def bar():
x = 13
def helloworld():
return "hello world, val of x:%d" % x
print(methods.callf(helloworld))
def bar():
x = 13
def helloworld():
return "Привет, Мир! x = %d" % x
print(helloworld.__closure__[0].cell_contents)
return foo.callf(helloworld)
def bar():
x = 13
print("running bar..")
# print(bar.__globals__)
def helloworld1():
print(helloworld1.__globals__)
return "Hello World. x is %d" % x
print(foo.callf(helloworld1)) # returns 'Hello World, x is 13'
print(helloworld1.__globals__)
import foo
def helloworld():
return "Hello World! welcome."
foo.callf(helloworld)
import foo x = 37 def helloworld(): print "Hello World. x is %d" % x foo.callf(helloworld)
print("a", a)
'''function as objects and closures'''
x = 4321
def helloworld():
return "hello world, val of x:%d" % x
'''n the above case, the helloworld function uses the value of x that is defined in the same environment as where helloworld
function is defined. Although variable 'x' with same name is define in the module where this function is being called, #
that is not used. When the statements that make up a functions are packaged together with the environment in which they execute, the
resulting object is known as closure
'''
print(methods.callf(helloworld))
print(helloworld.__globals__) # in this one can see the
'''when nested functions are used, closure capture the entire environment needed for the inner function to execute'''
def bar():
x = 13
def helloworld():
return "hello world, val of x:%d" % x
print(methods.callf(helloworld))
bar()
'''closure is highly effective way to preserve state across a series of function calls'''