Esempio n. 1
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    def test_merge(self):
        """Test merging functions.
        """
        # sum_entries
        x = Variable(10)
        fn1 = sum_entries(x, gamma=1.0)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        assert can_merge(fn1, fn2)
        merged = merge_fns(fn1, fn2)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        prox_val1 = merged.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        tmp = norm1(x, c=np.ones(10), gamma=1.0)
        prox_val2 = tmp.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(prox_val1, prox_val2)

        # sum_squares
        x = Variable(10)
        val = np.arange(10)
        fn1 = sum_squares(x, gamma=1.0, beta=2.0, alpha=3.0, b=val)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        assert can_merge(fn1, fn2)
        merged = merge_fns(fn1, fn2)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        prox_val1 = merged.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        tmp = norm1(x, c=-12 * val, gamma=1.0 + 12, d=val.dot(val))
        prox_val2 = tmp.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(prox_val1, prox_val2)
Esempio n. 2
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    def test_problem_absorb(self):
        """Test problem object with absorption.
        """
        X = Variable((4, 2))
        B = np.reshape(np.arange(8, dtype=np.float32), (4, 2), order='F')

        # Absorbing lin ops.
        prox_fns = sum_squares(-2 * X, b=B) + norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X))
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_absorb(True)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)

        cvx_X = cvx.Variable((4, 2))
        cost = cvx.sum_squares(-2 * cvx_X - B) + cvx.norm(
            5 * cvx.multiply(B, cvx_X), 1)
        cvx_prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        cvx_prob.solve(solver=cvx.SCS)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        # Constant offsets.
        prox_fns = sum_squares(-2 * X - B) + norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X))
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)
Esempio n. 3
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    def test_merge(self):
        """Test merging functions.
        """
        # sum_entries
        x = Variable(10)
        fn1 = sum_entries(x, gamma=1.0)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        assert can_merge(fn1, fn2)
        merged = merge_fns(fn1, fn2)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        prox_val1 = merged.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        tmp = norm1(x, c=np.ones(10), gamma=1.0)
        prox_val2 = tmp.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(prox_val1, prox_val2)

        # sum_squares
        x = Variable(10)
        val = np.arange(10)
        fn1 = sum_squares(x, gamma=1.0, beta=2.0, alpha=3.0, b=val)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        assert can_merge(fn1, fn2)
        merged = merge_fns(fn1, fn2)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        prox_val1 = merged.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        tmp = norm1(x, c=-12 * val, gamma=1.0 + 12, d=val.dot(val))
        prox_val2 = tmp.prox(1.0, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(prox_val1, prox_val2)
Esempio n. 4
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    def test_problem(self):
        """Test problem object.
        """
        X = Variable((4, 2))
        B = np.reshape(np.arange(8), (4, 2)) * 1.
        prox_fns = [norm1(X), sum_squares(X, b=B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        # prob.partition(quad_funcs = [prox_fns[0], prox_fns[1]])
        prob.set_automatic_frequency_split(False)
        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.set_implementation(Impl['halide'])
        prob.set_solver('admm')
        prob.solve()

        true_X = norm1(X).prox(2, B.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="pc")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs", eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0, rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0, rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20, max_inner_iters=500, verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # CG
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_lin_solver("cg")
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs", eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0, rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0, rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20, max_inner_iters=500, verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # Quad funcs.
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # Absorbing lin ops.
        prox_fns = [norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X)), sum_squares(-2 * X, b=B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_absorb(True)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)

        cvx_X = cvx.Variable(4, 2)
        cost = cvx.sum_squares(-2 * cvx_X - B) + cvx.norm(5 * cvx.mul_elemwise(B, cvx_X), 1)
        cvx_prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        cvx_prob.solve(solver=cvx.SCS)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        # Constant offsets.
        prox_fns = [norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X)), sum_squares(-2 * X - B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)
Esempio n. 5
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    def test_norm1(self):
        """Test L1 norm prox fn.
        """
        # No modifiers.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        fn = norm1(tmp)
        rho = 1
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        x = fn.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 1.0 / rho, 0))

        rho = 2
        x = fn.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 1.0 / rho, 0))

        # With modifiers.
        mod_fn = norm1(tmp,
                       alpha=0.1,
                       beta=5,
                       c=np.ones(10) * 1.0,
                       b=np.ones(10) * -1.0,
                       gamma=4)

        rho = 2
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0
        x = mod_fn.prox(rho, v.copy())

        # vhat = mod_fn.beta*(v - mod_fn.c/rho)*rho/(rho+2*mod_fn.gamma) - mod_fn.b
        # rho_hat = rho/(mod_fn.alpha*mod_fn.beta**2)
        # xhat = fn.prox(rho_hat, vhat)
        x_var = cvx.Variable(10)
        cost = 0.1 * cvx.norm1(5 * x_var + np.ones(10)) + np.ones(10).T * x_var + \
            4 * cvx.sum_squares(x_var) + (rho / 2) * cvx.sum_squares(x_var - v)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        prob.solve()

        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, x_var.value, places=3)

        # With weights.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        fn = weighted_norm1(tmp, -v + 1)
        rho = 2
        x = fn.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - np.abs(-v + 1) / rho, 0))
Esempio n. 6
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    def test_overloading(self):
        """Test operator overloading.
        """
        x = Variable(1)
        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1)
        val = fn.prox(2.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = 2 * sum_squares(x, b=1)
        val = fn.prox(4.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1) * 2
        val = fn.prox(4.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1) / 2
        val = fn.prox(1.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn1 = sum_squares(x, b=1)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        arr = fn1 + fn2
        self.assertEqual(type(arr), list)
        self.assertEqual(len(arr), 2)
        arr = arr + fn2
        self.assertEqual(type(arr), list)
        self.assertEqual(len(arr), 3)
Esempio n. 7
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    def test_overloading(self):
        """Test operator overloading.
        """
        x = Variable(1)
        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1)
        val = fn.prox(2.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = 2 * sum_squares(x, b=1)
        val = fn.prox(4.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1) * 2
        val = fn.prox(4.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn = sum_squares(x, b=1) / 2
        val = fn.prox(1.0, 0)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual([val], [0.5])

        fn1 = sum_squares(x, b=1)
        fn2 = norm1(x)
        arr = fn1 + fn2
        self.assertEqual(type(arr), list)
        self.assertEqual(len(arr), 2)
        arr = arr + fn2
        self.assertEqual(type(arr), list)
        self.assertEqual(len(arr), 3)
Esempio n. 8
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    def test_norm1(self):
        """Test L1 norm prox fn.
        """
        # No modifiers.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        fn = norm1(tmp)
        rho = 1
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        x = fn.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 1.0 / rho, 0))

        rho = 2
        x = fn.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 1.0 / rho, 0))

        # With modifiers.
        mod_fn = norm1(tmp, alpha=0.1, beta=5,
                       c=np.ones(10) * 1.0, b=np.ones(10) * -1.0, gamma=4)

        rho = 2
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0
        x = mod_fn.prox(rho, v.copy())

        # vhat = mod_fn.beta*(v - mod_fn.c/rho)*rho/(rho+2*mod_fn.gamma) - mod_fn.b
        # rho_hat = rho/(mod_fn.alpha*mod_fn.beta**2)
        # xhat = fn.prox(rho_hat, vhat)
        x_var = cvx.Variable(10)
        cost = 0.1 * cvx.norm1(5 * x_var + np.ones(10)) + np.ones(10).T * x_var + \
            4 * cvx.sum_squares(x_var) + (rho / 2) * cvx.sum_squares(x_var - v)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        prob.solve()

        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, x_var.value, places=3)

        # With weights.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0
        fn = weighted_norm1(tmp, -v + 1)
        rho = 2
        x = fn.prox(rho, v)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(v) *
                                    np.maximum(np.abs(v) - np.abs(-v + 1) / rho, 0))
Esempio n. 9
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    def test_problem_no_absorb(self):
        """Test problem object without absorption.
        """
        X = Variable((4, 2))
        B = np.reshape(np.arange(8, dtype=np.float32), (4, 2), order='F')

        prox_fns = [norm1(X), sum_squares(X, b=B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        # prob.partition(quad_funcs = [prox_fns[0], prox_fns[1]])
        prob.set_automatic_frequency_split(False)
        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.set_solver('admm')
        prob.solve()

        cvx_X = cvx.Variable((4, 2))
        cost = cvx.sum_squares(cvx_X - B) + cvx.norm(cvx_X, 1)
        cvx_prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        cvx_prob.solve(solver=cvx.SCS)
        true_X = cvx_X.value

        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="pc")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs",
                   eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0,
                   rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0,
                   rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20,
                   max_inner_iters=500,
                   verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # CG
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_lin_solver("cg")
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs",
                   eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0,
                   rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0,
                   rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20,
                   max_inner_iters=500,
                   verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # Quad funcs.
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
Esempio n. 10
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    def test_problem(self):
        """Test problem object.
        """
        X = Variable((4, 2))
        B = np.reshape(np.arange(8), (4, 2)) * 1.
        prox_fns = [norm1(X), sum_squares(X, b=B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        # prob.partition(quad_funcs = [prox_fns[0], prox_fns[1]])
        prob.set_automatic_frequency_split(False)
        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.set_implementation(Impl['halide'])
        prob.set_solver('admm')
        prob.solve()

        true_X = norm1(X).prox(2, B.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="pc")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs",
                   eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0,
                   rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0,
                   rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20,
                   max_inner_iters=500,
                   verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # CG
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_lin_solver("cg")
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)
        prob.solve(solver="hqs",
                   eps_rel=1e-6,
                   rho_0=1.0,
                   rho_scale=np.sqrt(2.0) * 2.0,
                   rho_max=2**16,
                   max_iters=20,
                   max_inner_iters=500,
                   verbose=False)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # Quad funcs.
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm")
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, true_X, places=2)

        # Absorbing lin ops.
        prox_fns = [norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X)), sum_squares(-2 * X, b=B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.set_absorb(True)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)

        cvx_X = cvx.Variable(4, 2)
        cost = cvx.sum_squares(-2 * cvx_X - B) + cvx.norm(
            5 * cvx.mul_elemwise(B, cvx_X), 1)
        cvx_prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cost))
        cvx_prob.solve(solver=cvx.SCS)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        prob.set_absorb(False)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)

        # Constant offsets.
        prox_fns = [norm1(5 * mul_elemwise(B, X)), sum_squares(-2 * X - B)]
        prob = Problem(prox_fns)
        prob.solve(solver="admm", eps_rel=1e-6, eps_abs=1e-6)
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(X.value, cvx_X.value, places=2)
Esempio n. 11
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    def test_absorb_lin_op(self):
        """Test absorb lin op operator.
        """
        # norm1.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = norm1(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 5. *
                                                               np.abs(v) / rho, 0))

        fn = norm1(mul_elemwise(-v, mul_elemwise(2 * v, tmp)), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 5. *
                                                               np.abs(v) / rho, 0))
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(new_prox)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        new_v = 2 * v * v
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, np.sign(new_v) *
                                    np.maximum(np.abs(new_v) - 5. * np.abs(new_v) / rho, 0))

        # nonneg.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = nonneg(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, fn.prox(rho, -np.abs(v)))

        # sum_squares.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        alpha = 5.
        val = np.arange(10)
        fn = sum_squares(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=alpha, c=val)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())

        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) * (rho / 2) +
                                        5 * cvx.sum_squares(cvx.mul_elemwise(-v,
                                                            cvx_x)) + (val * -v).T * cvx_x
                                        ))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=3)

        # Test scale.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = norm1(10 * tmp)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) + cvx.norm(10 * cvx_x, 1)))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=3)

        val = np.arange(10)
        fn = norm1(10 * tmp, c=val, b=val, gamma=0.01)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) +
                                        cvx.norm(10 * cvx_x - val, 1) + 10 * val.T * \
                                                 cvx_x + cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x)
                                        ))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=2)

        # sum_entries
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = sum_entries(sum([10 * tmp, mul_elemwise(v, tmp)]))

        funcs = absorb.absorb_all_lin_ops([fn])
        c = __builtins__['sum']([func.c for func in funcs])
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(c, v + 10, places=3)
Esempio n. 12
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    def test_absorb_lin_op(self):
        """Test absorb lin op operator.
        """
        # norm1.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = norm1(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 5. * np.abs(v) / rho, 0))

        fn = norm1(mul_elemwise(-v, mul_elemwise(2 * v, tmp)), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(v) * np.maximum(np.abs(v) - 5. * np.abs(v) / rho, 0))
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(new_prox)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        new_v = 2 * v * v
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(
            x,
            np.sign(new_v) *
            np.maximum(np.abs(new_v) - 5. * np.abs(new_v) / rho, 0))

        # nonneg.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = nonneg(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=5.)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, fn.prox(rho, -np.abs(v)))

        # sum_squares.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        alpha = 5.
        val = np.arange(10)
        fn = sum_squares(mul_elemwise(-v, tmp), alpha=alpha, c=val)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())

        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(
            cvx.Minimize(
                cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) * (rho / 2) +
                5 * cvx.sum_squares(cvx.mul_elemwise(-v, cvx_x)) +
                (val * -v).T * cvx_x))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=3)

        # Test scale.
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = norm1(10 * tmp)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(
            cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) + cvx.norm(10 * cvx_x, 1)))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=3)

        val = np.arange(10)
        fn = norm1(10 * tmp, c=val, b=val, gamma=0.01)
        rho = 2
        new_prox = absorb_lin_op(fn)[0]
        x = new_prox.prox(rho, v.copy())
        cvx_x = cvx.Variable(10)
        prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x - v) +
                                        cvx.norm(10 * cvx_x - val, 1) + 10 * val.T * \
                                                 cvx_x + cvx.sum_squares(cvx_x)
                                        ))
        prob.solve()
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(x, cvx_x.value, places=2)

        # sum_entries
        tmp = Variable(10)
        v = np.arange(10) * 1.0 - 5.0

        fn = sum_entries(sum([10 * tmp, mul_elemwise(v, tmp)]))

        funcs = absorb.absorb_all_lin_ops([fn])
        c = __builtins__['sum']([func.c for func in funcs])
        self.assertItemsAlmostEqual(c, v + 10, places=3)