cell_ids* is not provided, calculate the maximum gradient for all
cells in the grid.
The default is to only consider neighbor cells to the north, south, east,
and west. To also consider gradients to diagonal nodes, set the *method*
keyword to *d8* (the default is *d4*).
Use the *out* keyword if you have an array that you want to put the result
into. If not given, create a new array.
Use the *return_node* keyword to also the node id of the node in the
direction of the maximum gradient.
Parameters
----------
grid : RasterModelGrid
Input grid.
node_values : array_like
Values to take gradient of.
cell_ids : array_like, optional
IDs of grid cells to measure gradients.
return_node: boolean, optional
Return node IDs of the node that has the steepest descent.
method : {'d4', 'd8'}
How to calculate the steepest descent.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. Must
be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.
Returns
-------
ndarray :
Calculated gradients to lowest adjacent node.
Examples
--------
Create a rectilinear grid that is 3 nodes by 3 nodes and so has one cell
centered around node 4.
>>> from landlab import RasterModelGrid
>>> grid = RasterModelGrid(3, 3)
>>> values_at_nodes = np.array([-3., -1., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
Calculate gradients to cell diagonals and choose the gradient to the
lowest node.
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(values_at_nodes,
... method='d4')
masked_array(data = [-2.],
mask = False,
fill_value = 1e+20)
<BLANKLINE>
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(values_at_nodes,
... method='d8') * sqrt(2.)
masked_array(data = [-4.],
mask = False,
fill_value = 1e+20)
<BLANKLINE>
With the 'd4' method, the steepest gradient is to the bottom node (id = 1).
>>> (_, ind) = grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(
... values_at_nodes, return_node=True)
>>> ind
array([1])
With the 'd8' method, the steepest gradient is to the lower-left node
(id = 0).
>>> (_, ind) = grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(
... values_at_nodes, return_node=True, method='d8')
>>> ind
array([0])
>>> from landlab import RasterModelGrid
>>> grid = RasterModelGrid(4, 4)
>>> node_values = grid.zeros()
>>> node_values[1] = -1
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(node_values, 0)
masked_array(data = [-1.],
mask = False,
fill_value = 1e+20)
<BLANKLINE>
Get both the maximum gradient and the node to which the gradient is
measured.
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(
... node_values, 0, return_node=True)
(array([-1.]), array([1]))
Use method to choose which neighbors to consider.
>>> node_values[0] = -10.
>>> node_values[1] = -1.
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(
... node_values, 0, method='d4', return_node=True)
(array([-1.]), array([1]))
>>> grid._calc_steepest_descent_across_adjacent_cells(
... node_values, 0, method='d8', return_node=True)
(array([-7.07106781]), array([0]))
"""
method = kwds.pop('method', 'd4')
_assert_valid_routing_method(method)
if method == 'd4':
return _calc_steepest_descent_across_cell_faces(
grid, node_values, *args, **kwds)
elif method == 'd8':
neighbor_grads = _calc_steepest_descent_across_cell_faces(
grid, node_values, *args, **kwds)
diagonal_grads = _calc_steepest_descent_across_cell_corners(
grid, node_values, *args, **kwds)
return_node = kwds.pop('return_node', False)
if not return_node:
return np.choose(neighbor_grads <= diagonal_grads,
(diagonal_grads, neighbor_grads), **kwds)
else:
min_grads = np.choose(neighbor_grads[0] <= diagonal_grads[0],
(diagonal_grads[0], neighbor_grads[0]),
**kwds)
node_ids = np.choose(neighbor_grads[0] <= diagonal_grads[0],
(diagonal_grads[1], neighbor_grads[1]),
**kwds)
return (min_grads, node_ids)
for name, est in estimators.items():
est.fit(X)
labels = est.labels_
trace = go.Scatter3d(x=X[:, 0], y=X[:, 1], z=X[:, 2],
showlegend=False,
mode='markers',
marker=dict(
color=labels.astype(np.float),
line=dict(color='black', width=1)
))
fig.append_trace(trace, 1, fignum)
fignum = fignum + 1
y = np.choose(y, [0,1,2]).astype(np.float)
trace1 = go.Scatter3d(x=X[:, 0], y=X[:, 1], z=X[:, 2],
showlegend=False,
mode='markers',
marker=dict(
color=y,
line=dict(color='black', width=1)))
fig.append_trace(trace1, 2, 1)
fig['layout'].update(height=1400, width=1000,
margin=dict(l=10,r=10))
fig['layout']['scene1'].update(scene)
fig['layout']['scene2'].update(scene)
fig['layout']['scene3'].update(scene)
def variadic_choose(a, *choices):
return np.choose(a, choices)
rasterPoly = imageToArray(rasterPoly) if not rasterPoly: return #Remove the pixels from this mask that do not overlap #with the raster #get the indices for trimming the array minX = min(0, -pixExtent[0]) maxX = max(cols, pixExtent[1])-cols-1 minY = max(rows, pixExtent[3])-rows maxY = -(min(0, -pixExtent[3]) + 1) #Trim rasterPoly = rasterPoly[minX:maxX,minY,maxY] #Apply the mask to the raster masked = np.choose(rasterPoly,(clip, 0), mode='raise').astype(d_type) #Get unique values and counts u, c = np.unique(masked, return_counts=True) U.append(u) C.append(c) count += 1 #Combine all the values of the individual polygons to put in tabulate u = set(x for l in U for x in l) #Get all unique values for the multipolygon #Loop through the combined values and get the sum of counts for uval in u: cval = 0 for i in range(len(C)):
def write_raster_inds(n, r, g, b, ds, sel, rgb_File):
print sel
gam = 1.7
mask = numpy.greater(n + r + g + b, 0)
if sel == 0: #DVI
# print 0
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, n - r))
elif sel == 1: ##NDVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, (n - r) / (n + r)))
# elif sel==2:#GARI
# inds=numpy.choose(mask, (0,(n-(g-gam*(b-r)))/(n+(g-gam*(b-r)))))
elif sel == 2: #GNDVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, (n - g) / (n + g)))
elif sel == 3: #OSAVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, 1.5 * (n - r) / (n + r + 0.16)))
elif sel == 4: #RDVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, (n - r) / numpy.sqrt(n + r)))
# elif sel==6: #RVI
# inds= numpy.choose(mask, (0,n/r))
elif sel == 5: #SAVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, 1.5 * (n - r) / (n + r + 0.5)))
elif sel == 6: #TDVI
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, numpy.sqrt(0.5 + (n - r) / (n + r))))
elif sel == 9:
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, (n - g) / (n + g)))
elif sel == 10:
inds = (r - g) / (r + g)
# inds=numpy.choose(mask, (0,(r - g)/(r + g)))
elif sel == 11:
inds = numpy.choose(mask,
(0, (n - 0.5 * (r + g)) / (n + 0.5 * (r + g))))
elif sel == 12:
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, numpy.sqrt((n - r) / (n + r) + 1)))
elif sel == 13:
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, n / g))
else:
inds = numpy.choose(mask, (0, 200 * (g * 100) /
(g * 100 + r * 100 + b * 100)))
#ave_i=(max_i-ave_i)/50+ave_i
# print "bbeeeffoorreeee"
# print numpy.min(inds)
# print numpy.max(inds)
# print numpy.mean(inds)
# print numpy.var(inds)
# print "nnnooorrrmmmaaallliizzeeee"
#
inds = inds - numpy.mean(inds)
inds = inds / numpy.std((inds))
# inds=inds/numpy.max((inds))
#
# print numpy.min(inds)
# print numpy.max(inds)
# print numpy.mean(inds)
# jjjjj
####normalize al together afterwards
# maxi=numpy.max(inds)
# mini=numpy.min(inds)
# inds=inds*2/(maxi-mini)
# inds=inds-1
mask2 = numpy.equal(r + g + b, 0)
inds += numpy.ones((inds.shape[0], inds.shape[1])) * 0.0001
# print numpy.size(mask2)
# ccrs=crs.from_string("EPSG:32647")
inds[mask2] = numpy.inf
src = rasterio.open(rgb_File)
new_dataset = rasterio.open('Ind' + str(sel) + '.tif',
'w',
driver='Gtiff',
height=inds.shape[0],
width=inds.shape[1],
count=1,
dtype=str(inds.dtype),
crs=src.crs,
transform=src.transform)
new_dataset.write(inds, 1)
new_dataset.close()
def stineman_interp(xi, x, y, yp=None):
"""
Given data vectors *x* and *y*, the slope vector *yp* and a new
abscissa vector *xi*, the function :func:`stineman_interp` uses
Stineman interpolation to calculate a vector *yi* corresponding to
*xi*.
Here's an example that generates a coarse sine curve, then
interpolates over a finer abscissa::
x = linspace(0,2*pi,20); y = sin(x); yp = cos(x)
xi = linspace(0,2*pi,40);
yi = stineman_interp(xi,x,y,yp);
plot(x,y,'o',xi,yi)
The interpolation method is described in the article A
CONSISTENTLY WELL BEHAVED METHOD OF INTERPOLATION by Russell
W. Stineman. The article appeared in the July 1980 issue of
Creative Computing with a note from the editor stating that while
they were:
not an academic journal but once in a while something serious
and original comes in adding that this was
"apparently a real solution" to a well known problem.
For *yp* = *None*, the routine automatically determines the slopes
using the :func:`slopes` routine.
*x* is assumed to be sorted in increasing order.
For values ``xi[j] < x[0]`` or ``xi[j] > x[-1]``, the routine
tries an extrapolation. The relevance of the data obtained from
this, of course, is questionable...
Original implementation by Halldor Bjornsson, Icelandic
Meteorolocial Office, March 2006 halldor at vedur.is
Completely reworked and optimized for Python by Norbert Nemec,
Institute of Theoretical Physics, University or Regensburg, April
2006 Norbert.Nemec at physik.uni-regensburg.de
"""
# Cast key variables as float.
x = np.asarray(x, np.float_)
y = np.asarray(y, np.float_)
assert x.shape == y.shape
# N = len(y)
if yp is None:
yp = slopes(x, y)
else:
yp = np.asarray(yp, np.float_)
xi = np.asarray(xi, np.float_)
# yi = np.zeros(xi.shape, np.float_)
# calculate linear slopes
dx = x[1:] - x[:-1]
dy = y[1:] - y[:-1]
s = dy / dx # note length of s is N-1 so last element is #N-2
# find the segment each xi is in
# this line actually is the key to the efficiency of this implementation
idx = np.searchsorted(x[1:-1], xi)
# now we have generally: x[idx[j]] <= xi[j] <= x[idx[j]+1]
# except at the boundaries, where it may be that xi[j] < x[0] or xi[j] >
# x[-1]
# the y-values that would come out from a linear interpolation:
sidx = s.take(idx)
xidx = x.take(idx)
yidx = y.take(idx)
xidxp1 = x.take(idx + 1)
yo = yidx + sidx * (xi - xidx)
# the difference that comes when using the slopes given in yp
# using the yp slope of the left point
dy1 = (yp.take(idx) - sidx) * (xi - xidx)
# using the yp slope of the right point
dy2 = (yp.take(idx + 1) - sidx) * (xi - xidxp1)
dy1dy2 = dy1 * dy2
# The following is optimized for Python. The solution actually
# does more calculations than necessary but exploiting the power
# of numpy, this is far more efficient than coding a loop by hand
# in Python
dy1mdy2 = np.where(dy1dy2, dy1 - dy2, np.inf)
dy1pdy2 = np.where(dy1dy2, dy1 + dy2, np.inf)
yi = yo + dy1dy2 * np.choose(
np.array(np.sign(dy1dy2), np.int32) + 1,
((2 * xi - xidx - xidxp1) / ((dy1mdy2) * (xidxp1 - xidx)), 0.0, 1 /
(dy1pdy2)))
return yi
ax.set_title(titles[fignum - 1])
ax.dist = 12
fignum = fignum + 1
# Plot the ground truth
fig = plt.figure(fignum, figsize=(4, 3))
ax = Axes3D(fig, rect=[0, 0, .95, 1], elev=48, azim=134)
for name, label in [('Setosa', 0),
('Versicolour', 1),
('Virginica', 2)]:
ax.text3D(X[y == label, 3].mean(),
X[y == label, 0].mean(),
X[y == label, 2].mean() + 2, name,
horizontalalignment='center',
bbox=dict(alpha=.2, edgecolor='w', facecolor='w'))
# Reorder the labels to have colors matching the cluster results
y = np.choose(y, [1, 2, 0]).astype(float)
ax.scatter(X[:, 3], X[:, 0], X[:, 2], c=y, edgecolor='k')
ax.w_xaxis.set_ticklabels([])
ax.w_yaxis.set_ticklabels([])
ax.w_zaxis.set_ticklabels([])
ax.set_xlabel('Petal width')
ax.set_ylabel('Sepal length')
ax.set_zlabel('Petal length')
ax.set_title('Ground Truth')
ax.dist = 12
fig.show()
def calc_u_S(chi, g_0, mpy, non_mag):
'''Calculates the interface matrix S and the u values.
'''
chi_xx, chi_xy, chi_xz = chi[0]
chi_yx, chi_yy, chi_yz = chi[1]
chi_zx, chi_zy, chi_zz = chi[2]
# Check if the chi_xx has the correct format already or not
if len(chi_xx.shape) < 2:
trans = np.ones(g_0.shape, dtype=np.complex128)
chi_xx = trans * chi_xx[:, np.newaxis]
chi_xy = trans * chi_xy[:, np.newaxis]
chi_xz = trans * chi_xz[:, np.newaxis]
chi_yx = trans * chi_yx[:, np.newaxis]
chi_yy = trans * chi_yy[:, np.newaxis]
chi_yz = trans * chi_yz[:, np.newaxis]
chi_zx = trans * chi_zx[:, np.newaxis]
chi_zy = trans * chi_zy[:, np.newaxis]
chi_zz = trans * chi_zz[:, np.newaxis]
n_x = np.sqrt(1.0 - g_0 ** 2)
q1 = 1 + chi_zz
q2 = n_x * (chi_xz + chi_zx)
q3 = (chi_xz * chi_zx + chi_yz * chi_zy - (1 + chi_zz) * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_yy)
- (1 + chi_xx) * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_zz))
q4 = n_x * (chi_xy * chi_yz + chi_yx * chi_zy -
(chi_xz + chi_zx) * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_yy))
q5 = ((1 + chi_xx) * ((g_0 ** 2 + chi_yy) * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_zz) -
chi_yz * chi_zy)
- chi_xy * chi_yx * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_zz)
- chi_xz * chi_zx * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_yy)
+ chi_xy * chi_zx * chi_yz + chi_yx * chi_xz * chi_zy)
# Note assuming C = 0 => q2 = 0 and q4 = 0
# And this yields the following eigenstates
#c = np.sqrt(q3**2 - 4*q1*q5)
#u1 = np.sqrt((-q3 - c)/2.0/q1)
#u2 = np.sqrt((-q3 + c)/2.0/q1)
#u3 = -u1
#u4 = -u2
# End simplifaction
# Proper solution to a 4'th degree polynomial
u1, u2, u3, u4 = roots4thdegree(q1, q2, q3, q4, q5)
#print u1[:,ind];print u2[:,ind];print u3[:,ind];print u4[:,ind]
# Special case M||X for finding errors in the code:
#u1 = -np.sqrt(g_0**2 + trans*(chi0 + A - B)[:, np.newaxis])
#u2 = np.sqrt(g_0**2 + trans*(chi0 + A + B)[:, np.newaxis])
#u3 = -np.sqrt(g_0**2 + trans*(chi0 + A + B)[:, np.newaxis])
#u4 = np.sqrt(g_0**2 + trans*(chi0 + A - B)[:, np.newaxis])
# End special case
# I am lazy and simply sort the roots in ascending order to get the
# right direction of the light later
u_temp = np.array((u1, u2, u3, u4))
pos = np.argsort(u_temp.imag, axis=0)
u_temp = np.choose(pos, u_temp)
u = np.zeros(u_temp.shape, dtype=np.complex128)
u[0] = u_temp[3]
u[1] = u_temp[2]
u[2] = u_temp[1]
u[3] = u_temp[0]
D = ((chi_xz + u * n_x) * (chi_zx + u * n_x) -
(1.0 - u ** 2 + chi_xx) * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_zz))
# These expressions can throw a runtime warning if D has an incorrect value
# The different special cases are handled later by non-magnetic flags as well
# as m//y flag.
old_error_vals = np.seterr(invalid='ignore')
P_x = (chi_xy * (g_0 ** 2 + chi_zz) -
chi_zy * (chi_xz + u * n_x)) / D
P_z = (chi_zy * (1.0 - u ** 2 + chi_xx) -
chi_xy * (chi_zx + u * n_x)) / D
np.seterr(invalid=old_error_vals['invalid'])
S = np.zeros((4, 4, chi_xx.shape[0], g_0.shape[1]), dtype=np.complex128)
# The ambient layer
S[0, 0, 0] = 1.0
S[0, 2, 0] = 1.0
S[1, 1, 0] = 1.0
S[1, 3, 0] = 1.0
S[2, 0, 0] = g_0[0]
S[2, 2, 0] = -g_0[0]
S[3, 1, 0] = g_0[0]
S[3, 3, 0] = -g_0[0]
u[0, 0] = g_0[0]
u[1, 0] = g_0[0]
u[2, 0] = -g_0[0]
u[3, 0] = -g_0[0]
# The rest of the multilayers
v = (u * P_x - n_x * P_z)[:, 1:]
w = P_x[:, 1:]
S[0, :, 1:] = 1.0
S[1, :, 1:] = v
S[2, :, 1:] = u[:, 1:]
S[3, :, 1:] = w
# Handle the layers that are non-magnetic
# Removing to test if roughness calcs are affected
chi = chi_xx[non_mag]
nm_u1 = np.sqrt(g_0[non_mag] ** 2 + chi)
nm_u2 = -nm_u1
sqr_eps = np.sqrt(1 + chi)
S[0, 0, non_mag] = 1.0
S[0, 1, non_mag] = 0.0
S[0, 2, non_mag] = 1.0
S[0, 3, non_mag] = 0.0
S[1, 0, non_mag] = 0.0
S[1, 1, non_mag] = sqr_eps
S[1, 2, non_mag] = 0.0
S[1, 3, non_mag] = sqr_eps
S[2, 0, non_mag] = nm_u1
S[2, 1, non_mag] = 0.0
S[2, 2, non_mag] = nm_u2
S[2, 3, non_mag] = 0.0
S[3, 0, non_mag] = 0.0
S[3, 1, non_mag] = nm_u1 / sqr_eps
S[3, 2, non_mag] = 0.0
S[3, 3, non_mag] = nm_u2 / sqr_eps
u[0, non_mag] = nm_u1
u[1, non_mag] = nm_u1
u[2, non_mag] = nm_u2
u[3, non_mag] = nm_u2
# Take into account the matrix singularity arising when M||Y
if np.any(mpy):
#print 'M||Y calcs activated'
delta = chi_xz[mpy] ** 2 * (1 + chi_xx[mpy])
nx = n_x[mpy]
mpy_u1 = np.sqrt(g_0[mpy] ** 2 + chi_yy[mpy])
mpy_u3 = -mpy_u1
mpy_u2 = np.sqrt(g_0[mpy] ** 2 + chi_zz[mpy])
mpy_u4 = -mpy_u2
S[0, 0, mpy] = 1.0
S[0, 1, mpy] = 0.0
S[0, 2, mpy] = 1.0
S[0, 3, mpy] = 0.0
S[1, 0, mpy] = 0.0
S[1, 1, mpy] = -(mpy_u2 * chi_xz[mpy] + nx * (1 + chi_xx[mpy])) / (nx ** 2 - delta)
S[1, 2, mpy] = 0.0
S[1, 3, mpy] = -(mpy_u4 * chi_xz[mpy] + nx * (1 + chi_xx[mpy])) / (nx ** 2 - delta)
S[2, 0, mpy] = mpy_u1
S[2, 1, mpy] = 0.0
S[2, 2, mpy] = mpy_u3
S[2, 3, mpy] = 0.0
S[3, 0, mpy] = 0.0
S[3, 1, mpy] = -(mpy_u2 * nx + chi_xz[mpy]) / (nx ** 2 - delta)
S[3, 2, mpy] = 0.0
S[3, 3, mpy] = -(mpy_u4 * nx + chi_xz[mpy]) / (nx ** 2 - delta)
u[0, mpy] = mpy_u1
u[1, mpy] = mpy_u2
u[2, mpy] = mpy_u3
u[3, mpy] = mpy_u4
return u, S
def kmeans_cluster(pair_col, knn_cluster_col, order):
model = KMeans(n_clusters=5)
k_mean = rank_analysis_sct[[pair_col]]
model.fit(k_mean)
pred = np.choose(model.labels_, order).astype(np.int64) # Assigning correct labels
rank_analysis_sct[knn_cluster_col] = pred # Adding column of cluster information to dataset
px.set_zlabel('Petal length')
px.dist = 12
fignum = fignum + 1
fig = plt.figure(fignum, figsize=(4, 3))
px = Axes3D(fig, rect=[0, 0, .95, 1], elev=48, azim=134)
for name, label in [('Setosa', 0), ('Versicolour', 1), ('Virginica', 2)]:
px.text3D(P[q == label, 3].mean(),
P[q == label, 0].mean(),
P[q == label, 2].mean() + 2,
name,
horizontalalignment='center',
bbox=dict(alpha=.2, edgecolor='w', facecolor='w'))
q = np.choose(q, [1, 3, 0]).astype(np.float)
px.scatter(P[:, 3], P[:, 0], P[:, 2], c=q, edgecolor='k')
px.w_xaxis.set_ticklabels([])
px.w_yaxis.set_ticklabels([])
px.w_zaxis.set_ticklabels([])
px.set_xlabel('Petal width')
px.set_ylabel('Sepal length')
px.set_zlabel('Petal length')
px.set_title('Ground Truth')
px.dist = 12
fig.show()
# In[ ]:
y = mydata['quality'] #let's estimate 8 clusters and tune kmeans = cluster.KMeans(n_clusters=8) kmeans.fit(x) #let's define labels and centroids labels = kmeans.labels_ centroids = kmeans.cluster_centers_ #print(labels) #Now let's define predicted class labels predY = np.choose(labels, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]).astype(np.int64) #Let's evaluate the clusters #Check accuracy score accuracy_score = metrics.accuracy_score(y, predY) #print accuracy_score # Compute Silhouette Score # returns error saying Passing 1d arrays as data is deprecated in 0.17 and willraise ValueError in 0.19. silhouette = metrics.silhouette_score(y, predY, metric='euclidean') #print silhouette