def match_powerplants_to_regions(
pp_df: pd.DataFrame,
shapes_ds: gpd.GeoSeries,
shapes_countries: Optional[List[str]] = None,
dist_threshold: Optional[float] = 5.) -> pd.Series:
"""
Match each power plant to a region defined by its geographical shape.
Parameters
----------
pp_df: pd.DataFrame
Power plant frame with columns ISO2, lon and lat.
shapes_ds: gpd.GeoSeries
GeoDataFrame containing shapes union to which plants are to be mapped.
shapes_countries: List[str] (default: None)
If relevant, indicates to which country each shape belongs too.
Allows to make sure that points are not assigned to shapes which are not part of the same country.
dist_threshold: Optional[float] (default: 5.)
Maximal distance (km) from one shape for points outside of all shapes to be accepted.
Returns
-------
pd.Series
Indicates for each element in the input dataframe to which shape it belongs.
"""
for col in ["ISO2", "lat", "lon"]:
assert col in pp_df.columns, f"Error: Dataframe missing column {col}."
assert all(
len(c) == 2
for c in pp_df["ISO2"]), "Error: ISO2 codes must be of length 2."
assert shapes_countries is None or all(len(c) == 2 for c in shapes_countries), \
"Error: Shapes countries must be given as ISO2 codes of length 2."
def add_region(lon, lat):
try:
region_code = matched_locs[lon, lat]
# Need the if because some points are exactly at the same position
return region_code if (
isinstance(region_code, str) or isinstance(region_code, float)
or isinstance(region_code, int)) else region_code.iloc[0]
except (AttributeError, KeyError):
return None
# Find to which region each plant belongs
if shapes_countries is None:
plants_locs = pp_df[["lon", "lat"]].apply(lambda xy: (xy[0], xy[1]),
axis=1).values
matched_locs = match_points_to_regions(
plants_locs, shapes_ds,
distance_threshold=dist_threshold).dropna()
plants_region_ds = pp_df[["lon", "lat"
]].apply(lambda x: add_region(x[0], x[1]),
axis=1)
else:
unique_countries = sorted(list(set(pp_df["ISO2"])))
plants_region_ds = pd.Series(index=pp_df.index)
for country in unique_countries:
pp_df_in_country = pp_df[pp_df["ISO2"] == country]
plants_locs = pp_df_in_country[["lon",
"lat"]].apply(lambda xy:
(xy[0], xy[1]),
axis=1).values
shapes_in_country = shapes_ds[[
c == country for c in shapes_countries
]]
matched_locs = match_points_to_regions(
plants_locs,
shapes_in_country,
distance_threshold=dist_threshold)
plants_region_ds.loc[pp_df_in_country.index] = \
pp_df_in_country[["lon", "lat"]].apply(lambda x: add_region(x[0], x[1]), axis=1)
return plants_region_ds
def get_legacy_capacity_in_regions_from_non_open(tech: str, regions_shapes: pd.Series, countries: List[str],
spatial_res: float, include_operating: bool,
match_distance: float = 50., raise_error: bool = True) -> pd.Series:
"""
Return the total existing capacity (in GW) for the given tech for a set of geographical regions.
This function is using proprietary data.
Parameters
----------
tech: str
Technology name.
regions_shapes: pd.Series [Union[Polygon, MultiPolygon]]
Geographical regions
countries: List[str]
List of ISO codes of countries in which the regions are situated
spatial_res: float
Spatial resolution of data
include_operating: bool
Include or not the legacy capacity of already operating units.
match_distance: float (default: 50)
Distance threshold (in km) used when associating points to shape.
raise_error: bool (default: True)
Whether to raise an error if no legacy data is available for this technology.
Returns
-------
capacities: pd.Series
Legacy capacities (in GW) of technology 'tech' for each region
"""
path_legacy_data = f"{data_path}generation/vres/legacy/source/"
path_gdp_data = f"{data_path}indicators/gdp/source"
path_pop_data = f"{data_path}indicators/population/source"
capacities = pd.Series(0., index=regions_shapes.index)
plant, plant_type = get_config_values(tech, ["plant", "type"])
if (plant, plant_type) in [("Wind", "Onshore"), ("Wind", "Offshore"), ("PV", "Utility")]:
if plant == "Wind":
data = pd.read_excel(f"{path_legacy_data}Windfarms_Europe_20200127.xls", sheet_name='Windfarms',
header=0, usecols=[2, 5, 9, 10, 18, 22, 23], skiprows=[1], na_values='#ND')
data = data.dropna(subset=['Latitude', 'Longitude', 'Total power'])
if include_operating:
plant_status = ['Planned', 'Approved', 'Construction', 'Production']
else:
plant_status = ['Planned', 'Approved', 'Construction']
data = data.loc[data['Status'].isin(plant_status)]
if countries is not None:
data = data[data['ISO code'].isin(countries)]
if len(data) == 0:
return capacities
# Converting from kW to GW
data['Total power'] *= 1e-6
data["Location"] = data[["Longitude", "Latitude"]].apply(lambda x: (x.Longitude, x.Latitude), axis=1)
# Keep only onshore or offshore point depending on technology
if plant_type == 'Onshore':
data = data[data['Area'] != 'Offshore']
else: # Offshore
data = data[data['Area'] == 'Offshore']
if len(data) == 0:
return capacities
else: # plant == "PV":
data = pd.read_excel(f"{path_legacy_data}Solarfarms_Europe_20200208.xlsx", sheet_name='ProjReg_rpt',
header=0, usecols=[0, 4, 5, 6, 8])
data = data[pd.notnull(data['Coords'])]
if include_operating:
plant_status = ['Building', 'Planned', 'Active']
else:
plant_status = ['Building', 'Planned']
data = data.loc[data['Status'].isin(plant_status)]
data["Location"] = data["Coords"].apply(lambda x: (float(x.split(',')[1]), float(x.split(',')[0])))
if countries is not None:
data['Country'] = convert_country_codes(data['Country'].values, 'name', 'alpha_2')
data = data[data['Country'].isin(countries)]
if len(data) == 0:
return capacities
# Converting from MW to GW
data['Total power'] = data['MWac']*1e-3
data = data[["Location", "Total power"]]
points_region = match_points_to_regions(data["Location"].values, regions_shapes,
distance_threshold=match_distance).dropna()
for region in regions_shapes.index:
points_in_region = points_region[points_region == region].index.values
capacities[region] = data[data["Location"].isin(points_in_region)]["Total power"].sum()
elif (plant, plant_type) == ("PV", "Residential"):
legacy_capacity_fn = join(path_legacy_data, 'SolarEurope_Residential_deployment.xlsx')
data = pd.read_excel(legacy_capacity_fn, header=0, index_col=0, usecols=[0, 4], squeeze=True).sort_index()
data = data[data.index.isin(countries)]
if len(data) == 0:
return capacities
# TODO: where is this file ?
gdp_data_fn = join(path_gdp_data, "GDP_per_capita_PPP_1990_2015_v2.nc")
gdp_data = xr.open_dataset(gdp_data_fn)
gdp_2015 = gdp_data.sel(time='2015.0')
pop_data_fn = join(path_pop_data, "gpw_v4_population_count_adjusted_rev11_15_min.nc")
pop_data = xr.open_dataset(pop_data_fn)
pop_2020 = pop_data.sel(raster=5)
# Temporary, to reduce the size of this ds, which is anyway read in each iteration.
min_lon, max_lon, min_lat, max_lat = -11., 32., 35., 80.
mask_lon = (gdp_2015.longitude >= min_lon) & (gdp_2015.longitude <= max_lon)
mask_lat = (gdp_2015.latitude >= min_lat) & (gdp_2015.latitude <= max_lat)
new_lon = np.arange(min_lon, max_lon+spatial_res, spatial_res)
new_lat = np.arange(min_lat, max_lat+spatial_res, spatial_res)
gdp_ds = gdp_2015.where(mask_lon & mask_lat, drop=True)['GDP_per_capita_PPP']
pop_ds = pop_2020.where(mask_lon & mask_lat, drop=True)['UN WPP-Adjusted Population Count, v4.11 (2000,'
' 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020): 15 arc-minutes']
gdp_ds = gdp_ds.reindex(longitude=new_lon, latitude=new_lat, method='nearest')\
.stack(locations=('longitude', 'latitude'))
pop_ds = pop_ds.reindex(longitude=new_lon, latitude=new_lat, method='nearest')\
.stack(locations=('longitude', 'latitude'))
all_sites = [(idx[0], idx[1]) for idx in regions_shapes.index]
total_gdp_per_capita = gdp_ds.sel(locations=all_sites).sum().values
total_population = pop_ds.sel(locations=all_sites).sum().values
df_metrics = pd.DataFrame(index=regions_shapes.index, columns=['gdp', 'pop'])
for region_id, region_shape in regions_shapes.items():
lon, lat = region_id[0], region_id[1]
df_metrics.loc[region_id, 'gdp'] = gdp_ds.sel(longitude=lon, latitude=lat).values/total_gdp_per_capita
df_metrics.loc[region_id, 'pop'] = pop_ds.sel(longitude=lon, latitude=lat).values/total_population
df_metrics['gdppop'] = df_metrics['gdp'] * df_metrics['pop']
df_metrics['gdppop_norm'] = df_metrics['gdppop']/df_metrics['gdppop'].sum()
capacities = df_metrics['gdppop_norm'] * data[countries[0]]
capacities = capacities.reset_index()['gdppop_norm']
else:
if raise_error:
raise ValueError(f"Error: No legacy data exists for tech {tech} with plant {plant} and type {plant_type}.")
else:
warnings.warn(f"Warning: No legacy data exists for tech {tech}.")
return capacities.astype(float)
def add_generators_in_grid_cells(net: pypsa.Network, technologies: List[str],
region: str, spatial_resolution: float,
use_ex_cap: bool = True, limit_max_cap: bool = True,
min_cap_pot: List[float] = None) -> pypsa.Network:
"""
Create VRES generators in every grid cells obtained from dividing a certain number of regions.
Parameters
----------
net: pypsa.Network
A PyPSA Network instance with buses associated to regions
technologies: List[str]
Which technologies to add.
region: str
Region code defined in 'data_path'/geographics/region_definition.csv over which the network is defined.
spatial_resolution: float
Spatial resolution at which to define grid cells.
use_ex_cap: bool (default: True)
Whether to take into account existing capacity.
limit_max_cap: bool (default: True)
Whether to limit capacity expansion at each grid cell to a certain capacity potential.
min_cap_pot: List[float] (default: None)
List of thresholds per technology. Points with capacity potential under this threshold will be removed.
Returns
-------
net: pypsa.Network
Updated network
Notes
-----
net.buses must have a 'region_onshore' if adding onshore technologies and a 'region_offshore' attribute
if adding offshore technologies.
"""
from resite.resite import Resite
# Generate deployment sites using resite
resite = Resite([region], technologies, [net.snapshots[0], net.snapshots[-1]], spatial_resolution)
resite.build_data(use_ex_cap, min_cap_pot)
for tech in technologies:
points = resite.tech_points_dict[tech]
onshore_tech = get_config_values(tech, ['onshore'])
# Associate sites to buses (using the associated shapes)
buses = net.buses.copy()
region_type = 'onshore_region' if onshore_tech else 'offshore_region'
buses = buses.dropna(subset=[region_type])
associated_buses = match_points_to_regions(points, buses[region_type]).dropna()
points = list(associated_buses.index)
p_nom_max = 'inf'
if limit_max_cap:
p_nom_max = resite.data_dict["cap_potential_ds"][tech][points].values
p_nom = resite.data_dict["existing_cap_ds"][tech][points].values
p_max_pu = resite.data_dict["cap_factor_df"][tech][points].values
capital_cost, marginal_cost = get_costs(tech, len(net.snapshots))
net.madd("Generator",
pd.Index([f"Gen {tech} {x}-{y}" for x, y in points]),
bus=associated_buses.values,
p_nom_extendable=True,
p_nom_max=p_nom_max,
p_nom=p_nom,
p_nom_min=p_nom,
p_min_pu=0.,
p_max_pu=p_max_pu,
type=tech,
x=[x for x, _ in points],
y=[y for _, y in points],
marginal_cost=marginal_cost,
capital_cost=capital_cost)
return net
def add_generators_using_siting(net: pypsa.Network, technologies: List[str],
region: str, siting_params: Dict[str, Any],
use_ex_cap: bool = True, limit_max_cap: bool = True,
output_dir: str = None) -> pypsa.Network:
"""
Add generators for different technologies at a series of location selected via an optimization mechanism.
Parameters
----------
net: pypsa.Network
A network with defined buses.
technologies: List[str]
Which technologies to add using this methodology
siting_params: Dict[str, Any]
Set of parameters necessary for siting.
region: str
Region over which the network is defined
use_ex_cap: bool (default: True)
Whether to take into account existing capacity.
limit_max_cap: bool (default: True)
Whether to limit capacity expansion at each grid cell to a certain capacity potential.
output_dir: str
Absolute path to directory where resite output should be stored
Returns
-------
net: pypsa.Network
Updated network
Notes
-----
net.buses must have a 'region_onshore' if adding onshore technologies and a 'region_offshore' attribute
if adding offshore technologies.
"""
for param in ["timeslice", "spatial_resolution", "modelling", "formulation", "formulation_params", "write_lp"]:
assert param in siting_params, f"Error: Missing parameter {param} for siting."
from resite.resite import Resite
logger.info('Setting up resite.')
resite = Resite([region], technologies, siting_params["timeslice"], siting_params["spatial_resolution"],
siting_params["min_cap_if_selected"])
resite.build_data(use_ex_cap)
logger.info('resite model being built.')
resite.build_model(siting_params["modelling"], siting_params['formulation'], siting_params['formulation_params'],
siting_params['write_lp'], output_dir)
logger.info('Sending resite to solver.')
resite.solve_model(solver_options=siting_params['solver_options'], solver=siting_params['solver'])
logger.info('Retrieving resite results.')
resite.retrieve_selected_sites_data()
tech_location_dict = resite.sel_tech_points_dict
existing_cap_ds = resite.sel_data_dict["existing_cap_ds"]
cap_potential_ds = resite.sel_data_dict["cap_potential_ds"]
cap_factor_df = resite.sel_data_dict["cap_factor_df"]
logger.info("Saving resite results")
resite.save(output_dir)
if not resite.timestamps.equals(net.snapshots):
# If network snapshots is a subset of resite snapshots just crop the data
missing_timestamps = set(net.snapshots) - set(resite.timestamps)
if not missing_timestamps:
cap_factor_df = cap_factor_df.loc[net.snapshots]
else:
# In other case, need to recompute capacity factors
raise NotImplementedError("Error: Network snapshots must currently be a subset of resite snapshots.")
for tech, points in tech_location_dict.items():
onshore_tech = get_config_values(tech, ['onshore'])
# Associate sites to buses (using the associated shapes)
buses = net.buses.copy()
region_type = 'onshore_region' if onshore_tech else 'offshore_region'
buses = buses.dropna(subset=[region_type])
associated_buses = match_points_to_regions(points, buses[region_type]).dropna()
points = list(associated_buses.index)
p_nom_max = 'inf'
if limit_max_cap:
p_nom_max = cap_potential_ds[tech][points].values
p_nom = existing_cap_ds[tech][points].values
p_max_pu = cap_factor_df[tech][points].values
capital_cost, marginal_cost = get_costs(tech, len(net.snapshots))
net.madd("Generator",
pd.Index([f"Gen {tech} {x}-{y}" for x, y in points]),
bus=associated_buses.values,
p_nom_extendable=True,
p_nom_max=p_nom_max,
p_nom=p_nom,
p_nom_min=p_nom,
p_min_pu=0.,
p_max_pu=p_max_pu,
type=tech,
x=[x for x, _ in points],
y=[y for _, y in points],
marginal_cost=marginal_cost,
capital_cost=capital_cost)
return net
def get_capacity_potential_at_points(
tech_points_dict: Dict[str, List[Tuple[float, float]]],
spatial_resolution: float,
countries: List[str],
existing_capacity_ds: pd.Series = None) -> pd.Series:
"""
Compute the potential capacity at a series of points for different technologies.
Parameters
----------
tech_points_dict : Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Tuple[float, float]]]
Dictionary associating to each tech a list of points.
spatial_resolution : float
Spatial resolution of the points.
countries: List[str]
List of ISO codes of countries in which the points are situated
existing_capacity_ds: pd.Series (default: None)
Data series given for each tuple of (tech, point) the existing capacity.
Returns
-------
capacity_potential_ds : pd.Series
Gives for each pair of technology - point the associated capacity potential in GW
"""
accepted_techs = [
'wind_onshore', 'wind_offshore', 'wind_floating', 'pv_utility',
'pv_residential'
]
for tech, points in tech_points_dict.items():
assert tech in accepted_techs, f"Error: tech {tech} is not in {accepted_techs}"
assert len(
points) != 0, f"Error: List of points for tech {tech} is empty."
assert all(map(lambda point: int(point[0]/spatial_resolution) == point[0]/spatial_resolution
and int(point[1]/spatial_resolution) == point[1]/spatial_resolution, points)), \
f"Error: Some points do not have the correct resolution {spatial_resolution}"
pop_density_array = load_population_density_data(spatial_resolution)
# Create a modified copy of regions to deal with UK and EL
iso_to_nuts0 = {"GB": "UK", "GR": "EL"}
nuts0_regions = [
iso_to_nuts0[c] if c in iso_to_nuts0 else c for c in countries
]
# Get NUTS2 and EEZ shapes
nuts2_regions_list = get_available_regions("nuts2")
codes = [code for code in nuts2_regions_list if code[:2] in nuts0_regions]
region_shapes_dict = {
"nuts2": get_shapes(codes, which='onshore')["geometry"],
"eez": get_shapes(countries, which='offshore', save=True)["geometry"]
}
region_shapes_dict["eez"].index = [
f"EZ{code}" for code in region_shapes_dict["eez"].index
]
tech_points_tuples = sorted([(tech, point[0], point[1])
for tech, points in tech_points_dict.items()
for point in points])
capacity_potential_ds = pd.Series(
0., index=pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tech_points_tuples))
# Check that if existing capacity is defined for every point
if existing_capacity_ds is not None:
missing_existing_points = set(existing_capacity_ds.index) - set(
capacity_potential_ds.index)
assert not missing_existing_points, \
f"Error: Missing following points in existing capacity series: {missing_existing_points}"
for tech, points in tech_points_dict.items():
# Compute potential for each NUTS2 or EEZ
potential_per_region_ds = read_capacity_potential(tech,
nuts_type='nuts2')
# Find the geographical region code associated to each point
if tech in ['wind_offshore', 'wind_floating']:
region_shapes = region_shapes_dict["eez"]
else:
region_shapes = region_shapes_dict["nuts2"]
point_regions_ds = match_points_to_regions(points,
region_shapes).dropna()
points = list(point_regions_ds.index)
points_info_df = pd.DataFrame(point_regions_ds.values,
point_regions_ds.index,
columns=["region"])
if tech in ['wind_offshore', 'wind_floating']:
# For offshore sites, divide the total potential of the region by the number of points
# associated to that region
# Get how many points we have in each region and the potential capacity of those regions
region_freq_ds = points_info_df.groupby(['region'
])['region'].count()
regions = region_freq_ds.index
region_cap_pot_ds = potential_per_region_ds[regions]
region_info_df = pd.concat([region_freq_ds, region_cap_pot_ds],
axis=1)
region_info_df.columns = ["freq", "cap_pot"]
# Assign these values to each points depending on which region they fall in
points_info_df = \
points_info_df.merge(region_info_df, left_on='region', right_on='region', right_index=True)
# Compute potential of each point by dividing the region potential by the number of points it contains
cap_pot_per_point = points_info_df["cap_pot"] / points_info_df[
"freq"]
else: # tech in ['wind_onshore', 'pv_utility', 'pv_residential']:
# For onshore sites, divide the total anti-proportionally (or proportionally for residential PV)
# to population
# Here were actually using population density, which is proportional to population because we consider
# that each point is associated to an equivalent area.
points_info_df['pop_dens'] = np.clip(
pop_density_array.sel(locations=points).values,
a_min=1.,
a_max=None)
if tech in ['wind_onshore', 'pv_utility']:
points_info_df['pop_dens'] = 1. / points_info_df['pop_dens']
# Aggregate per region and get capacity potential for regions in which the points fall
regions_info_df = points_info_df.groupby(['region']).sum()
regions_info_df["cap_pot"] = potential_per_region_ds[
regions_info_df.index]
regions_info_df.columns = ['sum_pop_dens', 'cap_pot']
# Assign these values to each points depending on which region they fall in
points_info_df = points_info_df.merge(regions_info_df,
left_on='region',
right_on='region',
right_index=True)
# Compute potential
cap_pot_per_point = points_info_df['pop_dens'] * points_info_df[
'cap_pot'] / points_info_df['sum_pop_dens']
capacity_potential_ds.loc[
tech, cap_pot_per_point.index] = cap_pot_per_point.values
# Update capacity potential with existing potential if present
if existing_capacity_ds is not None:
underestimated_capacity = existing_capacity_ds[
capacity_potential_ds.index] > capacity_potential_ds
capacity_potential_ds[underestimated_capacity] = existing_capacity_ds[
underestimated_capacity]
return capacity_potential_ds
def add_res_at_sites(
net: pypsa.Network,
config,
output_dir,
eu_countries,
):
eu_technologies = config['res']['techs']
logger.info(f"Adding RES {eu_technologies} generation.")
spatial_res = config["res"]["spatial_resolution"]
use_ex_cap = config["res"]["use_ex_cap"]
min_cap_pot = config["res"]["min_cap_pot"]
min_cap_if_sel = config["res"]["min_cap_if_selected"]
# Build sites for EU
r_europe = Resite(eu_countries, eu_technologies,
[net.snapshots[0], net.snapshots[-1]], spatial_res,
min_cap_if_sel)
regions_shapes = net.buses.loc[eu_countries,
["onshore_region", 'offshore_region']]
regions_shapes.columns = ['onshore', 'offshore']
r_europe.build_data(use_ex_cap, min_cap_pot, regions_shapes=regions_shapes)
net.cc_ds = r_europe.data_dict["capacity_credit_ds"]
# Build sites for other regions
non_eu_res = config["non_eu"]
all_remote_countries = []
if non_eu_res is not None:
for region in non_eu_res.keys():
if region in ["na", "me"]:
remote_countries = get_subregions(region)
else:
remote_countries = [region]
all_remote_countries += remote_countries
remote_techs = non_eu_res[region]
r_remote = Resite(remote_countries, remote_techs,
[net.snapshots[0], net.snapshots[-1]],
spatial_res)
regions_shapes = net.buses.loc[
remote_countries, ["onshore_region", 'offshore_region']]
regions_shapes.columns = ['onshore', 'offshore']
r_remote.build_data(False,
compute_load=False,
regions_shapes=regions_shapes)
# Add sites to European ones
r_europe.regions += r_remote.regions
r_europe.technologies = list(
set(r_europe.technologies).union(r_remote.technologies))
r_europe.min_cap_pot_dict = {
**r_europe.min_cap_pot_dict,
**r_remote.min_cap_pot_dict
}
r_europe.tech_points_tuples = np.concatenate(
(r_europe.tech_points_tuples, r_remote.tech_points_tuples))
r_europe.initial_sites_ds = r_europe.initial_sites_ds.append(
r_remote.initial_sites_ds)
r_europe.tech_points_regions_ds = \
r_europe.tech_points_regions_ds.append(r_remote.tech_points_regions_ds)
r_europe.data_dict["load"] = pd.concat(
[r_europe.data_dict["load"], r_remote.data_dict["load"]],
axis=1)
r_europe.data_dict["cap_potential_ds"] = \
r_europe.data_dict["cap_potential_ds"].append(r_remote.data_dict["cap_potential_ds"])
r_europe.data_dict["existing_cap_ds"] = \
r_europe.data_dict["existing_cap_ds"].append(r_remote.data_dict["existing_cap_ds"])
r_europe.data_dict["cap_factor_df"] = \
pd.concat([r_europe.data_dict["cap_factor_df"], r_remote.data_dict["cap_factor_df"]], axis=1)
# Update dictionary
tech_points_dict = {}
techs = set(r_europe.initial_sites_ds.index.get_level_values(0))
for tech in techs:
tech_points_dict[tech] = list(r_europe.initial_sites_ds[tech].index)
r_europe.tech_points_dict = tech_points_dict
# Do siting if required
if config["res"]["strategy"] == "siting":
logger.info('resite model being built.')
siting_params = config['res']
# if siting_params['formulation'] == "min_cost_global":
# siting_params['formulation_params']['perc_per_region'] = \
# siting_params['formulation_params']['perc_per_region'] + [0.] * len(all_remote_countries)
r_europe.build_model(siting_params["modelling"],
siting_params['formulation'],
siting_params['formulation_params'],
siting_params['write_lp'], f"{output_dir}resite/")
logger.info('Sending resite to solver.')
r_europe.init_output_folder(f"{output_dir}resite/")
r_europe.solve_model(f"{output_dir}resite/",
solver=config['solver'],
solver_options=config['solver_options'])
logger.info("Saving resite results")
r_europe.retrieve_selected_sites_data()
r_europe.save(f"{output_dir}resite/")
# Add solution to network
logger.info('Retrieving resite results.')
tech_location_dict = r_europe.sel_tech_points_dict
existing_cap_ds = r_europe.sel_data_dict["existing_cap_ds"]
cap_potential_ds = r_europe.sel_data_dict["cap_potential_ds"]
cap_factor_df = r_europe.sel_data_dict["cap_factor_df"]
if not r_europe.timestamps.equals(net.snapshots):
# If network snapshots is a subset of resite snapshots just crop the data
missing_timestamps = set(net.snapshots) - set(r_europe.timestamps)
if not missing_timestamps:
cap_factor_df = cap_factor_df.loc[net.snapshots]
else:
# In other case, need to recompute capacity factors
raise NotImplementedError(
"Error: Network snapshots must currently be a subset of resite snapshots."
)
else: # no siting
tech_location_dict = r_europe.tech_points_dict
existing_cap_ds = r_europe.data_dict["existing_cap_ds"]
cap_potential_ds = r_europe.data_dict["cap_potential_ds"]
cap_factor_df = r_europe.data_dict["cap_factor_df"]
for tech, points in tech_location_dict.items():
onshore_tech = get_config_values(tech, ['onshore'])
# Associate sites to buses (using the associated shapes)
buses = net.buses.copy()
region_type = 'onshore_region' if onshore_tech else 'offshore_region'
buses = buses.dropna(subset=[region_type])
associated_buses = match_points_to_regions(
points, buses[region_type]).dropna()
points = list(associated_buses.index)
p_nom_max = 'inf'
if config['res']['limit_max_cap']:
p_nom_max = cap_potential_ds[tech][points].values
p_nom = existing_cap_ds[tech][points].values
p_max_pu = cap_factor_df[tech][points].values
capital_cost, marginal_cost = get_costs(
tech, sum(net.snapshot_weightings['objective']))
net.madd("Generator",
pd.Index([f"Gen {tech} {x}-{y}" for x, y in points]),
bus=associated_buses.values,
p_nom_extendable=True,
p_nom_max=p_nom_max,
p_nom=p_nom,
p_nom_min=p_nom,
p_min_pu=0.,
p_max_pu=p_max_pu,
type=tech,
x=[x for x, _ in points],
y=[y for _, y in points],
marginal_cost=marginal_cost,
capital_cost=capital_cost)
return net
def get_legacy_capacity_in_regions(tech: str,
regions_shapes: pd.Series,
countries: List[str],
match_distance: float = 50.,
raise_error: bool = True) -> pd.Series:
"""
Return the total existing capacity (in GW) for the given tech for a set of geographical regions.
Parameters
----------
tech: str
Technology name.
regions_shapes: pd.Series [Union[Polygon, MultiPolygon]]
Geographical regions
countries: List[str]
List of ISO codes of countries in which the regions are situated.
match_distance: float (default: 50)
Distance threshold (in km) used when associating points to shape.
raise_error: bool (default: True)
Whether to raise an error if no legacy data is available for this technology.
Returns
-------
capacities: pd.Series
Legacy capacities (in GW) of technology 'tech' for each region
"""
# Read per grid cell capacity file
legacy_dir = f"{data_path}generation/vres/legacy/generated/"
capacities_df = pd.read_csv(f"{legacy_dir}aggregated_capacity.csv",
index_col=[0, 1])
plant, plant_type = get_config_values(tech, ["plant", "type"])
available_plant_types = set(capacities_df.index)
if (plant, plant_type) not in available_plant_types:
if raise_error:
raise ValueError(
f"Error: no legacy data exists for tech {tech} with plant {plant} and type {plant_type}."
)
else:
warnings.warn(f"Warning: No legacy data exists for tech {tech}.")
return pd.Series(0.,
name="Legacy capacity (GW)",
index=regions_shapes.index,
dtype=float)
# Get only capacity for the desired technology and desired countries
capacities_df = capacities_df.loc[(plant, plant_type)]
capacities_df = capacities_df[capacities_df.ISO2.isin(countries)]
if len(capacities_df) == 0:
return pd.Series(0.,
name="Legacy capacity (GW)",
index=regions_shapes.index,
dtype=float)
# Aggregate capacity per region by adding capacity of points falling in those regions
capacities_df["Location"] = capacities_df[["Longitude",
"Latitude"]].apply(lambda x:
(x[0], x[1]),
axis=1)
points_region = match_points_to_regions(
capacities_df["Location"].values,
regions_shapes,
distance_threshold=match_distance).dropna()
capacities_ds = pd.Series(0.,
name="Legacy capacity (GW)",
index=regions_shapes.index,
dtype=float)
for region in regions_shapes.index:
points_in_region = points_region[points_region == region].index.values
capacities_ds[region] = capacities_df[capacities_df["Location"].isin(
points_in_region)]["Capacity (GW)"].sum()
return capacities_ds
def generate_eu_hydro_files(resolution: float, topology_unit: str,
timestamps: pd.DatetimeIndex):
"""
Generating hydro files, i.e., capacities and inflows.
Parameters
----------
resolution: float
Runoff data spatial resolution.
topology_unit: str
Topology in use ('countries', 'NUTS2', 'NUTS3').
timestamps: pd.DatetimeIndex
Time horizon for which inflows are computed.
"""
assert topology_unit in ["countries", "NUTS2", "NUTS3"], "Error: requested topology_unit not available."
# Load shapes based on topology
if topology_unit == 'countries':
shapes = get_natural_earth_shapes()
else: # topology in ['NUTS2', 'NUTS3']
shapes = get_nuts_shapes(topology_unit[-1:])
shapes_countries = replace_iso2_codes([code[:2] for code in shapes.index])
countries = sorted(list(set(shapes_countries)))
tech_dir = f"{data_path}technologies/"
tech_config = yaml.load(open(join(tech_dir, 'tech_config.yml')), Loader=yaml.FullLoader)
# Runoff data
runoff_dataset = read_runoff_data(resolution, timestamps)
# Find to which nuts region each of the runoff points belong
runoff_points_region_ds = \
match_points_to_regions(runoff_dataset.locations.values, shapes, keep_outside=False).dropna()
logger.info('Runoff measurement points mapped to regions shapes.')
def add_region_code(pp_df: pd.DataFrame):
if topology_unit == "countries":
pp_df['region_code'] = pp_df["ISO2"]
else:
pp_df['region_code'] = match_powerplants_to_regions(pp_df, shapes, shapes_countries)
pp_df = pp_df[~pp_df['region_code'].isnull()]
return pp_df
# Build ROR data
# Get all ROR powerplants in the countries of interest and add region name
logging.info('Building ROR data')
ror_plants_df = get_powerplants('ror', countries)
ror_plants_df = add_region_code(ror_plants_df)
# Get capacity and inflow per region (for which inflow data exists)
ror_capacity_ds, ror_inflows_df = build_ror_data(ror_plants_df.set_index(["region_code"])["Capacity"], timestamps,
runoff_dataset, runoff_points_region_ds)
# Build STO data
logging.info('Building STO data')
sto_plants_df = get_powerplants('sto', countries)
sto_plants_df = add_region_code(sto_plants_df)
sto_capacity_df, sto_inflows_df, sto_multipliers_ds = \
build_sto_data(sto_plants_df.set_index(["region_code"])["Capacity"], timestamps,
runoff_dataset, runoff_points_region_ds, ror_capacity_ds, ror_inflows_df)
# Build PHS data
logging.info('Building PHS data')
default_phs_duration = tech_config['phs']['default_duration']
phs_plants_df = get_powerplants('phs', countries)
phs_plants_df = add_region_code(phs_plants_df)
phs_capacity_df = build_phs_data(phs_plants_df, default_phs_duration)
# Merge capacities DataFrame.
capacities_df = pd.concat([ror_capacity_ds, sto_capacity_df, phs_capacity_df], axis=1, sort=True).round(3)
capacities_df.columns = ['ROR_CAP [GW]', 'STO_CAP [GW]', 'STO_EN_CAP [GWh]', 'PSP_CAP [GW]', 'PSP_EN_CAP [GWh]']
capacities_df.replace(0., np.nan, inplace=True)
capacities_df.dropna(how='all', inplace=True)
ror_inflows_df = ror_inflows_df[capacities_df['ROR_CAP [GW]'].dropna().index]
sto_inflows_df = sto_inflows_df[capacities_df['STO_CAP [GW]'].dropna().index]
# Saving files
save_dir = f"{data_path}generation/hydro/generated/"
capacities_df.to_csv(f"{save_dir}hydro_capacities_per_{topology_unit}.csv")
ror_inflows_df.to_csv(f"{save_dir}hydro_ror_time_series_per_{topology_unit}_pu.csv")
sto_inflows_df.to_csv(f"{save_dir}hydro_sto_inflow_time_series_per_{topology_unit}_GWh.csv")
sto_multipliers_ds.to_csv(f"{save_dir}hydro_sto_multipliers_per_{topology_unit}.csv", header=['multiplier'])
logger.info('Files saved to disk.')
def cluster_network(net: pypsa.Network, nuts_codes: List[str]):
# Get shapes of regions (onshore and offshore)
shapes = get_shapes(nuts_codes, which='onshore')
# --- Buses --- #
# TODO: this is shit --> should return a list keeping the index of the original points
def add_region(lon, lat):
try:
region_code = matched_locs[lon, lat]
# Need the if because some points are exactly at the same position
return region_code if (isinstance(region_code, str) or isinstance(region_code, float)
or isinstance(region_code, int)) else region_code.iloc[0]
except (AttributeError, KeyError):
return None
# plants_region_ds.loc[pp_df_in_country.index] = \
# pp_df_in_country[["lon", "lat"]].apply(lambda x: add_region(x[0], x[1]), axis=1)
buses_positions = net.buses[['x', 'y']].apply(lambda p: (p.x, p.y), axis=1).tolist()
matched_locs = match_points_to_regions(buses_positions, shapes["geometry"], keep_outside=False).dropna()
old_to_new_buses_map = net.buses[["x", "y"]].apply(lambda p: add_region(p.x, p.y), axis=1).dropna()
nuts_codes_with_buses = list(set(old_to_new_buses_map))
# Merge buses to centroid of countries (even offshore ones)
buses_df = pd.DataFrame(columns=["bus_id", "x", "y"])
buses_df["bus_id"] = nuts_codes_with_buses
buses_df = buses_df.set_index('bus_id')
regions = shapes.loc[nuts_codes_with_buses, 'geometry']
buses_df['onshore_region'] = regions
buses_df["x"] = regions.centroid.apply(lambda p: p.x)
buses_df["y"] = regions.centroid.apply(lambda p: p.y)
print(buses_df)
def compute_distance(bus0, bus1):
bus0_x, bus0_y = buses_df.loc[bus0, ['x', 'y']]
bus1_x, bus1_y = buses_df.loc[bus1, ['x', 'y']]
return geopy.distance.geodesic((bus0_y, bus0_x), (bus1_y, bus1_x)).km
# --- Lines --- #
# Remove lines associated to buses that have been removed
net.lines = net.lines.loc[net.lines.bus0.isin(old_to_new_buses_map.index)
& net.lines.bus1.isin(old_to_new_buses_map.index)]
# Assign new bus to lines
net.lines.bus0 = net.lines.bus0.map(old_to_new_buses_map)
net.lines.bus1 = net.lines.bus1.map(old_to_new_buses_map)
# Remove lines that have the same starting and end bus
net.lines = net.lines[net.lines.bus0 != net.lines.bus1]
# Merge lines with same starting and end bus
# Get all lines connected to the same bus in the same direction
net.lines[['bus0', 'bus1']] = [sorted((bus0, bus1)) for (bus0, bus1) in net.lines[['bus0', 'bus1']].values]
# Get pairs of connected bus
connected_buses = set([(bus0, bus1) for (bus0, bus1) in net.lines[['bus0', 'bus1']].values.tolist()])
all_lines_df = pd.DataFrame()
# Compute reactance of lines
net.lines["x"] = net.lines["length"]*net.lines['type'].map(net.line_types.x_per_length)
for bus0, bus1 in connected_buses:
# line_index = f"{bus0}-{bus1}"
# lines_df.loc[line_index, ['bus0', 'bus1']] = (bus0, bus1)
# Get all lines in original network that were connected to bus0 and bus1
old_lines_df = net.lines[(net.lines.bus0 == bus0) & (net.lines.bus1 == bus1)]
# Merge those lines by voltage level
# TODO: Parameters to consider
# - name: ok
# - bus0: ok
# - bus1: ok
# - underground: ? --> affect cost
# - under_construction: already dealt with before
# - tags: nope
# - geometry: nope (replaced by straight line)
# - length: how? -> just take fly-distance (times 1.25 like in pypsa-eur?)
# - x: how?
# - v_nom: how?
# - num_parallel: how?
# Use sth similar to this: net.lines.loc[non380_lines_b, 'num_parallel'] *= (net.lines.loc[non380_lines_b, 'v_nom'] / 380.)**2 ?
# - s_nom: how?
lines_df = old_lines_df.groupby("type")['v_nom'].unique().apply(lambda x: x[0]).to_frame()
lines_df['s_nom'] = old_lines_df.groupby("type")['s_nom'].sum()
lines_df['num_parallel'] = old_lines_df.groupby("type")['num_parallel'].sum()
lines_df['x'] = old_lines_df.groupby("type")['x'].apply(lambda x: 1/sum(1/x))
lines_df["line_id"] = lines_df['v_nom'].apply(lambda x: f"{bus0}-{bus1}-{x}")
lines_df["bus0"] = bus0
lines_df["bus1"] = bus1
lines_df["length"] = lines_df[['bus0', 'bus1']].apply(lambda x: compute_distance(x.bus0, x.bus1), axis=1)
lines_df = lines_df.reset_index().set_index('line_id')
all_lines_df = pd.concat((all_lines_df, lines_df))
print(all_lines_df)
# --- Links --- #
# Remove lines associated to buses that have been removed
net.links = net.links.loc[net.links.bus0.isin(old_to_new_buses_map.index)
& net.links.bus1.isin(old_to_new_buses_map.index)]
net.links.bus0 = net.links.bus0.map(old_to_new_buses_map)
net.links.bus1 = net.links.bus1.map(old_to_new_buses_map)
# Remove links that have the same starting and end bus
net.links = net.links[net.links.bus0 != net.links.bus1]
# Merge links with same starting and end bus
# Get all links connected to the same bus in the same direction
net.links[['bus0', 'bus1']] = [sorted((str(bus0), str(bus1))) for (bus0, bus1) in net.links[['bus0', 'bus1']].values]
# Get pairs of connected bus
connected_buses = set([(bus0, bus1) for (bus0, bus1) in net.links[['bus0', 'bus1']].values.tolist()])
links_df = pd.DataFrame(index=[f"{bus0}-{bus1}" for (bus0, bus1) in connected_buses],
columns=['bus0', 'bus1', 'p_nom', 'length'])
for bus0, bus1 in connected_buses:
link_index = f"{bus0}-{bus1}"
links_df.loc[link_index, ['bus0', 'bus1']] = (bus0, bus1)
# Get all links in original network that were connected to bus0 and bus1
old_links_df = net.links[(net.links.bus0 == bus0) & (net.links.bus1 == bus1)]
# Add capacities
links_df.loc[link_index, 'p_nom'] = old_links_df['p_nom'].sum()
links_df["length"] = links_df[['bus0', 'bus1']].apply(lambda x: compute_distance(x.bus0, x.bus1), axis=1)
# TODO: Parameters to consider
# - name: ok
# - bus0: ok
# - bus1: ok
# - carrier: nope --> all dc
# - underground: how? --> affect cost
# - underwater_fraction: how? --> affect cost
# - under_construction: already dealt with before
# - tags: nope
# - geometry: nope (replaced by straight line)
# - length: how? -> just take fly-distance (times 1.25 like in pypsa-eur?)
# - p_nom: how?
# - num_parallel: how?
# TODO: What about transformers?
#
print(net.links)
print(links_df)
clustered_net = pypsa.Network()
clustered_net.import_components_from_dataframe(buses_df, 'Bus')
clustered_net.import_components_from_dataframe(all_lines_df, 'Line')
clustered_net.import_components_from_dataframe(links_df, 'Link')
print(clustered_net.buses.onshore_region)
return clustered_net