def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self,
constructor.FiniteField(p),
name,
normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s" % repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
deprecation(
16930,
"constructing a FiniteField_givaro without giving a polynomial as modulus is deprecated, use the more general FiniteField constructor instead"
)
R = GF(p)['x']
if modulus is None or isinstance(modulus, str):
modulus = R.irreducible_element(k, algorithm=modulus)
else:
modulus = R(modulus)
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ["int", "log", "poly"]:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self, constructor.FiniteField(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs["repr"] = repr
self._kwargs["cache"] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == "conway":
if k == 1:
modulus = "random" # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = "random"
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ["int", "log", "poly"]:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s" % repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs["repr"] = repr
self._kwargs["cache"] = cache
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
deprecation(
16930,
"constructing a FiniteField_givaro without giving a polynomial as modulus is deprecated, use the more general FiniteField constructor instead",
)
R = GF(p)["x"]
if modulus is None or isinstance(modulus, str):
modulus = R.irreducible_element(k, algorithm=modulus)
else:
modulus = R(modulus)
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s"%repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self, constructor.FiniteField(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.conway_polynomials import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError("Conway polynomial not found")
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s"%repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
raise TypeError("modulus must be a polynomial")
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s"%repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
raise TypeError("modulus must be a polynomial")
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
"""
Finite field implemented using Zech logs and the cardinality must be
less than `2^{16}`. By default, conway polynomials are used as minimal
polynomials.
INPUT:
- ``q`` -- `p^n` (must be prime power)
- ``name`` -- (default: ``'a'``) variable used for
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- ``modulus`` -- A minimal polynomial to use for reduction.
- ``repr`` -- (default: ``'poly'``) controls the way elements are printed
to the user:
- 'log': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.log_repr()`
- 'int': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.int_repr()`
- 'poly': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- cache -- (default: ``False``) if ``True`` a cache of all elements of
this field is created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new elements
which speeds calculations up. Also, if many elements are needed during a
calculation this cache reduces the memory requirement as at most
:meth:`order` elements are created.
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic `p` and cardinality `p^n`.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used for extension fields::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus::
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus::
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible::
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='int').gen()
3
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='log').gen()
1
For prime fields, the default modulus is the polynomial `x - 1`,
but you can ask for a different modulus::
sage: GF(1009, impl='givaro').modulus()
x + 1008
sage: GF(1009, impl='givaro', modulus='conway').modulus()
x + 998
"""
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s"%repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
deprecation(16930, "constructing a FiniteField_givaro without giving a polynomial as modulus is deprecated, use the more general FiniteField constructor instead")
R = GF(p)['x']
if modulus is None or isinstance(modulus, str):
modulus = R.irreducible_element(k, algorithm=modulus)
else:
modulus = R(modulus)
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If the cardinality of ``self`` is `p^n`, then this returns `n`.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def _repr_option(self, key):
"""
Metadata about the :meth:`_repr_` output.
See :meth:`sage.structure.parent._repr_option` for details.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='log')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='int')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='poly')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
False
"""
if key == 'element_is_atomic':
return self._cache.repr != 0 # 0 means repr='poly'
return super(FiniteField_givaro, self)._repr_option(key)
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
2*a^2 + 14*a + 21
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
2*a + 2 + (a^2 + a + 2)*x + (2*a + 1)*x^2 + (2*a^2 + a)*x^3 + 2*a^2*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``e`` -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
:class:`FiniteField_givaroElement` are accepted where the parent
is either ``self``, equals ``self`` or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats coerce in:
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as ``self(numerator)/self(denominator)``.
Both may not be greater than :meth:characteristic()`.
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over :meth:`prime_subfield()` are interpreted
'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space().gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
``None`` yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in
``self``::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k, a = FiniteField(5^2, 'a', impl='givaro').objgen()
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q, q = FiniteField(5^3, 'q', impl='givaro').objgen()
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field.
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI
flexibility is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
0
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
We can coerce from PARI finite field implementations::
sage: K.<a> = GF(3^10, impl="givaro")
sage: a^20
2*a^9 + 2*a^8 + a^7 + 2*a^5 + 2*a^4 + 2*a^3 + 1
sage: M.<c> = GF(3^10, impl="pari_ffelt")
sage: K(c^20)
2*a^9 + 2*a^8 + a^7 + 2*a^5 + 2*a^4 + 2*a^3 + 1
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField(13, impl='givaro')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField(13^2, 'a', impl='givaro')
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: F9 = FiniteField(9, impl='givaro', conway=True, prefix='a')
sage: F81 = FiniteField(81, impl='givaro', conway=True, prefix='a')
sage: F81(F9.gen())
2*a4^3 + 2*a4^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of ``self`` over its prime field, which is a
root of ``self.modulus()``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- must be 0
OUTPUT:
An element `a` of ``self`` such that ``self.modulus()(a) == 0``.
.. WARNING::
This generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for the
multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base.FiniteFields.multiplicative_generator()`
or use the ``modulus="primitive"`` option when constructing
the field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = FiniteField(31, impl='givaro')
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n:
raise IndexError("only one generator")
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield `\GF{p}` of self if ``self`` is `\GF{p^n}`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
from constructor import GF
self._prime_subfield = GF(self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns ``i`` where ``i``
satisfies `g^n = i` where `g` is the generator of ``self``; the
result is interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns `i` where `i` satisfies
`g^i = n \mod p` where `g` is the generator and `p` is the
characteristic of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of ``n``
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` return a finite field element in ``self``
which equals `n` under the condition that :meth:`gen()` is set to
:meth:`characteristic()`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
Return the modulus of ``self`` in a format for PARI.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst('x', 'a') * pari("Mod(1,%s)"%self.characteristic())
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over.
EXAMPLES::
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b + c``. This is faster than multiplying ``a`` and ``b``
first and adding ``c`` to the result.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b - c``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``c - a*b``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
def frobenius_endomorphism(self, n=1):
"""
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- an integer (default: 1)
OUTPUT:
The `n`-th power of the absolute arithmetic Frobenius
endomorphism on this finite field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<t> = GF(3^5)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism(); Frob
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^3 on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
sage: a = k.random_element()
sage: Frob(a) == a^3
True
We can specify a power::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(2)
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^(3^2) on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
The result is simplified if possible::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(6)
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^3 on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(5)
Identity endomorphism of Finite Field in t of size 3^5
Comparisons work::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(6) == Frob
True
sage: from sage.categories.morphism import IdentityMorphism
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(5) == IdentityMorphism(k)
True
AUTHOR:
- Xavier Caruso (2012-06-29)
"""
from sage.rings.finite_rings.hom_finite_field_givaro import FrobeniusEndomorphism_givaro
return FrobeniusEndomorphism_givaro(self, n)
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
"""
Finite field implemented using Zech logs and the cardinality must be
less than `2^{16}`. By default, Conway polynomials are used as minimal
polynomials.
INPUT:
- ``q`` -- `p^n` (must be prime power)
- ``name`` -- (default: ``'a'``) variable used for
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- ``modulus`` -- A minimal polynomial to use for reduction.
- ``repr`` -- (default: ``'poly'``) controls the way elements are printed
to the user:
- 'log': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.log_repr()`
- 'int': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.int_repr()`
- 'poly': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- cache -- (default: ``False``) if ``True`` a cache of all elements of
this field is created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new elements
which speeds calculations up. Also, if many elements are needed during a
calculation this cache reduces the memory requirement as at most
:meth:`order` elements are created.
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic `p` and cardinality `p^n`.
EXAMPLES:
By default, Conway polynomials are used for extension fields::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus::
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus::
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible::
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='int').gen()
3
sage: FiniteField(9, 'a', impl='givaro', repr='log').gen()
1
For prime fields, the default modulus is the polynomial `x - 1`,
but you can ask for a different modulus::
sage: GF(1009, impl='givaro').modulus()
x + 1008
sage: GF(1009, impl='givaro', modulus='conway').modulus()
x + 998
"""
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError("Unknown representation %s"%repr)
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError("q must be a prime power")
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError("q must be < 2^16")
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
FiniteField.__init__(self, GF(p), name, normalize=False)
from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_element import is_Polynomial
if not is_Polynomial(modulus):
raise TypeError("modulus must be a polynomial")
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
self._modulus = modulus
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If the cardinality of ``self`` is `p^n`, then this returns `n`.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def _repr_option(self, key):
"""
Metadata about the :meth:`_repr_` output.
See :meth:`sage.structure.parent._repr_option` for details.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='log')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='int')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='poly')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
False
"""
if key == 'element_is_atomic':
return self._cache.repr != 0 # 0 means repr='poly'
return super(FiniteField_givaro, self)._repr_option(key)
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
2*a^2 + 14*a + 21
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
a^2 + (2*a^2 + a)*x + x^2 + (2*a^2 + 2*a + 2)*x^3 + (a^2 + 2*a + 2)*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``e`` -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
:class:`FiniteField_givaroElement` are accepted where the parent
is either ``self``, equals ``self`` or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats are converted like integers::
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as ``self(numerator)/self(denominator)``.
Both may not be greater than :meth:`characteristic`.
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over :meth:`prime_subfield()` are interpreted
'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space(map=False).gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
``None`` yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in
``self``::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k.<a> = FiniteField(5^2, 'a', impl='givaro')
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q.<q> = FiniteField(5^3, 'q', impl='givaro')
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI
flexibility is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
a
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
sage: k(pari('O(x)'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to convert PARI t_SER to Finite Field in a of size 2^8
We can coerce from PARI finite field implementations::
sage: K.<a> = GF(3^10, impl="givaro")
sage: a^20
2*a^9 + 2*a^8 + a^7 + 2*a^5 + 2*a^4 + 2*a^3 + 1
sage: M.<c> = GF(3^10, impl="pari_ffelt")
sage: K(c^20)
2*a^9 + 2*a^8 + a^7 + 2*a^5 + 2*a^4 + 2*a^3 + 1
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField(13, impl='givaro')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField(13^2, 'a', impl='givaro')
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: F9 = FiniteField(9, impl='givaro', prefix='a')
sage: F81 = FiniteField(81, impl='givaro', prefix='a')
sage: F81(F9.gen())
2*a4^3 + 2*a4^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of ``self`` over its prime field, which is a
root of ``self.modulus()``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- must be 0
OUTPUT:
An element `a` of ``self`` such that ``self.modulus()(a) == 0``.
.. WARNING::
This generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for the
multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base.FiniteFields.multiplicative_generator()`
or use the ``modulus="primitive"`` option when constructing
the field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = FiniteField(31, impl='givaro')
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n:
raise IndexError("only one generator")
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield `\GF{p}` of self if ``self`` is `\GF{p^n}`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
from .finite_field_constructor import GF
self._prime_subfield = GF(self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns ``i`` where ``i``
satisfies `g^n = i` where `g` is the generator of ``self``; the
result is interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns `i` where `i` satisfies
`g^i = n \mod p` where `g` is the generator and `p` is the
characteristic of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of ``n``
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` return a finite field element in ``self``
which equals `n` under the condition that :meth:`gen()` is set to
:meth:`characteristic()`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
Return the modulus of ``self`` in a format for PARI.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst('x', 'a') * pari("Mod(1,%s)"%self.characteristic())
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over.
EXAMPLES::
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from .element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b + c``. This is faster than multiplying ``a`` and ``b``
first and adding ``c`` to the result.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b - c``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``c - a*b``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
def frobenius_endomorphism(self, n=1):
"""
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- an integer (default: 1)
OUTPUT:
The `n`-th power of the absolute arithmetic Frobenius
endomorphism on this finite field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<t> = GF(3^5)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism(); Frob
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^3 on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
sage: a = k.random_element()
sage: Frob(a) == a^3
True
We can specify a power::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(2)
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^(3^2) on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
The result is simplified if possible::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(6)
Frobenius endomorphism t |--> t^3 on Finite Field in t of size 3^5
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(5)
Identity endomorphism of Finite Field in t of size 3^5
Comparisons work::
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(6) == Frob
True
sage: from sage.categories.morphism import IdentityMorphism
sage: k.frobenius_endomorphism(5) == IdentityMorphism(k)
True
AUTHOR:
- Xavier Caruso (2012-06-29)
"""
from sage.rings.finite_rings.hom_finite_field_givaro import FrobeniusEndomorphism_givaro
return FrobeniusEndomorphism_givaro(self, n)
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
"""
Finite field implemented using Zech logs and the cardinality must be
less than `2^{16}`. By default, conway polynomials are used as minimal
polynomials.
INPUT:
- ``q`` -- `p^n` (must be prime power)
- ``name`` -- (default: ``'a'``) variable used for
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- ``modulus`` -- (default: ``None``, a conway polynomial is used if found.
Otherwise a random polynomial is used) A minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or ``'random'`` to force a random irreducible polynomial.
- ``repr`` -- (default: ``'poly'``) controls the way elements are printed
to the user:
- 'log': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.log_repr()`
- 'int': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.int_repr()`
- 'poly': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- cache -- (default: ``False``) if ``True`` a cache of all elements of
this field is created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new elements
which speeds calculations up. Also, if many elements are needed during a
calculation this cache reduces the memory requirement as at most
:meth:`order` elements are created.
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic `p` and cardinality `p^n`.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus::
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus::
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible::
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
1
"""
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self,
constructor.FiniteField(p),
name,
normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.conway_polynomials import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If the cardinality of ``self`` is `p^n`, then this returns `n`.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def _repr_option(self, key):
"""
Metadata about the :meth:`_repr_` output.
See :meth:`sage.structure.parent._repr_option` for details.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='log')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='int')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='poly')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
False
"""
if key == 'element_is_atomic':
return self._cache.repr != 0 # 0 means repr='poly'
return super(FiniteField_givaro, self)._repr_option(key)
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
2*a^2 + 14*a + 21
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
2*a + 2 + (a^2 + a + 2)*x + (2*a + 1)*x^2 + (2*a^2 + a)*x^3 + 2*a^2*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``e`` -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
:class:`FiniteField_givaroElement` are accepted where the parent
is either ``self``, equals ``self`` or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats coerce in:
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as ``self(numerator)/self(denominator)``.
Both may not be greater than :meth:characteristic()`.
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over :meth:`prime_subfield()` are interpreted
'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space().gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
``None`` yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in
``self``::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k, a = FiniteField_givaro(5^2, 'a').objgen()
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q, q = FiniteField_givaro(5^3,'q').objgen()
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field.
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI
flexibility is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
0
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13)
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13^2)
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: F9 = FiniteField_givaro(9)
sage: F81 = FiniteField_givaro(81)
sage: F81(F9.gen())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
"""
Returns ``True`` if this finite field has a coercion map from ``R``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^8)
sage: a + 1 # indirect doctest
a + 1
sage: a + int(1)
a + 1
sage: a + GF(3)(1)
a + 1
"""
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import is_FiniteField
from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing_generic
if R is int or R is long or R is ZZ:
return True
if is_FiniteField(R):
if R is self:
return True
from sage.rings.residue_field import ResidueField_generic
if isinstance(R, ResidueField_generic):
return False
if R.characteristic() == self.characteristic():
if isinstance(R, IntegerModRing_generic):
return True
if R.degree() == 1:
return True
elif self.degree() % R.degree() == 0:
# This is where we *would* do coercion from one nontrivial finite field to another...
# We use this error message for backward compatibility until #8335 is finished
raise TypeError, "unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield"
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of ``self``.
All elements ``x`` of ``self`` are expressed as `\log_{g}(p)`
internally where `g` is the generator of ``self``.
This generator might differ between different runs or
different architectures.
.. WARNING::
The generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for
the multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base.FiniteFields.multiplicative_generator`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(31)
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n > 0:
raise IndexError, "only one generator"
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield `\GF{p}` of self if ``self`` is `\GF{p^n}`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
import constructor
self._prime_subfield = constructor.FiniteField(
self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns ``i`` where ``i``
satisfies `g^n = i` where `g` is the generator of ``self``; the
result is interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns `i` where `i` satisfies
`g^i = n \mod p` where `g` is the generator and `p` is the
characteristic of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of ``n``
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` return a finite field element in ``self``
which equals `n` under the condition that :meth:`gen()` is set to
:meth:`characteristic()`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def polynomial(self, name=None):
"""
Return the defining polynomial of this field as an element of
:class:`PolynomialRing`.
This is the same as the characteristic polynomial of the
generator of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``name`` -- optional name of the generator
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'a')
sage: k.polynomial()
a^4 + 2*a^3 + 2
"""
if name is not None:
try:
return self._polynomial
except AttributeError:
pass
quo = (-(self.gen()**(self.degree()))).integer_representation()
b = int(self.characteristic())
ret = []
for i in range(self.degree()):
ret.append(quo % b)
quo = quo / b
ret = ret + [1]
R = self.polynomial_ring(name)
if name is None:
self._polynomial = R(ret)
return self._polynomial
else:
return R(ret)
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of a Givaro finite field is a hash over it's
characteristic polynomial and the string 'givaro'.
EXAMPLES::
sage: {GF(3^4, 'a'):1} # indirect doctest
{Finite Field in a of size 3^4: 1}
"""
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
if self.degree() > 1:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.polynomial(),
self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
else:
self._hash = hash(
(self.characteristic(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
return self._hash
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
Return the modulus of ``self`` in a format for PARI.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst('x', 'a') * pari("Mod(1,%s)" % self.characteristic())
def _finite_field_ext_pari_(self): # todo -- cache
"""
Return a :class:`FiniteField_ext_pari` isomorphic to ``self`` with
the same defining polynomial.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'z')._finite_field_ext_pari_()
Finite Field in z of size 3^4
"""
f = self.polynomial()
import finite_field_ext_pari
return finite_field_ext_pari.FiniteField_ext_pari(
self.order(), self.variable_name(), f)
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over.
EXAMPLES::
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b + c``. This is faster than multiplying ``a`` and ``b``
first and adding ``c`` to the result.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b - c``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``c - a*b``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
"""
Finite field implemented using Zech logs and the cardinality must be
less than `2^{16}`. By default, conway polynomials are used as minimal
polynomials.
INPUT:
- ``q`` -- `p^n` (must be prime power)
- ``name`` -- (default: ``'a'``) variable used for
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- ``modulus`` -- (default: ``None``, a conway polynomial is used if found.
Otherwise a random polynomial is used) A minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or ``'random'`` to force a random irreducible polynomial.
- ``repr`` -- (default: ``'poly'``) controls the way elements are printed
to the user:
- 'log': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.log_repr()`
- 'int': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.int_repr()`
- 'poly': repr is
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement.poly_repr()`
- cache -- (default: ``False``) if ``True`` a cache of all elements of
this field is created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new elements
which speeds calculations up. Also, if many elements are needed during a
calculation this cache reduces the memory requirement as at most
:meth:`order` elements are created.
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic `p` and cardinality `p^n`.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus::
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus::
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible::
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
1
"""
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Initialize ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(GF(2^3, 'a')).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ["int", "log", "poly"]:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self, constructor.FiniteField(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs["repr"] = repr
self._kwargs["cache"] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == "conway":
if k == 1:
modulus = "random" # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = "random"
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If the cardinality of ``self`` is `p^n`, then this returns `n`.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def _repr_option(self, key):
"""
Metadata about the :meth:`_repr_` output.
See :meth:`sage.structure.parent._repr_option` for details.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='log')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='int')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
True
sage: GF(23**3, 'a', repr='poly')._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
False
"""
if key == "element_is_atomic":
return self._cache.repr != 0 # 0 means repr='poly'
return super(FiniteField_givaro, self)._repr_option(key)
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of ``self``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
2*a^2 + 14*a + 21
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
2*a + 2 + (a^2 + a + 2)*x + (2*a + 1)*x^2 + (2*a^2 + a)*x^3 + 2*a^2*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``e`` -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
:class:`FiniteField_givaroElement` are accepted where the parent
is either ``self``, equals ``self`` or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats coerce in:
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as ``self(numerator)/self(denominator)``.
Both may not be greater than :meth:characteristic()`.
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over :meth:`prime_subfield()` are interpreted
'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space().gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
``None`` yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in
``self``::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k, a = FiniteField_givaro(5^2, 'a').objgen()
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q, q = FiniteField_givaro(5^3,'q').objgen()
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field.
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI
flexibility is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
0
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13)
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13^2)
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: F9 = FiniteField_givaro(9)
sage: F81 = FiniteField_givaro(81)
sage: F81(F9.gen())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
"""
Returns ``True`` if this finite field has a coercion map from ``R``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^8)
sage: a + 1 # indirect doctest
a + 1
sage: a + int(1)
a + 1
sage: a + GF(3)(1)
a + 1
"""
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import is_FiniteField
from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing_generic
if R is int or R is long or R is ZZ:
return True
if is_FiniteField(R):
if R is self:
return True
from sage.rings.residue_field import ResidueField_generic
if isinstance(R, ResidueField_generic):
return False
if R.characteristic() == self.characteristic():
if isinstance(R, IntegerModRing_generic):
return True
if R.degree() == 1:
return True
elif self.degree() % R.degree() == 0:
# This is where we *would* do coercion from one nontrivial finite field to another...
# We use this error message for backward compatibility until #8335 is finished
raise TypeError, "unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield"
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of ``self``.
All elements ``x`` of ``self`` are expressed as `\log_{g}(p)`
internally where `g` is the generator of ``self``.
This generator might differ between different runs or
different architectures.
.. WARNING::
The generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for
the multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
:meth:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base.FiniteFields.multiplicative_generator`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(31)
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n > 0:
raise IndexError, "only one generator"
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield `\GF{p}` of self if ``self`` is `\GF{p^n}`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
import constructor
self._prime_subfield = constructor.FiniteField(self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns ``i`` where ``i``
satisfies `g^n = i` where `g` is the generator of ``self``; the
result is interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` this method returns `i` where `i` satisfies
`g^i = n \mod p` where `g` is the generator and `p` is the
characteristic of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``n`` -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of ``n``
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer `n` return a finite field element in ``self``
which equals `n` under the condition that :meth:`gen()` is set to
:meth:`characteristic()`.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def polynomial(self, name=None):
"""
Return the defining polynomial of this field as an element of
:class:`PolynomialRing`.
This is the same as the characteristic polynomial of the
generator of ``self``.
INPUT:
- ``name`` -- optional name of the generator
EXAMPLES::
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'a')
sage: k.polynomial()
a^4 + 2*a^3 + 2
"""
if name is not None:
try:
return self._polynomial
except AttributeError:
pass
quo = (-(self.gen() ** (self.degree()))).integer_representation()
b = int(self.characteristic())
ret = []
for i in range(self.degree()):
ret.append(quo % b)
quo = quo / b
ret = ret + [1]
R = self.polynomial_ring(name)
if name is None:
self._polynomial = R(ret)
return self._polynomial
else:
return R(ret)
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of a Givaro finite field is a hash over it's
characteristic polynomial and the string 'givaro'.
EXAMPLES::
sage: {GF(3^4, 'a'):1} # indirect doctest
{Finite Field in a of size 3^4: 1}
"""
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
if self.degree() > 1:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.polynomial(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
else:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
return self._hash
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
Return the modulus of ``self`` in a format for PARI.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst("x", "a") * pari("Mod(1,%s)" % self.characteristic())
def _finite_field_ext_pari_(self): # todo -- cache
"""
Return a :class:`FiniteField_ext_pari` isomorphic to ``self`` with
the same defining polynomial.
EXAMPLES::
sage: GF(3^4,'z')._finite_field_ext_pari_()
Finite Field in z of size 3^4
"""
f = self.polynomial()
import finite_field_ext_pari
return finite_field_ext_pari.FiniteField_ext_pari(self.order(), self.variable_name(), f)
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over.
EXAMPLES::
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b + c``. This is faster than multiplying ``a`` and ``b``
first and adding ``c`` to the result.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``a*b - c``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return ``c - a*b``.
INPUT:
- ``a,b,c`` -- :class:`~sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement`
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Finite Field. These are implemented using Zech logs and the
cardinality must be < 2^16. By default conway polynomials are
used as minimal polynomial.
INPUT:
q -- p^n (must be prime power)
name -- variable used for poly_repr (default: 'a')
modulus -- you may provide a minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or 'random' to force a random
irreducible polynomial. (default: None, a conway
polynomial is used if found. Otherwise a random
polynomial is used)
repr -- controls the way elements are printed to the user:
(default: 'poly')
'log': repr is element.log_repr()
'int': repr is element.int_repr()
'poly': repr is element.poly_repr()
cache -- if True a cache of all elements of this field is
created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new
elements which speeds calculations up. Also, if
many elements are needed during a calculation
this cache reduces the memory requirement as at
most self.order() elements are created. (default: False)
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic p and cardinality p^n.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus:
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus:
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible:
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
5
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(j).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s"%repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self, constructor.FiniteField(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If \code{self.cardinality() == p^n} this method returns $n$.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def is_atomic_repr(self):
"""
Return whether elements of self are printed using an atomic
representation.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a').is_atomic_repr()
False
"""
if self._cache.repr==0: #modulus
return False
else:
return True
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of self.
INPUT:
*args -- ignored
**kwds -- ignored
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
9*a^2 + 10*a + 3
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
a^2 + 2*a + 1 + (a + 1)*x + (a^2 + a + 1)*x^2 + (a^2 + 1)*x^3 + (2*a^2 + a)*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to self.
INPUT:
e -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
FiniteField_givaroElement are accepted where the parent
is either self, equals self or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats coerce in:
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as self(numerator)/self(denominator).
Both may not be >= self.characteristic().
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over self.prime_subfield() are interpreted 'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space().gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
'None' yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in self::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k, a = FiniteField_givaro(5^2, 'a').objgen()
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q, q = FiniteField_givaro(5^3,'q').objgen()
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field.
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI flexibility
is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
0
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13)
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13^2)
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: F9 = FiniteField_givaro(9)
sage: F81 = FiniteField_givaro(81)
sage: F81(F9.gen())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
"""
Returns True if this finite field has a coercion map from R.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^8)
sage: a + 1 # indirect doctest
a + 1
sage: a + int(1)
a + 1
sage: a + GF(3)(1)
a + 1
"""
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import is_FiniteField
from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing_generic
if R is int or R is long or R is ZZ:
return True
if is_FiniteField(R):
if R is self:
return True
from sage.rings.residue_field import ResidueField_generic
if isinstance(R, ResidueField_generic):
return False
if R.characteristic() == self.characteristic():
if isinstance(R, IntegerModRing_generic):
return True
if R.degree() == 1:
return True
elif self.degree() % R.degree() == 0:
# This is where we *would* do coercion from one nontrivial finite field to another...
# We use this error message for backward compatibility until #8335 is finished
raise TypeError, "unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield"
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of self. All elements x of self are
expressed as $\log_{self.gen()}(p)$ internally.
This generator might differ between different runs or
different architectures.
WARNING: The generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for
the multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
multiplicative_generator().
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(31)
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n > 0:
raise IndexError, "only one generator"
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield $\FF_p$ of self if self is $\FF_{p^n}$.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
import constructor
self._prime_subfield = constructor.FiniteField(self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ this method returns $i$ where $i$
satisfies \code{self.gen()^n == i}, if the result is
interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
n -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLE:
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ this method returns $i$ where $i$ satisfies
\code{self.gen()^i==(n\%self.characteristic())}.
INPUT:
n -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of n
EXAMPLE:
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ return a finite field element in self
which equals $n$ under the condition that self.gen() is set to
self.characteristic().
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def polynomial(self, name=None):
"""
Return the defining polynomial of this field as an element of
self.polynomial_ring().
This is the same as the characteristic polynomial of the
generator of self.
INPUT:
name -- optional name of the generator
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'a')
sage: k.polynomial()
a^4 + 2*a^3 + 2
"""
if name is not None:
try:
return self._polynomial
except AttributeError:
pass
quo = (-(self.gen()**(self.degree()))).integer_representation()
b = int(self.characteristic())
ret = []
for i in range(self.degree()):
ret.append(quo%b)
quo = quo/b
ret = ret + [1]
R = self.polynomial_ring(name)
if name is None:
self._polynomial = R(ret)
return self._polynomial
else:
return R(ret)
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of a Givaro finite field is a hash over it's
characteristic polynomial and the string 'givaro'.
EXAMPLES:
sage: {GF(3^4, 'a'):1} #indirect doctest
{Finite Field in a of size 3^4: 1}
"""
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
if self.degree() > 1:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.polynomial(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
else:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
return self._hash
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst('x', 'a') * pari("Mod(1,%s)"%self.characteristic())
def _finite_field_ext_pari_(self): # todo -- cache
"""
Return a FiniteField_ext_pari isomorphic to self with the same
defining polynomial.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'z')._finite_field_ext_pari_()
Finite Field in z of size 3^4
"""
f = self.polynomial()
import finite_field_ext_pari
return finite_field_ext_pari.FiniteField_ext_pari(self.order(),
self.variable_name(), f)
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over:
EXAMPLE:
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = a*b + c. This is faster than multiplying a and b
first and adding c to the result.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = a*b - c.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = c - a*b.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Finite Field. These are implemented using Zech logs and the
cardinality must be < 2^16. By default conway polynomials are
used as minimal polynomial.
INPUT:
q -- p^n (must be prime power)
name -- variable used for poly_repr (default: 'a')
modulus -- you may provide a minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or 'random' to force a random
irreducible polynomial. (default: None, a conway
polynomial is used if found. Otherwise a random
polynomial is used)
repr -- controls the way elements are printed to the user:
(default: 'poly')
'log': repr is element.log_repr()
'int': repr is element.int_repr()
'poly': repr is element.poly_repr()
cache -- if True a cache of all elements of this field is
created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new
elements which speeds calculations up. Also, if
many elements are needed during a calculation
this cache reduces the memory requirement as at
most self.order() elements are created. (default: False)
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic p and cardinality p^n.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus:
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus:
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible:
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
5
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(j).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s"%repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1<<16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self, constructor.FiniteField(p), name, normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
class FiniteField_givaro(FiniteField):
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Finite Field. These are implemented using Zech logs and the
cardinality must be < 2^16. By default conway polynomials are
used as minimal polynomial.
INPUT:
q -- p^n (must be prime power)
name -- variable used for poly_repr (default: 'a')
modulus -- you may provide a minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or 'random' to force a random
irreducible polynomial. (default: None, a conway
polynomial is used if found. Otherwise a random
polynomial is used)
repr -- controls the way elements are printed to the user:
(default: 'poly')
'log': repr is element.log_repr()
'int': repr is element.int_repr()
'poly': repr is element.poly_repr()
cache -- if True a cache of all elements of this field is
created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new
elements which speeds calculations up. Also, if
many elements are needed during a calculation
this cache reduces the memory requirement as at
most self.order() elements are created. (default: False)
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic p and cardinality p^n.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus:
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus:
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible:
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
5
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(j).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self,
constructor.FiniteField(p),
name,
normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)
def characteristic(self):
"""
Return the characteristic of this field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: p = GF(19^5,'a').characteristic(); p
19
sage: type(p)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return Integer(self._cache.characteristic())
def order(self):
"""
Return the cardinality of this field.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the number of elements in self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: n = GF(19^5,'a').order(); n
2476099
sage: type(n)
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
return self._cache.order()
def degree(self):
r"""
If \code{self.cardinality() == p^n} this method returns $n$.
OUTPUT:
Integer -- the degree
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a').degree()
4
"""
return Integer(self._cache.exponent())
def is_atomic_repr(self):
"""
Return whether elements of self are printed using an atomic
representation.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a').is_atomic_repr()
False
"""
if self._cache.repr == 0: #modulus
return False
else:
return True
def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
"""
Return a random element of self.
INPUT:
*args -- ignored
**kwds -- ignored
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(23**3, 'a')
sage: e = k.random_element(); e
9*a^2 + 10*a + 3
sage: type(e)
<type 'sage.rings.finite_rings.element_givaro.FiniteField_givaroElement'>
sage: P.<x> = PowerSeriesRing(GF(3^3, 'a'))
sage: P.random_element(5)
a^2 + 2*a + 1 + (a + 1)*x + (a^2 + a + 1)*x^2 + (a^2 + 1)*x^3 + (2*a^2 + a)*x^4 + O(x^5)
"""
return self._cache.random_element()
def _element_constructor_(self, e):
"""
Coerces several data types to self.
INPUT:
e -- data to coerce
EXAMPLES:
FiniteField_givaroElement are accepted where the parent
is either self, equals self or is the prime subfield::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.gen() == k(k.gen())
True
Floats, ints, longs, Integer are interpreted modulo characteristic::
sage: k(2) # indirect doctest
0
Floats coerce in:
sage: k(float(2.0))
0
Rational are interpreted as self(numerator)/self(denominator).
Both may not be >= self.characteristic().
::
sage: k = GF(3**8, 'a')
sage: k(1/2) == k(1)/k(2)
True
Free module elements over self.prime_subfield() are interpreted 'little endian'::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: e = k.vector_space().gen(1); e
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sage: k(e)
a
'None' yields zero::
sage: k(None)
0
Strings are evaluated as polynomial representation of elements in self::
sage: k('a^2+1')
a^2 + 1
Univariate polynomials coerce into finite fields by evaluating
the polynomial at the field's generator::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: k, a = FiniteField_givaro(5^2, 'a').objgen()
sage: k(R(2/3))
4
sage: k(x^2)
a + 3
sage: R.<x> = GF(5)[]
sage: k(x^3-2*x+1)
2*a + 4
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: k(x^25)
a
sage: Q, q = FiniteField_givaro(5^3,'q').objgen()
sage: L = GF(5)
sage: LL.<xx> = L[]
sage: Q(xx^2 + 2*xx + 4)
q^2 + 2*q + 4
Multivariate polynomials only coerce if constant::
sage: R = k['x,y,z']; R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: k(R(2))
2
sage: R = QQ['x,y,z']
sage: k(R(1/5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero in finite field.
PARI elements are interpreted as finite field elements; this PARI flexibility
is (absurdly!) liberal::
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,2)'))
1
sage: k(pari('Mod(2,3)'))
0
sage: k(pari('Mod(1,3)*a^20'))
a^7 + a^5 + a^4 + a^2
GAP elements need to be finite field elements::
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13)
sage: F(x)
2
sage: F(gap('0*Z(13)'))
0
sage: F = FiniteField_givaro(13^2)
sage: x = gap('Z(13)')
sage: F(x)
2
sage: x = gap('Z(13^2)^3')
sage: F(x)
12*a + 11
sage: F.multiplicative_generator()^3
12*a + 11
sage: k.<a> = GF(29^3)
sage: k(48771/1225)
28
sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro import FiniteField_givaro
sage: F9 = FiniteField_givaro(9)
sage: F81 = FiniteField_givaro(81)
sage: F81(F9.gen())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield
"""
return self._cache.element_from_data(e)
def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
"""
Returns True if this finite field has a coercion map from R.
EXAMPLES::
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^8)
sage: a + 1 # indirect doctest
a + 1
sage: a + int(1)
a + 1
sage: a + GF(3)(1)
a + 1
"""
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import is_FiniteField
from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing_generic
if R is int or R is long or R is ZZ:
return True
if is_FiniteField(R):
if R is self:
return True
from sage.rings.residue_field import ResidueField_generic
if isinstance(R, ResidueField_generic):
return False
if R.characteristic() == self.characteristic():
if isinstance(R, IntegerModRing_generic):
return True
if R.degree() == 1:
return True
elif self.degree() % R.degree() == 0:
# This is where we *would* do coercion from one nontrivial finite field to another...
# We use this error message for backward compatibility until #8335 is finished
raise TypeError, "unable to coerce from a finite field other than the prime subfield"
def gen(self, n=0):
r"""
Return a generator of self. All elements x of self are
expressed as $\log_{self.gen()}(p)$ internally.
This generator might differ between different runs or
different architectures.
WARNING: The generator is not guaranteed to be a generator for
the multiplicative group. To obtain the latter, use
multiplicative_generator().
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'b'); k.gen()
b
sage: k.gen(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: only one generator
sage: F = sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(31)
sage: F.gen()
1
"""
if n > 0:
raise IndexError, "only one generator"
return self._cache.gen()
def prime_subfield(self):
r"""
Return the prime subfield $\FF_p$ of self if self is $\FF_{p^n}$.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4, 'b').prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: S.<b> = GF(5^2); S
Finite Field in b of size 5^2
sage: S.prime_subfield()
Finite Field of size 5
sage: type(S.prime_subfield())
<class 'sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_prime_modn.FiniteField_prime_modn_with_category'>
"""
try:
return self._prime_subfield
except AttributeError:
import constructor
self._prime_subfield = constructor.FiniteField(
self.characteristic())
return self._prime_subfield
def log_to_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ this method returns $i$ where $i$
satisfies \code{self.gen()^n == i}, if the result is
interpreted as an integer.
INPUT:
n -- log representation of a finite field element
OUTPUT:
integer representation of a finite field element.
EXAMPLE:
sage: k = GF(2**8, 'a')
sage: k.log_to_int(4)
16
sage: k.log_to_int(20)
180
"""
return self._cache.log_to_int(n)
def int_to_log(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ this method returns $i$ where $i$ satisfies
\code{self.gen()^i==(n\%self.characteristic())}.
INPUT:
n -- integer representation of an finite field element
OUTPUT:
log representation of n
EXAMPLE:
sage: k = GF(7**3, 'a')
sage: k.int_to_log(4)
228
sage: k.int_to_log(3)
57
sage: k.gen()^57
3
"""
return self._cache.int_to_log(n)
def fetch_int(self, n):
r"""
Given an integer $n$ return a finite field element in self
which equals $n$ under the condition that self.gen() is set to
self.characteristic().
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8)
sage: k.fetch_int(8)
a^3
sage: e = k.fetch_int(151); e
a^7 + a^4 + a^2 + a + 1
sage: 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2 + 2 + 1
151
"""
return self._cache.fetch_int(n)
def polynomial(self, name=None):
"""
Return the defining polynomial of this field as an element of
self.polynomial_ring().
This is the same as the characteristic polynomial of the
generator of self.
INPUT:
name -- optional name of the generator
EXAMPLES:
sage: k = GF(3^4, 'a')
sage: k.polynomial()
a^4 + 2*a^3 + 2
"""
if name is not None:
try:
return self._polynomial
except AttributeError:
pass
quo = (-(self.gen()**(self.degree()))).integer_representation()
b = int(self.characteristic())
ret = []
for i in range(self.degree()):
ret.append(quo % b)
quo = quo / b
ret = ret + [1]
R = self.polynomial_ring(name)
if name is None:
self._polynomial = R(ret)
return self._polynomial
else:
return R(ret)
def __hash__(self):
"""
The hash of a Givaro finite field is a hash over it's
characteristic polynomial and the string 'givaro'.
EXAMPLES:
sage: {GF(3^4, 'a'):1} #indirect doctest
{Finite Field in a of size 3^4: 1}
"""
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
if self.degree() > 1:
self._hash = hash((self.characteristic(), self.polynomial(),
self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
else:
self._hash = hash(
(self.characteristic(), self.variable_name(), "givaro"))
return self._hash
def _pari_modulus(self):
"""
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'a')._pari_modulus()
Mod(1, 3)*a^4 + Mod(2, 3)*a^3 + Mod(2, 3)
"""
f = pari(str(self.modulus()))
return f.subst('x', 'a') * pari("Mod(1,%s)" % self.characteristic())
def _finite_field_ext_pari_(self): # todo -- cache
"""
Return a FiniteField_ext_pari isomorphic to self with the same
defining polynomial.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GF(3^4,'z')._finite_field_ext_pari_()
Finite Field in z of size 3^4
"""
f = self.polynomial()
import finite_field_ext_pari
return finite_field_ext_pari.FiniteField_ext_pari(
self.order(), self.variable_name(), f)
def __iter__(self):
"""
Finite fields may be iterated over:
EXAMPLE:
sage: list(GF(2**2, 'a'))
[0, a, a + 1, 1]
"""
from element_givaro import FiniteField_givaro_iterator
return FiniteField_givaro_iterator(self._cache)
def a_times_b_plus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = a*b + c. This is faster than multiplying a and b
first and adding c to the result.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: k.a_times_b_plus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_plus_c(a, b, c)
def a_times_b_minus_c(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = a*b - c.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.a_times_b_minus_c(a,a,k(1))
a^2 + 2
"""
return self._cache.a_times_b_minus_c(a, b, c)
def c_minus_a_times_b(self, a, b, c):
"""
Return r = c - a*b.
INPUT:
a -- FiniteField_givaroElement
b -- FiniteField_givaroElement
c -- FiniteField_givaroElement
EXAMPLE:
sage: k.<a> = GF(3**3)
sage: k.c_minus_a_times_b(a,a,k(1))
2*a^2 + 1
"""
return self._cache.c_minus_a_times_b(a, b, c)
def __init__(self, q, name="a", modulus=None, repr="poly", cache=False):
"""
Finite Field. These are implemented using Zech logs and the
cardinality must be < 2^16. By default conway polynomials are
used as minimal polynomial.
INPUT:
q -- p^n (must be prime power)
name -- variable used for poly_repr (default: 'a')
modulus -- you may provide a minimal polynomial to use for
reduction or 'random' to force a random
irreducible polynomial. (default: None, a conway
polynomial is used if found. Otherwise a random
polynomial is used)
repr -- controls the way elements are printed to the user:
(default: 'poly')
'log': repr is element.log_repr()
'int': repr is element.int_repr()
'poly': repr is element.poly_repr()
cache -- if True a cache of all elements of this field is
created. Thus, arithmetic does not create new
elements which speeds calculations up. Also, if
many elements are needed during a calculation
this cache reduces the memory requirement as at
most self.order() elements are created. (default: False)
OUTPUT:
Givaro finite field with characteristic p and cardinality p^n.
EXAMPLES:
By default conway polynomials are used:
sage: k.<a> = GF(2**8)
sage: -a ^ k.degree()
a^4 + a^3 + a^2 + 1
sage: f = k.modulus(); f
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + 1
You may enforce a modulus:
sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(GF(2))
sage: f = x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1 # Rijndael Polynomial
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^8, modulus=f)
sage: k.modulus()
x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1
sage: a^(2^8)
a
You may enforce a random modulus:
sage: k = GF(3**5, 'a', modulus='random')
sage: k.modulus() # random polynomial
x^5 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^3 + x^2 + 2
Three different representations are possible:
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='poly').gen()
a
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='int').gen()
3
sage: sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_givaro.FiniteField_givaro(9,repr='log').gen()
5
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^3)
sage: j.<b> = GF(3^4)
sage: k == j
False
sage: GF(2^3,'a') == copy(GF(2^3,'a'))
True
sage: TestSuite(j).run()
"""
self._kwargs = {}
if repr not in ['int', 'log', 'poly']:
raise ValueError, "Unknown representation %s" % repr
q = Integer(q)
if q < 2:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
F = q.factor()
if len(F) > 1:
raise ValueError, "q must be a prime power"
p = F[0][0]
k = F[0][1]
if q >= 1 << 16:
raise ValueError, "q must be < 2^16"
import constructor
FiniteField.__init__(self,
constructor.FiniteField(p),
name,
normalize=False)
self._kwargs['repr'] = repr
self._kwargs['cache'] = cache
self._is_conway = False
if modulus is None or modulus == 'conway':
if k == 1:
modulus = 'random' # this will use the gfq_factory_pk function.
elif ConwayPolynomials().has_polynomial(p, k):
from sage.rings.finite_rings.constructor import conway_polynomial
modulus = conway_polynomial(p, k)
self._is_conway = True
elif modulus is None:
modulus = 'random'
else:
raise ValueError, "Conway polynomial not found"
from sage.rings.polynomial.all import is_Polynomial
if is_Polynomial(modulus):
modulus = modulus.list()
self._cache = Cache_givaro(self, p, k, modulus, repr, cache)