コード例 #1
0
    def run_once(self, host, suspend=False):
        golden_file = audio_test_data.SWEEP_TEST_FILE

        chameleon_board = host.chameleon
        factory = remote_facade_factory.RemoteFacadeFactory(
            host, results_dir=self.resultsdir)

        chameleon_board.setup_and_reset(self.outputdir)

        widget_factory = chameleon_audio_helper.AudioWidgetFactory(
            factory, host)

        source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.USBOUT)
        recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.USBIN)
        binder = widget_factory.create_binder(source, recorder)

        with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(binder):
            # Checks the node selected by cras is correct.
            audio_facade = factory.create_audio_facade()

            audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, audio_facade,
                                                  self.resultsdir,
                                                  'after_binding')

            audio_test_utils.check_and_set_chrome_active_node_types(
                audio_facade, 'USB', None)
            audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, audio_facade,
                                                  self.resultsdir,
                                                  'after_select')

            audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(audio_facade, (['USB'], None))

            logging.info('Setting playback data on Cros device')

            audio_facade.set_selected_output_volume(70)

            source.set_playback_data(golden_file)

            if suspend:
                audio_test_utils.suspend_resume(host, self.SUSPEND_SECONDS)
                utils.poll_for_condition(condition=factory.ready,
                                         timeout=self.RPC_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT,
                                         desc='multimedia server reconnect')
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(audio_facade,
                                                   (['USB'], None))

            # Starts recording from Chameleon, waits for some time, and then
            # starts playing from Cros device.
            logging.info('Start recording from Chameleon.')
            recorder.start_recording()

            logging.info('Start playing %s on Cros device', golden_file.path)
            source.start_playback()

            time.sleep(self.RECORD_SECONDS)

            recorder.stop_recording()
            logging.info('Stopped recording from Chameleon.')

            audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, audio_facade,
                                                  self.resultsdir,
                                                  'after_recording')

            recorder.read_recorded_binary()
            logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')

        recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "recorded.raw")
        logging.info('Saving recorded data to %s', recorded_file)
        recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        audio_test_utils.compare_recorded_correlation(golden_file, recorder)
コード例 #2
0
    def run_once(self, host, suspend=False,
                 disable=False, disconnect=False, check_quality=False):
        """Running Bluetooth basic audio tests

        @param host: device under test host
        @param suspend: suspend flag to enable suspend before play/record
        @param disable: disable flag to disable BT module before play/record
        @param disconnect: disconnect flag to disconnect BT module
            before play/record
        @param check_quality: flag to check audio quality.

        """
        self.host = host
        golden_file = audio_test_data.FREQUENCY_TEST_FILE

        factory = self.create_remote_facade_factory(host)
        self.audio_facade = factory.create_audio_facade()

        chameleon_board = host.chameleon
        chameleon_board.reset()

        widget_factory = chameleon_audio_helper.AudioWidgetFactory(
                factory, host)

        source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.BLUETOOTH_HEADPHONE)
        bluetooth_widget = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.PeripheralIds.BLUETOOTH_DATA_RX)
        recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.LINEIN)

        binder = widget_factory.create_binder(
                source, bluetooth_widget, recorder)

        with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(binder):

            audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                    host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir, 'after_binding')

            # Checks the node selected by Cras is correct.
            audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                               (['BLUETOOTH'], None))

            self.audio_facade.set_selected_output_volume(80)

            # Starts playing, waits for some time, and then starts recording.
            # This is to avoid artifact caused by codec initialization.
            source.set_playback_data(golden_file)

            # Create link to control BT adapter.
            link = binder.get_binders()[0].get_link()

            if disable:
                self.disable_enable_bt(link)
            if disconnect:
                self.disconnect_connect_bt(link)
            if suspend:
                audio_test_utils.suspend_resume(host, self.SUSPEND_SECONDS)

            utils.poll_for_condition(condition=factory.ready,
                                     timeout=self.PRC_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT,
                                     desc='multimedia server reconnect')

            if disable or disconnect or suspend:
                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                        host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir,
                        'after_action')

            # Gives DUT some time to auto-reconnect bluetooth after resume.
            if suspend:
                utils.poll_for_condition(
                        condition=self.bluetooth_nodes_plugged,
                        timeout=self.BLUETOOTH_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS,
                        desc='bluetooth node auto-reconnect after suspend')
                # Delay some time for A2DP to be reconnected.
                # Normally this happens several seconds after HSP is
                # reconnected. However, there is no event what we can wait for,
                # so just wait some time.
                time.sleep(self.DELAY_FOR_A2DP_RECONNECT_AFTER_SUSPEND)

            with audio_test_utils.monitor_no_nodes_changed(
                    self.audio_facade, self.dump_logs_after_nodes_changed):
                # Checks the node selected by Cras is correct again.
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                   (['BLUETOOTH'], None))

                logging.info('Start playing %s on Cros device',
                             golden_file.path)

                source.start_playback()

                time.sleep(self.DELAY_BEFORE_RECORD_SECONDS)
                logging.info('Start recording from Chameleon.')
                recorder.start_recording()

                time.sleep(self.RECORD_SECONDS)

                recorder.stop_recording()
                logging.info('Stopped recording from Chameleon.')

                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                        host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir,
                        'after_recording')

                recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')

                recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "recorded.raw")
                logging.info('Saving recorded data to %s', recorded_file)
                recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Removes the beginning of recorded data. This is to avoid artifact
        # caused by Chameleon codec initialization in the beginning of
        # recording.
        recorder.remove_head(0.5)

        recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "recorded_clipped.raw")
        logging.info('Saving clipped data to %s', recorded_file)
        recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Compares data by frequency. Audio signal recorded by microphone has
        # gone through analog processing and through the air.
        # This suffers from codec artifacts and noise on the path.
        # Comparing data by frequency is more robust than comparing by
        # correlation, which is suitable for fully-digital audio path like USB
        # and HDMI.
        audio_test_utils.check_recorded_frequency(
                golden_file, recorder, check_anomaly=check_quality)
    def run_once(self, host, suspend=False):
        golden_file = audio_test_data.SWEEP_TEST_FILE

        chameleon_board = host.chameleon
        factory = self.create_remote_facade_factory(host)

        chameleon_board.reset()

        widget_factory = chameleon_audio_helper.AudioWidgetFactory(
            factory, host)

        playback_source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.USBOUT)
        playback_recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.USBIN)
        playback_binder = widget_factory.create_binder(playback_source,
                                                       playback_recorder)

        record_source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.USBOUT)
        record_recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.USBIN)
        record_binder = widget_factory.create_binder(record_source,
                                                     record_recorder)

        with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(playback_binder):
            with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(record_binder):
                # Checks the node selected by cras is correct.
                audio_facade = factory.create_audio_facade()

                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, audio_facade,
                                                      self.resultsdir,
                                                      'after_binding')

                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(audio_facade,
                                                   (['USB'], ['USB']))

                logging.info('Setting playback data on Cros device')

                audio_facade.set_selected_output_volume(70)

                playback_source.set_playback_data(golden_file)
                record_source.set_playback_data(golden_file)

                if suspend:
                    audio_test_utils.suspend_resume(host, self.SUSPEND_SECONDS)
                    utils.poll_for_condition(
                        condition=factory.ready,
                        timeout=self.RPC_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT,
                        desc='multimedia server reconnect')
                    audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(audio_facade,
                                                       (['USB'], ['USB']))

                logging.info('Start recording from Chameleon.')
                playback_recorder.start_recording()
                logging.info('Start recording from Cros device.')
                record_recorder.start_recording()

                logging.info('Start playing %s on Cros device',
                             golden_file.path)
                playback_source.start_playback()
                logging.info('Start playing %s on Chameleon', golden_file.path)
                record_source.start_playback()

                time.sleep(self.RECORD_SECONDS)

                playback_recorder.stop_recording()
                logging.info('Stopped recording from Chameleon.')
                record_recorder.stop_recording()
                logging.info('Stopped recording from Cros device.')

                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, audio_facade,
                                                      self.resultsdir,
                                                      'after_recording')

                playback_recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')
                record_recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                logging.info('Read recorded binary from Cros device.')

        playback_recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir,
                                              "playback_recorded.raw")
        logging.info('Saving Cros playback recorded data to %s',
                     playback_recorded_file)
        playback_recorder.save_file(playback_recorded_file)

        record_recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir,
                                            "record_recorded.raw")
        logging.info('Saving Cros record recorded data to %s',
                     record_recorded_file)
        record_recorder.save_file(record_recorded_file)

        error_messages = ''
        if not chameleon_audio_helper.compare_recorded_result(
                golden_file, playback_recorder, 'correlation'):
            error_messages += ('Record: Recorded file does not match'
                               ' playback file.')
        if not chameleon_audio_helper.compare_recorded_result(
                golden_file, record_recorder, 'correlation'):
            error_messages += ('Playback: Recorded file does not match'
                               ' playback file.')
        if error_messages:
            raise error.TestFail(error_messages)
    def run_once(self, host, suspend=False,
                 disable=False, disconnect=False, check_quality=False):
        """Running Bluetooth basic audio tests

        @param host: device under test host
        @param suspend: suspend flag to enable suspend before play/record
        @param disable: disable flag to disable BT module before play/record
        @param disconnect: disconnect flag to disconnect BT module
            before play/record
        @param check_quality: flag to check audio quality.

        """
        self.host = host

        # Bluetooth HSP/HFP profile only supports one channel
        # playback/recording. So we should use simple frequency
        # test file which contains identical sine waves in two
        # channels.
        golden_file = audio_test_data.SIMPLE_FREQUENCY_TEST_FILE

        factory = self.create_remote_facade_factory(host)
        self.audio_facade = factory.create_audio_facade()

        chameleon_board = host.chameleon
        chameleon_board.reset()

        widget_factory = chameleon_audio_helper.AudioWidgetFactory(
                factory, host)

        playback_source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.BLUETOOTH_HEADPHONE)
        playback_bluetooth_widget = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.PeripheralIds.BLUETOOTH_DATA_RX)
        playback_recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.LINEIN)
        playback_binder = widget_factory.create_binder(
                playback_source, playback_bluetooth_widget, playback_recorder)

        record_source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.LINEOUT)
        record_bluetooth_widget = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.PeripheralIds.BLUETOOTH_DATA_TX)
        record_recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.BLUETOOTH_MIC)
        record_binder = widget_factory.create_binder(
                record_source, record_bluetooth_widget, record_recorder)

        with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(playback_binder):
            with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(record_binder):

                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                        host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir,
                        'after_binding')

                # Checks the input node selected by Cras is internal microphone.
                # Checks crbug.com/495537 for the reason to lower bluetooth
                # microphone priority.
                if audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host):
                    audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                       (None, ['INTERNAL_MIC']))

                self.audio_facade.set_selected_output_volume(80)

                # Selecting input nodes needs to be after setting volume because
                # after setting volume, Cras notifies Chrome there is changes
                # in nodes, and Chrome selects the output/input nodes based
                # on its preference again. See crbug.com/535643.

                # Selects bluetooth mic to be the active input node.
                if audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host):
                    self.audio_facade.set_chrome_active_node_type(
                            None, 'BLUETOOTH')

                # Checks the node selected by Cras is correct.
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                   (['BLUETOOTH'],
                                                    ['BLUETOOTH']))

                # Setup the playback data. This step is time consuming.
                playback_source.set_playback_data(golden_file)
                record_source.set_playback_data(golden_file)

                # Create links to control disconnect and off/on BT adapter.
                link = playback_binder.get_binders()[0].get_link()

                if disable:
                    self.disable_enable_bt(link)
                if disconnect:
                    self.disconnect_connect_bt(link)
                if suspend:
                    audio_test_utils.suspend_resume(host, self.SUSPEND_SECONDS)

                if disable or disconnect or suspend:
                    audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                            host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir,
                            'after_action')

                utils.poll_for_condition(condition=factory.ready,
                                         timeout=self.PRC_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT,
                                         desc='multimedia server reconnect')

                # Gives DUT some time to auto-reconnect bluetooth after resume.
                if suspend:
                    utils.poll_for_condition(
                            condition=self.bluetooth_nodes_plugged,
                            timeout=self.BLUETOOTH_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS,
                            desc='bluetooth node auto-reconnect after suspend')

                if audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host):
                    # Select again BT input, as default input node is
                    # INTERNAL_MIC.
                    self.audio_facade.set_chrome_active_node_type(
                            None, 'BLUETOOTH')

                with audio_test_utils.monitor_no_nodes_changed(
                        self.audio_facade, self.dump_logs_after_nodes_changed):
                    # Checks the node selected by Cras is correct again.
                    audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                       (['BLUETOOTH'],
                                                        ['BLUETOOTH']))

                    # Starts playing, waits for some time, and then starts
                    # recording. This is to avoid artifact caused by codec
                    # initialization.
                    logging.info('Start playing %s on Cros device',
                                 golden_file.path)
                    playback_source.start_playback()
                    logging.info('Start playing %s on Chameleon device',
                                 golden_file.path)
                    record_source.start_playback()

                    time.sleep(self.DELAY_BEFORE_RECORD_SECONDS)
                    logging.info('Start recording from Chameleon.')
                    playback_recorder.start_recording()
                    logging.info('Start recording from Cros device.')
                    record_recorder.start_recording()

                    time.sleep(self.RECORD_SECONDS)

                    playback_recorder.stop_recording()
                    logging.info('Stopped recording from Chameleon.')
                    record_recorder.stop_recording()
                    logging.info('Stopped recording from Cros device.')

                    audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(
                            host, self.audio_facade, self.resultsdir,
                            'after_recording')

                    # Sleeps until playback data ends to prevent audio from
                    # going to internal speaker.
                    time.sleep(self.SLEEP_AFTER_RECORD_SECONDS)

                    # Gets the recorded data. This step is time consuming.
                    playback_recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                    logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')
                    record_recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                    logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')

                    recorded_file = os.path.join(
                            self.resultsdir, "playback_recorded.raw")
                    logging.info('Playback: Saving recorded data to %s',
                                 recorded_file)
                    playback_recorder.save_file(recorded_file)
                    recorded_file = os.path.join(
                            self.resultsdir, "record_recorded.raw")
                    logging.info('Record: Saving recorded data to %s',
                                  recorded_file)
                    record_recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Removes the beginning of recorded data. This is to avoid artifact
        # caused by Chameleon codec initialization in the beginning of
        # recording.
        playback_recorder.remove_head(0.5)

        # Removes the beginning of recorded data. This is to avoid artifact
        # caused by bluetooth module initialization in the beginning of
        # its playback.
        record_recorder.remove_head(0.5)

        recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "playback_clipped.raw")
        logging.info('Saving clipped data to %s', recorded_file)
        playback_recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "record_clipped.raw")
        logging.info('Saving clipped data to %s', recorded_file)
        record_recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Compares data by frequency. Audio signal recorded by microphone has
        # gone through analog processing and through the air.
        # This suffers from codec artifacts and noise on the path.
        # Comparing data by frequency is more robust than comparing by
        # correlation, which is suitable for fully-digital audio path like USB
        # and HDMI.
        # Use a second peak ratio that can tolerate more noise because HSP
        # is low-quality.
        second_peak_ratio = audio_test_utils.HSP_SECOND_PEAK_RATIO

        error_messages = ''
        try:
            audio_test_utils.check_recorded_frequency(
                    golden_file, playback_recorder, check_anomaly=check_quality,
                    second_peak_ratio=second_peak_ratio)
        except error.TestFail, e:
            error_messages += str(e)
コード例 #5
0
    def run_once(self,
                 host,
                 suspend=False,
                 disable=False,
                 disconnect=False,
                 check_quality=False):
        """Running Bluetooth basic audio tests

        @param host: device under test host
        @param suspend: suspend flag to enable suspend before play/record
        @param disable: disable flag to disable BT module before play/record
        @param disconnect: disconnect flag to disconnect BT module
            before play/record
        @param check_quality: flag to check audio quality.

        """

        self.host = host
        golden_file = audio_test_data.SIMPLE_FREQUENCY_TEST_FILE

        factory = remote_facade_factory.RemoteFacadeFactory(
            host, results_dir=self.resultsdir)
        self.audio_facade = factory.create_audio_facade()

        chameleon_board = host.chameleon
        chameleon_board.setup_and_reset(self.outputdir)

        widget_factory = chameleon_audio_helper.AudioWidgetFactory(
            factory, host)

        source = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.ChameleonIds.LINEOUT)
        bluetooth_widget = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.PeripheralIds.BLUETOOTH_DATA_TX)
        recorder = widget_factory.create_widget(
            chameleon_audio_ids.CrosIds.BLUETOOTH_MIC)

        binder = widget_factory.create_binder(source, bluetooth_widget,
                                              recorder)

        second_peak_ratio = audio_test_utils.get_second_peak_ratio(
            source_id=source.port_id,
            recorder_id=recorder.port_id,
            is_hsp=True)

        with chameleon_audio_helper.bind_widgets(binder):

            audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, self.audio_facade,
                                                  self.resultsdir,
                                                  'after_binding')
            # For DUTs with permanently connected audio jack cable
            # Bluetooth output node should be selected explicitly.
            output_nodes, _ = self.audio_facade.get_plugged_node_types()
            audio_jack_plugged = False
            if 'HEADPHONE' in output_nodes or 'LINEOUT' in output_nodes:
                audio_jack_plugged = True
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                   (None, ['MIC']))
            elif audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host):
                # Checks the input node selected by Cras is internal microphone.
                # Checks crbug.com/495537 for the reason to lower bluetooth
                # microphone priority.
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                   (None, ['INTERNAL_MIC']))

            # Selects bluetooth mic to be the active input node.
            if (audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host)
                    or audio_jack_plugged):
                self.audio_facade.set_chrome_active_node_type(
                    None, 'BLUETOOTH')

            # Checks the node selected by Cras is correct again.
            audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                               (None, ['BLUETOOTH']))

            # Starts playing, waits for some time, and then starts recording.
            # This is to avoid artifact caused by codec initialization.
            source.set_playback_data(golden_file)

            # Create link to control BT adapter.
            link = binder.get_binders()[1].get_link()

            if disable:
                self.disable_enable_bt(link)
            if disconnect:
                self.disconnect_connect_bt(link)
            if suspend:
                audio_test_utils.suspend_resume(host, self.SUSPEND_SECONDS)

            utils.poll_for_condition(condition=factory.ready,
                                     timeout=self.PRC_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT,
                                     desc='multimedia server reconnect')

            if disable or disconnect or suspend:
                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, self.audio_facade,
                                                      self.resultsdir,
                                                      'after_action')

            # Gives DUT some time to auto-reconnect bluetooth after resume.
            if suspend:
                utils.poll_for_condition(
                    condition=self.bluetooth_nodes_plugged,
                    timeout=self.BLUETOOTH_RECONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS,
                    desc='bluetooth node auto-reconnect after suspend')

            if audio_test_utils.has_internal_microphone(host):
                # Select again BT input as default input node is INTERNAL_MIC
                self.audio_facade.set_chrome_active_node_type(
                    None, 'BLUETOOTH')

            with audio_test_utils.monitor_no_nodes_changed(
                    self.audio_facade, self.dump_logs_after_nodes_changed):
                audio_test_utils.check_audio_nodes(self.audio_facade,
                                                   (None, ['BLUETOOTH']))

                logging.info('Start playing %s on Chameleon', golden_file.path)
                source.start_playback()

                time.sleep(self.DELAY_BEFORE_RECORD_SECONDS)
                logging.info('Start recording from Cros device.')
                recorder.start_recording()

                time.sleep(self.RECORD_SECONDS)

                recorder.stop_recording()
                logging.info('Stopped recording from Cros device.')

                audio_test_utils.dump_cros_audio_logs(host, self.audio_facade,
                                                      self.resultsdir,
                                                      'after_recording')

                recorder.read_recorded_binary()
                logging.info('Read recorded binary from Chameleon.')

                recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "recorded.raw")
                logging.info('Saving recorded data to %s', recorded_file)
                recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Removes the beginning of recorded data. This is to avoid artifact
        # caused by bluetooth module initialization in the beginning of
        # its playback.
        recorder.remove_head(0.5)

        recorded_file = os.path.join(self.resultsdir, "recorded_clipped.raw")
        logging.info('Saving clipped data to %s', recorded_file)
        recorder.save_file(recorded_file)

        # Compares data by frequency. Audio signal recorded by microphone has
        # gone through analog processing and through the air.
        # This suffers from codec artifacts and noise on the path.
        # Comparing data by frequency is more robust than comparing by
        # correlation, which is suitable for fully-digital audio path like USB
        # and HDMI.
        audio_test_utils.check_recorded_frequency(
            golden_file,
            recorder,
            check_anomaly=check_quality,
            second_peak_ratio=second_peak_ratio)