def issubdtype(arg1, arg2):
"""
Returns True if first argument is a typecode lower/equal in type hierarchy.
Parameters
----------
arg1, arg2 : dtype_like
dtype or string representing a typecode.
Returns
-------
out : bool
See Also
--------
issubsctype, issubclass_
numpy.core.numerictypes : Overview of numpy type hierarchy.
Examples
--------
>>> np.issubdtype('S1', str)
True
>>> np.issubdtype(np.float64, np.float32)
False
"""
if issubclass_(arg2, generic):
return issubclass(dtype(arg1).type, arg2)
mro = dtype(arg2).type.mro()
if len(mro) > 1:
val = mro[1]
else:
val = mro[0]
return issubclass(dtype(arg1).type, val)
def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
"""Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
from numpy.core.multiarray import dtype
if value.fields is None:
vfields = {'f0': (value, 0)}
else:
vfields = dict(value.fields)
if value.names and value.names[-1] == '' and \
value[''].char == 'V':
# A trailing padding field is already present
vfields[''] = ('V%d' % (vfields[''][0].itemsize + padding),
vfields[''][1])
value = dtype(vfields)
else:
# Get a free name for the padding field
j = 0
while True:
name = 'pad%d' % j
if name not in vfields:
vfields[name] = ('V%d' % padding, value.itemsize)
break
j += 1
value = dtype(vfields)
if '' not in vfields:
# Strip out the name of the padding field
names = list(value.names)
names[-1] = ''
value.names = tuple(names)
return value
def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
"""Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
from numpy.core.multiarray import dtype
if value.fields is None:
vfields = {'f0': (value, 0)}
else:
vfields = dict(value.fields)
if value.names and value.names[-1] == '' and \
value[''].char == 'V':
# A trailing padding field is already present
vfields[''] = ('V%d' % (vfields[''][0].itemsize + padding),
vfields[''][1])
value = dtype(vfields)
else:
# Get a free name for the padding field
j = 0
while True:
name = 'pad%d' % j
if name not in vfields:
vfields[name] = ('V%d' % padding, value.itemsize)
break
j += 1
value = dtype(vfields)
if '' not in vfields:
# Strip out the name of the padding field
names = list(value.names)
names[-1] = ''
value.names = tuple(names)
return value
def _makenames_list(adict):
from multiarray import dtype
allfields = []
fnames = adict.keys()
for fname in fnames:
obj = adict[fname]
n = len(obj)
if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in [2, 3]:
raise ValueError, "entry not a 2- or 3- tuple"
if (n > 2) and (obj[2] == fname):
continue
num = int(obj[1])
if (num < 0):
raise ValueError, "invalid offset."
format = dtype(obj[0])
if (format.itemsize == 0):
raise ValueError, "all itemsizes must be fixed."
if (n > 2):
title = obj[2]
else:
title = None
allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
# sort by offsets
allfields.sort(lambda x, y: cmp(x[2], y[2]))
names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
return names, formats, offsets, titles
def _usefields(adict, align):
from multiarray import dtype
try:
names = adict[-1]
except KeyError:
names = None
if names is None:
names, formats, offsets, titles = _makenames_list(adict)
else:
formats = []
offsets = []
titles = []
for name in names:
res = adict[name]
formats.append(res[0])
offsets.append(res[1])
if (len(res) > 2):
titles.append(res[2])
else:
titles.append(None)
return dtype(
{
"names": names,
"formats": formats,
"offsets": offsets,
"titles": titles
}, align)
def _makenames_list(adict, align):
allfields = []
fnames = list(adict.keys())
for fname in fnames:
obj = adict[fname]
n = len(obj)
if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in [2, 3]:
raise ValueError("entry not a 2- or 3- tuple")
if (n > 2) and (obj[2] == fname):
continue
num = int(obj[1])
if (num < 0):
raise ValueError("invalid offset.")
format = dtype(obj[0], align=align)
if (n > 2):
title = obj[2]
else:
title = None
allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
# sort by offsets
allfields.sort(key=lambda x: x[2])
names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
return names, formats, offsets, titles
def _usefields(adict, align):
from multiarray import dtype
try:
names = adict[-1]
except KeyError:
names = None
if names is None:
names, formats, offsets, titles = _makenames_list(adict)
else:
formats = []
offsets = []
titles = []
for name in names:
res = adict[name]
formats.append(res[0])
offsets.append(res[1])
if (len(res) > 2):
titles.append(res[2])
else:
titles.append(None)
return dtype({"names" : names,
"formats" : formats,
"offsets" : offsets,
"titles" : titles}, align)
def _makenames_list(adict):
from multiarray import dtype
allfields = []
fnames = adict.keys()
for fname in fnames:
obj = adict[fname]
n = len(obj)
if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in [2,3]:
raise ValueError, "entry not a 2- or 3- tuple"
if (n > 2) and (obj[2] == fname):
continue
num = int(obj[1])
if (num < 0):
raise ValueError, "invalid offset."
format = dtype(obj[0])
if (format.itemsize == 0):
raise ValueError, "all itemsizes must be fixed."
if (n > 2):
title = obj[2]
else:
title = None
allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
# sort by offsets
allfields.sort(lambda x,y: cmp(x[2],y[2]))
names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
return names, formats, offsets, titles
def obj2sctype(rep, default=None):
"""
Return the scalar dtype or NumPy equivalent of Python type of an object.
Parameters
----------
rep : any
The object of which the type is returned.
default : any, optional
If given, this is returned for objects whose types can not be
determined. If not given, None is returned for those objects.
Returns
-------
dtype : dtype or Python type
The data type of `rep`.
See Also
--------
sctype2char, issctype, issubsctype, issubdtype, maximum_sctype
Examples
--------
>>> np.obj2sctype(np.int32)
<type 'numpy.int32'>
>>> np.obj2sctype(np.array([1., 2.]))
<type 'numpy.float64'>
>>> np.obj2sctype(np.array([1.j]))
<type 'numpy.complex128'>
>>> np.obj2sctype(dict)
<type 'numpy.object_'>
>>> np.obj2sctype('string')
<type 'numpy.string_'>
>>> np.obj2sctype(1, default=list)
<type 'list'>
"""
try:
if issubclass(rep, generic):
return rep
except TypeError:
pass
if isinstance(rep, dtype):
return rep.type
if isinstance(rep, type):
return _python_type(rep)
if isinstance(rep, ndarray):
return rep.dtype.type
try:
res = dtype(rep)
except:
return default
return res.type
def _set_array_types():
ibytes = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64]
fbytes = [2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32, 64]
for bytes in ibytes:
bits = 8 * bytes
_add_array_type('int', bits)
_add_array_type('uint', bits)
for bytes in fbytes:
bits = 8 * bytes
_add_array_type('float', bits)
_add_array_type('complex', 2 * bits)
_gi = dtype('p')
if _gi.type not in sctypes['int']:
indx = 0
sz = _gi.itemsize
_lst = sctypes['int']
while (indx < len(_lst) and sz >= _lst[indx](0).itemsize):
indx += 1
sctypes['int'].insert(indx, _gi.type)
sctypes['uint'].insert(indx, dtype('P').type)
def _can_coerce_all(dtypelist, start=0):
N = len(dtypelist)
if N == 0:
return None
if N == 1:
return dtypelist[0]
thisind = start
while thisind < __len_test_types:
newdtype = dtype(__test_types[thisind])
numcoerce = len([x for x in dtypelist if newdtype >= x])
if numcoerce == N:
return newdtype
thisind += 1
return None
def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
"""Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
if value.fields is None:
field_spec = dict(names=['f0'],
formats=[value],
offsets=[0],
itemsize=value.itemsize)
else:
fields = value.fields
names = value.names
field_spec = dict(names=names,
formats=[fields[name][0] for name in names],
offsets=[fields[name][1] for name in names],
itemsize=value.itemsize)
field_spec['itemsize'] += padding
return dtype(field_spec)
def _getintp_ctype():
from multiarray import dtype
val = _getintp_ctype.cache
if val is not None:
return val
char = dtype('p').char
import ctypes
if (char == 'i'):
val = ctypes.c_int
elif char == 'l':
val = ctypes.c_long
elif char == 'q':
val = ctypes.c_longlong
else:
val = ctypes.c_long
_getintp_ctype.cache = val
return val
def _getintp_ctype():
from multiarray import dtype
val = _getintp_ctype.cache
if val is not None:
return val
char = dtype('p').char
import ctypes
if (char == 'i'):
val = ctypes.c_int
elif char == 'l':
val = ctypes.c_long
elif char == 'q':
val = ctypes.c_longlong
else:
val = ctypes.c_long
_getintp_ctype.cache = val
return val
def __init__(self, data):
if data.dtype.kind == 'm':
nat_value = array(['NaT'], dtype=data.dtype)[0]
int_dtype = dtype(data.dtype.byteorder + 'i8')
int_view = data.view(int_dtype)
v = int_view[not_equal(int_view, nat_value.view(int_dtype))]
if len(v) > 0:
# Max str length of non-NaT elements
max_str_len = max(len(str(maximum.reduce(v))),
len(str(minimum.reduce(v))))
else:
max_str_len = 0
if len(v) < len(data):
# data contains a NaT
max_str_len = max(max_str_len, 5)
self.format = '%' + str(max_str_len) + 'd'
self._nat = "'NaT'".rjust(max_str_len)
def _getintp_ctype():
val = _getintp_ctype.cache
if val is not None:
return val
if ctypes is None:
import numpy as np
val = dummy_ctype(np.intp)
else:
char = dtype('p').char
if (char == 'i'):
val = ctypes.c_int
elif char == 'l':
val = ctypes.c_long
elif char == 'q':
val = ctypes.c_longlong
else:
val = ctypes.c_long
_getintp_ctype.cache = val
return val
def _getintp_ctype():
from multiarray import dtype
val = _getintp_ctype.cache
if val is not None:
return val
char = dtype("p").char
import ctypes
if char == "i":
val = ctypes.c_int
elif char == "l":
val = ctypes.c_long
elif char == "q":
val = ctypes.c_longlong
else:
val = ctypes.c_long
_getintp_ctype.cache = val
return val
def _dtype_from_pep3118(spec, byteorder='@', is_subdtype=False):
from numpy.core.multiarray import dtype
fields = {}
offset = 0
explicit_name = False
this_explicit_name = False
common_alignment = 1
is_padding = False
last_offset = 0
dummy_name_index = [0]
def next_dummy_name():
dummy_name_index[0] += 1
def get_dummy_name():
while True:
name = 'f%d' % dummy_name_index[0]
if name not in fields:
return name
next_dummy_name()
# Parse spec
while spec:
value = None
# End of structure, bail out to upper level
if spec[0] == '}':
spec = spec[1:]
break
# Sub-arrays (1)
shape = None
if spec[0] == '(':
j = spec.index(')')
shape = tuple(map(int, spec[1:j].split(',')))
spec = spec[j + 1:]
# Byte order
if spec[0] in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
byteorder = spec[0]
if byteorder == '!':
byteorder = '>'
spec = spec[1:]
# Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
if byteorder in ('@', '^'):
type_map = _pep3118_native_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
else:
type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
# Item sizes
itemsize = 1
if spec[0].isdigit():
j = 1
for j in xrange(1, len(spec)):
if not spec[j].isdigit():
break
itemsize = int(spec[:j])
spec = spec[j:]
# Data types
is_padding = False
if spec[:2] == 'T{':
value, spec, align, next_byteorder = _dtype_from_pep3118(
spec[2:], byteorder=byteorder, is_subdtype=True)
elif spec[0] in type_map_chars:
next_byteorder = byteorder
if spec[0] == 'Z':
j = 2
else:
j = 1
typechar = spec[:j]
spec = spec[j:]
is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
if dtypechar in 'USV':
dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
itemsize = 1
numpy_byteorder = {'@': '=', '^': '='}.get(byteorder, byteorder)
value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
align = value.alignment
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier %r" % spec)
#
# Native alignment may require padding
#
# Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly implies
# that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
#
extra_offset = 0
if byteorder == '@':
start_padding = (-offset) % align
intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
offset += start_padding
if intra_padding != 0:
if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
# Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
else:
# We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
# as the item appears at most once
extra_offset += intra_padding
# Update common alignment
common_alignment = (align * common_alignment /
_gcd(align, common_alignment))
# Convert itemsize to sub-array
if itemsize != 1:
value = dtype((value, (itemsize, )))
# Sub-arrays (2)
if shape is not None:
value = dtype((value, shape))
# Field name
this_explicit_name = False
if spec and spec.startswith(':'):
i = spec[1:].index(':') + 1
name = spec[1:i]
spec = spec[i + 1:]
explicit_name = True
this_explicit_name = True
else:
name = get_dummy_name()
if not is_padding or this_explicit_name:
if name in fields:
raise RuntimeError(
"Duplicate field name '%s' in PEP3118 format" % name)
fields[name] = (value, offset)
last_offset = offset
if not this_explicit_name:
next_dummy_name()
byteorder = next_byteorder
offset += value.itemsize
offset += extra_offset
# Check if this was a simple 1-item type
if len(fields.keys()) == 1 and not explicit_name and fields['f0'][1] == 0 \
and not is_subdtype:
ret = fields['f0'][0]
else:
ret = dtype(fields)
# Trailing padding must be explicitly added
padding = offset - ret.itemsize
if byteorder == '@':
padding += (-offset) % common_alignment
if is_padding and not this_explicit_name:
ret = _add_trailing_padding(ret, padding)
# Finished
if is_subdtype:
return ret, spec, common_alignment, byteorder
else:
return ret
def _dtype_from_pep3118(spec, byteorder='@', is_subdtype=False):
from numpy.core.multiarray import dtype
fields = {}
offset = 0
explicit_name = False
this_explicit_name = False
common_alignment = 1
is_padding = False
last_offset = 0
dummy_name_index = [0]
def next_dummy_name():
dummy_name_index[0] += 1
def get_dummy_name():
while True:
name = 'f%d' % dummy_name_index[0]
if name not in fields:
return name
next_dummy_name()
# Parse spec
while spec:
value = None
# End of structure, bail out to upper level
if spec[0] == '}':
spec = spec[1:]
break
# Sub-arrays (1)
shape = None
if spec[0] == '(':
j = spec.index(')')
shape = tuple(map(int, spec[1:j].split(',')))
spec = spec[j+1:]
# Byte order
if spec[0] in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
byteorder = spec[0]
if byteorder == '!':
byteorder = '>'
spec = spec[1:]
# Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
if byteorder in ('@', '^'):
type_map = _pep3118_native_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
else:
type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
# Item sizes
itemsize = 1
if spec[0].isdigit():
j = 1
for j in xrange(1, len(spec)):
if not spec[j].isdigit():
break
itemsize = int(spec[:j])
spec = spec[j:]
# Data types
is_padding = False
if spec[:2] == 'T{':
value, spec, align, next_byteorder = _dtype_from_pep3118(
spec[2:], byteorder=byteorder, is_subdtype=True)
elif spec[0] in type_map_chars:
next_byteorder = byteorder
if spec[0] == 'Z':
j = 2
else:
j = 1
typechar = spec[:j]
spec = spec[j:]
is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
if dtypechar in 'USV':
dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
itemsize = 1
numpy_byteorder = {'@': '=', '^': '='}.get(byteorder, byteorder)
value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
align = value.alignment
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier %r" % spec)
#
# Native alignment may require padding
#
# Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly implies
# that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
#
extra_offset = 0
if byteorder == '@':
start_padding = (-offset) % align
intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
offset += start_padding
if intra_padding != 0:
if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
# Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
else:
# We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
# as the item appears at most once
extra_offset += intra_padding
# Update common alignment
common_alignment = (align*common_alignment
/ _gcd(align, common_alignment))
# Convert itemsize to sub-array
if itemsize != 1:
value = dtype((value, (itemsize,)))
# Sub-arrays (2)
if shape is not None:
value = dtype((value, shape))
# Field name
this_explicit_name = False
if spec and spec.startswith(':'):
i = spec[1:].index(':') + 1
name = spec[1:i]
spec = spec[i+1:]
explicit_name = True
this_explicit_name = True
else:
name = get_dummy_name()
if not is_padding or this_explicit_name:
if name in fields:
raise RuntimeError("Duplicate field name '%s' in PEP3118 format"
% name)
fields[name] = (value, offset)
last_offset = offset
if not this_explicit_name:
next_dummy_name()
byteorder = next_byteorder
offset += value.itemsize
offset += extra_offset
# Check if this was a simple 1-item type
if len(fields.keys()) == 1 and not explicit_name and fields['f0'][1] == 0 \
and not is_subdtype:
ret = fields['f0'][0]
else:
ret = dtype(fields)
# Trailing padding must be explicitly added
padding = offset - ret.itemsize
if byteorder == '@':
padding += (-offset) % common_alignment
if is_padding and not this_explicit_name:
ret = _add_trailing_padding(ret, padding)
# Finished
if is_subdtype:
return ret, spec, common_alignment, byteorder
else:
return ret
def loadtxt(fname, dtype=float, comments='#', delimiter=None, converters=None,
skiprows=0, usecols=None, unpack=False):
"""
Load ASCII data from fname into an array and return the array.
The data must be regular, same number of values in every row
fname can be a filename or a file handle. Support for gzipped files is
automatic, if the filename ends in .gz
See scipy.loadmat to read and write matfiles.
Example usage:
X = loadtxt('test.dat') # data in two columns
t = X[:,0]
y = X[:,1]
Alternatively, you can do the same with "unpack"; see below
X = loadtxt('test.dat') # a matrix of data
x = loadtxt('test.dat') # a single column of data
dtype - the data-type of the resulting array. If this is a
record data-type, the the resulting array will be 1-d and each row will
be interpreted as an element of the array. The number of columns
used must match the number of fields in the data-type in this case.
comments - the character used to indicate the start of a comment
in the file
delimiter is a string-like character used to seperate values in the
file. If delimiter is unspecified or none, any whitespace string is
a separator.
converters, if not None, is a dictionary mapping column number to
a function that will convert that column to a float. Eg, if
column 0 is a date string: converters={0:datestr2num}
skiprows is the number of rows from the top to skip
usecols, if not None, is a sequence of integer column indexes to
extract where 0 is the first column, eg usecols=(1,4,5) to extract
just the 2nd, 5th and 6th columns
unpack, if True, will transpose the matrix allowing you to unpack
into named arguments on the left hand side
t,y = load('test.dat', unpack=True) # for two column data
x,y,z = load('somefile.dat', usecols=(3,5,7), unpack=True)
"""
if _string_like(fname):
if fname.endswith('.gz'):
import gzip
fh = gzip.open(fname)
else:
fh = file(fname)
elif hasattr(fname, 'seek'):
fh = fname
else:
raise ValueError('fname must be a string or file handle')
X = []
dtype = multiarray.dtype(dtype)
defconv = _getconv(dtype)
converterseq = None
if converters is None:
converters = {}
if dtype.names is not None:
converterseq = [_getconv(dtype.fields[name][0]) \
for name in dtype.names]
for i,line in enumerate(fh):
if i<skiprows: continue
line = line[:line.find(comments)].strip()
if not len(line): continue
vals = line.split(delimiter)
if converterseq is None:
converterseq = [converters.get(j,defconv) \
for j in xrange(len(vals))]
if usecols is not None:
row = [converterseq[j](vals[j]) for j in usecols]
else:
row = [converterseq[j](val) for j,val in enumerate(vals)]
if dtype.names is not None:
row = tuple(row)
X.append(row)
X = array(X, dtype)
r,c = X.shape
if r==1 or c==1:
X.shape = max([r,c]),
if unpack: return X.T
else: return X
def __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype):
field_spec = dict(names=[], formats=[], offsets=[], itemsize=0)
offset = 0
common_alignment = 1
is_padding = False
# Parse spec
while stream:
value = None
# End of structure, bail out to upper level
if stream.consume('}'):
break
# Sub-arrays (1)
shape = None
if stream.consume('('):
shape = stream.consume_until(')')
shape = tuple(map(int, shape.split(',')))
# Byte order
if stream.next in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
byteorder = stream.advance(1)
if byteorder == '!':
byteorder = '>'
stream.byteorder = byteorder
# Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
if stream.byteorder in ('@', '^'):
type_map = _pep3118_native_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
else:
type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
# Item sizes
itemsize_str = stream.consume_until(lambda c: not c.isdigit())
if itemsize_str:
itemsize = int(itemsize_str)
else:
itemsize = 1
# Data types
is_padding = False
if stream.consume('T{'):
value, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype=True)
elif stream.next in type_map_chars:
if stream.next == 'Z':
typechar = stream.advance(2)
else:
typechar = stream.advance(1)
is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
if dtypechar in 'USV':
dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
itemsize = 1
numpy_byteorder = {
'@': '=',
'^': '='
}.get(stream.byteorder, stream.byteorder)
value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
align = value.alignment
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier %r" %
stream.s)
#
# Native alignment may require padding
#
# Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly implies
# that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
#
extra_offset = 0
if stream.byteorder == '@':
start_padding = (-offset) % align
intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
offset += start_padding
if intra_padding != 0:
if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
# Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
else:
# We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
# as the item appears at most once
extra_offset += intra_padding
# Update common alignment
common_alignment = _lcm(align, common_alignment)
# Convert itemsize to sub-array
if itemsize != 1:
value = dtype((value, (itemsize, )))
# Sub-arrays (2)
if shape is not None:
value = dtype((value, shape))
# Field name
if stream.consume(':'):
name = stream.consume_until(':')
else:
name = None
if not (is_padding and name is None):
if name is not None and name in field_spec['names']:
raise RuntimeError(
"Duplicate field name '%s' in PEP3118 format" % name)
field_spec['names'].append(name)
field_spec['formats'].append(value)
field_spec['offsets'].append(offset)
offset += value.itemsize
offset += extra_offset
field_spec['itemsize'] = offset
# extra final padding for aligned types
if stream.byteorder == '@':
field_spec['itemsize'] += (-offset) % common_alignment
# Check if this was a simple 1-item type, and unwrap it
if (field_spec['names'] == [None] and field_spec['offsets'][0] == 0
and field_spec['itemsize'] == field_spec['formats'][0].itemsize
and not is_subdtype):
ret = field_spec['formats'][0]
else:
_fix_names(field_spec)
ret = dtype(field_spec)
# Finished
return ret, common_alignment
def loadtxt(fname,
dtype=float,
comments='#',
delimiter=None,
converters=None,
skiprows=0,
usecols=None,
unpack=False):
"""
Load ASCII data from fname into an array and return the array.
The data must be regular, same number of values in every row
fname can be a filename or a file handle. Support for gzipped files is
automatic, if the filename ends in .gz
See scipy.loadmat to read and write matfiles.
Example usage:
X = loadtxt('test.dat') # data in two columns
t = X[:,0]
y = X[:,1]
Alternatively, you can do the same with "unpack"; see below
X = loadtxt('test.dat') # a matrix of data
x = loadtxt('test.dat') # a single column of data
dtype - the data-type of the resulting array. If this is a
record data-type, the the resulting array will be 1-d and each row will
be interpreted as an element of the array. The number of columns
used must match the number of fields in the data-type in this case.
comments - the character used to indicate the start of a comment
in the file
delimiter is a string-like character used to seperate values in the
file. If delimiter is unspecified or none, any whitespace string is
a separator.
converters, if not None, is a dictionary mapping column number to
a function that will convert that column to a float. Eg, if
column 0 is a date string: converters={0:datestr2num}
skiprows is the number of rows from the top to skip
usecols, if not None, is a sequence of integer column indexes to
extract where 0 is the first column, eg usecols=(1,4,5) to extract
just the 2nd, 5th and 6th columns
unpack, if True, will transpose the matrix allowing you to unpack
into named arguments on the left hand side
t,y = load('test.dat', unpack=True) # for two column data
x,y,z = load('somefile.dat', usecols=(3,5,7), unpack=True)
"""
if _string_like(fname):
if fname.endswith('.gz'):
import gzip
fh = gzip.open(fname)
else:
fh = file(fname)
elif hasattr(fname, 'seek'):
fh = fname
else:
raise ValueError('fname must be a string or file handle')
X = []
dtype = multiarray.dtype(dtype)
defconv = _getconv(dtype)
converterseq = None
if converters is None:
converters = {}
if dtype.names is not None:
converterseq = [_getconv(dtype.fields[name][0]) \
for name in dtype.names]
for i, line in enumerate(fh):
if i < skiprows: continue
line = line[:line.find(comments)].strip()
if not len(line): continue
vals = line.split(delimiter)
if converterseq is None:
converterseq = [converters.get(j,defconv) \
for j in xrange(len(vals))]
if usecols is not None:
row = [converterseq[j](vals[j]) for j in usecols]
else:
row = [converterseq[j](val) for j, val in enumerate(vals)]
if dtype.names is not None:
row = tuple(row)
X.append(row)
X = array(X, dtype)
r, c = X.shape
if r == 1 or c == 1:
X.shape = max([r, c]),
if unpack: return X.T
else: return X
def find_common_type(array_types, scalar_types):
"""
Determine common type following standard coercion rules.
Parameters
----------
array_types : sequence
A list of dtypes or dtype convertible objects representing arrays.
scalar_types : sequence
A list of dtypes or dtype convertible objects representing scalars.
Returns
-------
datatype : dtype
The common data type, which is the maximum of `array_types` ignoring
`scalar_types`, unless the maximum of `scalar_types` is of a
different kind (`dtype.kind`). If the kind is not understood, then
None is returned.
See Also
--------
dtype, common_type, can_cast, mintypecode
Examples
--------
>>> np.find_common_type([], [np.int64, np.float32, np.complex])
dtype('complex128')
>>> np.find_common_type([np.int64, np.float32], [])
dtype('float64')
The standard casting rules ensure that a scalar cannot up-cast an
array unless the scalar is of a fundamentally different kind of data
(i.e. under a different hierarchy in the data type hierarchy) then
the array:
>>> np.find_common_type([np.float32], [np.int64, np.float64])
dtype('float32')
Complex is of a different type, so it up-casts the float in the
`array_types` argument:
>>> np.find_common_type([np.float32], [np.complex])
dtype('complex128')
Type specifier strings are convertible to dtypes and can therefore
be used instead of dtypes:
>>> np.find_common_type(['f4', 'f4', 'i4'], ['c8'])
dtype('complex128')
"""
array_types = [dtype(x) for x in array_types]
scalar_types = [dtype(x) for x in scalar_types]
maxa = _can_coerce_all(array_types)
maxsc = _can_coerce_all(scalar_types)
if maxa is None:
return maxsc
if maxsc is None:
return maxa
try:
index_a = _kind_list.index(maxa.kind)
index_sc = _kind_list.index(maxsc.kind)
except ValueError:
return None
if index_sc > index_a:
return _find_common_coerce(maxsc, maxa)
else:
return maxa