def test_expand_one(self):
"""Test that a 1 qubit gate correctly expands to 3 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=3)
# test applied to wire 0
res = dev.expand_one(U, [0])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(U, I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1
res = dev.expand_one(U, [1])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, U), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 2
res = dev.expand_one(U, [2])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test exception raised if U is not 2x2 matrix
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "2x2 matrix required"):
dev.expand_one(U2, [0])
# test exception raised if more than one subsystem provided
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
"One target subsystem required"):
dev.expand_one(U, [0, 1])
def test_expand_two(self):
"""Test that a 2 qubit gate correctly expands to 3 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=4)
# test applied to wire 0+1
res = dev.expand(U2, [0, 1])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(U2, I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1+2
res = dev.expand(U2, [1, 2])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, U2), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 2+3
res = dev.expand(U2, [2, 3])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U2)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# CNOT with target on wire 1
res = dev.expand(CNOT, [1, 0])
rows = np.array([0, 2, 1, 3])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(CNOT[:, rows][rows], I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test exception raised if unphysical subsystems provided
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "Invalid target subsystems provided in 'wires' argument"):
dev.expand(U2, [-1, 5])
def setUp(self):
super().setUp()
self.devices = [DefaultQubit(wires=self.num_subsystems)]
if self.args.device == 'simulator' or self.args.device == 'all':
self.devices.append(
ProjectQSimulator(wires=self.num_subsystems, verbose=True))
self.devices.append(
ProjectQSimulator(wires=self.num_subsystems,
shots=20000000,
verbose=True))
if self.args.device == 'ibm' or self.args.device == 'all':
ibm_options = pennylane.default_config['projectq.ibm']
if "user" in ibm_options and "password" in ibm_options:
self.devices.append(
ProjectQIBMBackend(wires=self.num_subsystems,
use_hardware=False,
num_runs=8 * 1024,
user=ibm_options['user'],
password=ibm_options['password'],
verbose=True))
else:
log.warning(
"Skipping test of the ProjectQIBMBackend device because IBM login credentials could not be found in the PennyLane configuration file."
)
if self.args.device == 'classical' or self.args.device == 'all':
self.devices.append(
ProjectQClassicalSimulator(wires=self.num_subsystems,
verbose=True))
def test_expand_one(self):
"""Test that a 1 qubit gate correctly expands to 3 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=3)
# test applied to wire 0
res = dev.expand(U, [0])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(U, I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1
res = dev.expand(U, [1])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, U), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 2
res = dev.expand(U, [2])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
def test_expand_three(self):
"""Test that a 3 qubit gate correctly expands to 4 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=4)
# test applied to wire 0,1,2
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [0, 1, 2])
expected = np.kron(U_toffoli, I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1,2,3
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [1, 2, 3])
expected = np.kron(I, U_toffoli)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 0,2,3
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [0, 2, 3])
expected = np.kron(U_swap, np.kron(I, I)) @ np.kron(I, U_toffoli) @ np.kron(U_swap, np.kron(I, I))
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 0,1,3
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [0, 1, 3])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U_swap) @ np.kron(U_toffoli, I) @ np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U_swap)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 3, 1, 2
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [3, 1, 2])
# change the control qubit on the Toffoli gate
rows = np.array([0, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7])
expected = np.kron(I, U_toffoli[:, rows][rows])
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 3, 0, 2
res = dev.expand(U_toffoli, [3, 0, 2])
# change the control qubit on the Toffoli gate
rows = np.array([0, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7])
expected = np.kron(U_swap, np.kron(I, I)) @ np.kron(I, U_toffoli[:, rows][rows]) @ np.kron(U_swap, np.kron(I, I))
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
def setUp(self):
super().setUp()
self.devices = [DefaultQubit(wires=self.num_subsystems)]
if self.args.provider == 'basicaer' or self.args.provider == 'all':
self.devices.append(
BasicAerQiskitDevice(wires=self.num_subsystems))
if self.args.provider == 'aer' or self.args.provider == 'all':
self.devices.append(AerQiskitDevice(wires=self.num_subsystems))
if self.args.provider == 'legacy' or self.args.provider == 'all':
self.devices.append(
LegacySimulatorsQiskitDevice(wires=self.num_subsystems))
if self.args.provider == 'ibm' or self.args.provider == 'all':
if IBMQX_TOKEN is not None:
self.devices.append(
IbmQQiskitDevice(wires=self.num_subsystems,
num_runs=8 * 1024,
ibmqx_token=IBMQX_TOKEN))
else:
log.warning(
"Skipping test of the IbmQQiskitDevice device because IBM login credentials could not be found in the PennyLane configuration file."
)
def setUp(self):
self.dev = DefaultQubit(wires=2, shots=0)
class TestDefaultQubitDevice(BaseTest):
"""Test the default qubit device. The test ensures that the device is properly
applying qubit operations and calculating the correct observables."""
def setUp(self):
self.dev = DefaultQubit(wires=2, shots=0)
def test_operation_map(self):
"""Test that default qubit device supports all PennyLane discrete gates."""
self.logTestName()
self.assertEqual(set(qml.ops._qubit__ops__),
set(self.dev._operation_map))
def test_observable_map(self):
"""Test that default qubit device supports all PennyLane discrete observables."""
self.logTestName()
self.assertEqual(
set(qml.ops._qubit__obs__) | {"Identity"},
set(self.dev._observable_map))
def test_get_operator_matrix(self):
"""Test the the correct matrix is returned given an operation name"""
self.logTestName()
for name, fn in {
**self.dev._operation_map,
**self.dev._observable_map,
}.items():
try:
op = getattr(qml.ops, name)
except AttributeError:
op = getattr(qml.expval, name)
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if name == "QubitStateVector":
p = [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0])]
elif name == "QubitUnitary":
p = [U]
elif name == "Hermitian":
p = [H]
res = self.dev._get_operator_matrix(name, p)
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
expected = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
expected = fn
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
def test_apply(self):
"""Test the application of gates to a state"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
# loop through all supported operations
for gate_name, fn in self.dev._operation_map.items():
log.debug("\tTesting %s gate...", gate_name)
# start in the state |00>
self.dev._state = np.array([1, 0, 0, 0])
# get the equivalent pennylane operation class
op = getattr(qml.ops, gate_name)
# the list of wires to apply the operation to
w = list(range(op.num_wires))
if op.par_domain == "A":
# the parameter is an array
if gate_name == "QubitStateVector":
p = [np.array([1, 0, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)]
expected_out = p
elif gate_name == "QubitUnitary":
p = [U]
w = [0]
expected_out = np.kron(U @ np.array([1, 0]),
np.array([1, 0]))
elif gate_name == "BasisState":
p = [np.array([1, 1])]
expected_out = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1])
elif op.par_domain == "N":
# the parameter is an integer
p = [1, 3, 4][:op.num_params]
else:
# the parameter is a float
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
O = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
O = fn
# calculate the expected output
if op.num_wires == 1:
expected_out = np.kron(O @ np.array([1, 0]),
np.array([1, 0]))
elif op.num_wires == 2:
expected_out = O @ self.dev._state
self.dev.apply(gate_name, wires=w, par=p)
# verify the device is now in the expected state
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(self.dev._state,
expected_out,
delta=self.tol)
def test_apply_errors(self):
"""Test that apply fails for incorrect state preparation, and > 2 qubit gates"""
self.logTestName()
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError, r"State vector must be of length 2\*\*wires."):
p = [np.array([1, 0, 1, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)]
self.dev.apply("QubitStateVector", wires=[0, 1], par=[p])
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"BasisState parameter must be an array of 0 or 1 integers of length at most 2.",
):
self.dev.apply("BasisState",
wires=[0, 1],
par=[np.array([-0.2, 4.2])])
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"The default.qubit plugin can apply BasisState only to all of the 2 wires.",
):
self.dev.apply("BasisState",
wires=[0, 1, 2],
par=[np.array([0, 1])])
def test_ev(self):
"""Test that expectation values are calculated correctly"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
# loop through all supported observables
for name, fn in self.dev._observable_map.items():
log.debug("\tTesting %s observable...", name)
# start in the state |00>
self.dev._state = np.array([1, 0, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)
# get the equivalent pennylane operation class
op = getattr(qml.ops, name)
if op.par_domain == "A":
# the parameter is an array
p = [H]
else:
# the parameter is a float
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
O = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
O = fn
# calculate the expected output
if op.num_wires == 1 or op.num_wires == 0:
expected_out = self.dev._state.conj() @ np.kron(
O, I) @ self.dev._state
elif op.num_wires == 2:
expected_out = self.dev._state.conj() @ O @ self.dev._state
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"Test for operations with num_wires=" + op.num_wires +
" not implemented.")
res = self.dev.ev(O, wires=[0])
# verify the device is now in the expected state
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected_out, delta=self.tol)
# text warning raised if matrix is complex
with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning,
match='Nonvanishing imaginary part'):
self.dev.ev(H + 1j, [0])
def test_var_pauliz(self):
"""Test that variance of PauliZ is the same as I-<Z>^2"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
phi = 0.543
theta = 0.6543
self.dev.apply('RX', wires=[0], par=[phi])
self.dev.apply('RY', wires=[0], par=[theta])
var = self.dev.var('PauliZ', [0], [])
mean = self.dev.expval('PauliZ', [0], [])
self.assertAlmostEqual(var, 1 - mean**2, delta=self.tol)
def test_var_pauliz_rotated_state(self):
"""test correct variance for <Z> of a rotated state"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
phi = 0.543
theta = 0.6543
self.dev.apply('RX', wires=[0], par=[phi])
self.dev.apply('RY', wires=[0], par=[theta])
var = self.dev.var('PauliZ', [0], [])
expected = 0.25 * (3 - np.cos(2 * theta) -
2 * np.cos(theta)**2 * np.cos(2 * phi))
self.assertAlmostEqual(var, expected, delta=self.tol)
def test_var_hermitian_rotated_state(self):
"""test correct variance for <H> of a rotated state"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
phi = 0.543
theta = 0.6543
H = np.array([[4, -1 + 6j], [-1 - 6j, 2]])
self.dev.apply('RX', wires=[0], par=[phi])
self.dev.apply('RY', wires=[0], par=[theta])
var = self.dev.var('Hermitian', [0], [H])
expected = 0.5*(2*np.sin(2*theta)*np.cos(phi)**2+24*np.sin(phi)\
*np.cos(phi)*(np.sin(theta)-np.cos(theta))+35*np.cos(2*phi)+39)
self.assertAlmostEqual(var, expected, delta=self.tol)
class TestDefaultQubitDevice(BaseTest):
"""Test the default qubit device. The test ensures that the device is properly
applying qubit operations and calculating the correct observables."""
def setUp(self):
self.dev = DefaultQubit(wires=2, shots=0)
def test_operation_map(self):
"""Test that default qubit device supports all PennyLane discrete gates."""
self.logTestName()
self.assertEqual(set(qml.ops.qubit.__all__),
set(self.dev._operation_map))
def test_expectation_map(self):
"""Test that default qubit device supports all PennyLane discrete expectations."""
self.logTestName()
self.assertEqual(
set(qml.expval.qubit.__all__) | {"Identity"},
set(self.dev._expectation_map))
def test_expand_one(self):
"""Test that a 1 qubit gate correctly expands to 3 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=3)
# test applied to wire 0
res = dev.expand_one(U, [0])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(U, I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1
res = dev.expand_one(U, [1])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, U), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 2
res = dev.expand_one(U, [2])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test exception raised if U is not 2x2 matrix
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "2x2 matrix required"):
dev.expand_one(U2, [0])
# test exception raised if more than one subsystem provided
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
"One target subsystem required"):
dev.expand_one(U, [0, 1])
def test_expand_two(self):
"""Test that a 2 qubit gate correctly expands to 3 qubits."""
self.logTestName()
dev = DefaultQubit(wires=4)
# test applied to wire 0+1
res = dev.expand_two(U2, [0, 1])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(U2, I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 1+2
res = dev.expand_two(U2, [1, 2])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, U2), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test applied to wire 2+3
res = dev.expand_two(U2, [2, 3])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(I, I), U2)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# CNOT with target on wire 1
res = dev.expand_two(CNOT, [1, 0])
rows = np.array([0, 2, 1, 3])
expected = np.kron(np.kron(CNOT[:, rows][rows], I), I)
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
# test exception raised if U is not 4x4 matrix
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "4x4 matrix required"):
dev.expand_two(U, [0])
# test exception raised if two subsystems are not provided
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
"Two target subsystems required"):
dev.expand_two(U2, [0])
# test exception raised if unphysical subsystems provided
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "Bad target subsystems."):
dev.expand_two(U2, [-1, 5])
def test_expand_multi(self):
"""Test that any arbitrary qubit gate correctly expands to the full
system."""
pass
def test_get_operator_matrix(self):
"""Test the the correct matrix is returned given an operation name"""
self.logTestName()
for name, fn in {
**self.dev._operation_map,
**self.dev._expectation_map,
}.items():
try:
op = qml.ops.__getattribute__(name)
except AttributeError:
op = qml.expval.__getattribute__(name)
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if name == "QubitStateVector":
p = [np.array([1, 0, 0, 0])]
elif name == "QubitUnitary":
p = [U]
elif name == "Hermitian":
p = [H]
res = self.dev._get_operator_matrix(name, p)
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
expected = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
expected = fn
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected, delta=self.tol)
def test_apply(self):
"""Test the application of gates to a state"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
# loop through all supported operations
for gate_name, fn in self.dev._operation_map.items():
log.debug("\tTesting %s gate...", gate_name)
# start in the state |00>
self.dev._state = np.array([1, 0, 0, 0])
# get the equivalent pennylane operation class
op = qml.ops.__getattribute__(gate_name)
# the list of wires to apply the operation to
w = list(range(op.num_wires))
if op.par_domain == "A":
# the parameter is an array
if gate_name == "QubitStateVector":
p = [np.array([1, 0, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)]
expected_out = p
elif gate_name == "QubitUnitary":
p = [U]
w = [0]
expected_out = np.kron(U @ np.array([1, 0]),
np.array([1, 0]))
elif gate_name == "BasisState":
p = [np.array([1, 1])]
expected_out = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1])
elif op.par_domain == "N":
# the parameter is an integer
p = [1, 3, 4][:op.num_params]
else:
# the parameter is a float
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
O = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
O = fn
# calculate the expected output
if op.num_wires == 1:
expected_out = np.kron(O @ np.array([1, 0]),
np.array([1, 0]))
elif op.num_wires == 2:
expected_out = O @ self.dev._state
self.dev.apply(gate_name, wires=w, par=p)
# verify the device is now in the expected state
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(self.dev._state,
expected_out,
delta=self.tol)
def test_apply_errors(self):
"""Test that apply fails for incorrect state preparation, and > 2 qubit gates"""
self.logTestName()
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError, r"State vector must be of length 2\*\*wires."):
p = [np.array([1, 0, 1, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)]
self.dev.apply("QubitStateVector", wires=[0, 1], par=[p])
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"BasisState parameter must be an array of 0 or 1 integers of length at most 2.",
):
self.dev.apply("BasisState",
wires=[0, 1],
par=[np.array([-0.2, 4.2])])
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"The default.qubit plugin can apply BasisState only to all of the 2 wires.",
):
self.dev.apply("BasisState",
wires=[0, 1, 2],
par=[np.array([0, 1])])
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"This plugin supports only one- and two-qubit gates."):
self.dev.apply("QubitUnitary", wires=[0, 1, 2], par=[U2])
def test_ev(self):
"""Test that expectation values are calculated correctly"""
self.logTestName()
self.dev.reset()
# loop through all supported observables
for name, fn in self.dev._expectation_map.items():
print(name)
log.debug("\tTesting %s observable...", name)
# start in the state |00>
self.dev._state = np.array([1, 0, 1, 1]) / np.sqrt(3)
# get the equivalent pennylane operation class
op = qml.expval.__getattribute__(name)
if op.par_domain == "A":
# the parameter is an array
p = [H]
else:
# the parameter is a float
p = [0.432423, -0.12312, 0.324][:op.num_params]
if callable(fn):
# if the default.qubit is an operation accepting parameters,
# initialise it using the parameters generated above.
O = fn(*p)
else:
# otherwise, the operation is simply an array.
O = fn
print("op.num_wires=" + str(op.num_wires))
# calculate the expected output
if op.num_wires == 1 or op.num_wires == 0:
expected_out = self.dev._state.conj() @ np.kron(
O, I) @ self.dev._state
elif op.num_wires == 2:
expected_out = self.dev._state.conj() @ O @ self.dev._state
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"Test for operations with num_wires=" + op.num_wires +
" not implemented.")
res = self.dev.ev(O, wires=[0])
# verify the device is now in the expected state
self.assertAllAlmostEqual(res, expected_out, delta=self.tol)
# text exception raised if matrix is not 2x2 or 4x4
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
ValueError,
"Only one and two-qubit expectation is supported."):
self.dev.ev(U_toffoli, [0])
# text warning raised if matrix is complex
with self.assertLogs(level="WARNING") as l:
self.dev.ev(H + 1j, [0])
self.assertEqual(len(l.output), 1)
self.assertEqual(len(l.records), 1)
self.assertIn("Nonvanishing imaginary part", l.output[0])
