def test_clements_beamsplitter_convention(self, tol):
"""test the beamsplitter convention"""
N = 2
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321]
phi = [0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.1121]
op_rect = qml.Interferometer(
theta, phi, varphi, mesh="rectangular", beamsplitter="clements", wires=wires
)
op_tria = qml.Interferometer(
theta, phi, varphi, mesh="triangular", beamsplitter="clements", wires=wires
)
for rec in [op_rect.expand(), op_tria.expand()]:
assert len(rec.queue) == 4
assert isinstance(rec.queue[0], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[0].parameters == phi
assert isinstance(rec.queue[1], qml.Beamsplitter)
assert rec.queue[1].parameters == [theta[0], 0]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[2], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[2].parameters == [varphi[0]]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[3], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[3].parameters == [varphi[1]]
def expand(self):
with qml.tape.QuantumTape() as tape:
for l in range(self.n_layers):
qml.Interferometer(
theta=self.parameters[0][l],
phi=self.parameters[1][l],
varphi=self.parameters[2][l],
wires=self.wires,
)
for i in range(len(self.wires)):
qml.Squeezing(self.parameters[3][l, i],
self.parameters[4][l, i],
wires=self.wires[i])
qml.Interferometer(
theta=self.parameters[5][l],
phi=self.parameters[6][l],
varphi=self.parameters[7][l],
wires=self.wires,
)
for i in range(len(self.wires)):
qml.Displacement(self.parameters[8][l, i],
self.parameters[9][l, i],
wires=self.wires[i])
for i in range(len(self.wires)):
qml.Kerr(self.parameters[10][l, i], wires=self.wires[i])
return tape
def test_three_mode(self, tol):
"""Test that a three mode interferometer using either mesh gives the correct gates"""
N = 3
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321, 0.4523, 0.21321]
phi = [0.234, 0.324, 0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.234, 0.1121]
with qml.tape.OperationRecorder() as rec_rect:
qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires)
with qml.tape.OperationRecorder() as rec_tria:
qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires)
for rec in [rec_rect, rec_tria]:
# test both meshes (both give identical results for the 3 mode case).
assert len(rec.queue) == 6
expected_bs_wires = [[0, 1], [1, 2], [0, 1]]
for idx, op in enumerate(rec_rect.queue[:3]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Beamsplitter)
assert op.parameters == [theta[idx], phi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires(expected_bs_wires[idx])
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[3:]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Rotation)
assert op.parameters == [varphi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires([idx])
def test_four_mode_triangular(self, tol):
"""Test that a 4 mode interferometer using triangular mesh gives the correct gates"""
N = 4
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321, 0.4523, 0.21321, 0.123, 0.5234, 1.23]
phi = [0.234, 0.324, 0.234, 1.453, 1.42341, -0.534]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.234, 0.4523, 0.1121]
op = qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires, mesh="triangular")
rec = op.expand()
assert len(rec.queue) == 10
expected_bs_wires = [[2, 3], [1, 2], [0, 1], [2, 3], [1, 2], [2, 3]]
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[:6]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Beamsplitter)
assert op.parameters == [theta[idx], phi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires(expected_bs_wires[idx])
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[6:]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Rotation)
assert op.parameters == [varphi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires([idx])
def circuit(varphi, mesh=None):
qml.Interferometer(theta=[0.21],
phi=[0.53],
varphi=varphi,
mesh=mesh,
wires=[0, 1])
return qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(0))
def test_two_mode_triangular(self, tol):
"""Test that a two mode interferometer using the triangular mesh
correctly gives a beamsplitter+rotation gate"""
N = 2
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321]
phi = [0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.1121]
with qml.tape.OperationRecorder() as rec:
qml.Interferometer(theta,
phi,
varphi,
mesh="triangular",
wires=wires)
assert len(rec.queue) == 3
assert isinstance(rec.queue[0], qml.Beamsplitter)
assert rec.queue[0].parameters == theta + phi
assert isinstance(rec.queue[1], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[1].parameters == [varphi[0]]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[2], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[2].parameters == [varphi[1]]
def gbs_circuit():
# prepare the input squeezed states
for i in range(n_wires):
qml.Squeezing(1.0, 0.0, wires=i)
# linear interferometer
qml.Interferometer(U, wires=range(n_wires))
return qml.probs(wires=range(n_wires))
def circuit(theta, phi, varphi):
for w in wires:
qml.Squeezing(sq[w][0], sq[w][1], wires=w)
qml.Interferometer(theta=theta,
phi=phi,
varphi=varphi,
wires=wires)
return [qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(w)) for w in wires]
def test_one_mode(self, tol):
"""Test that a one mode interferometer correctly gives a rotation gate"""
varphi = [0.42342]
op = qml.Interferometer(theta=[], phi=[], varphi=varphi, wires=0)
rec = op.expand()
assert len(rec.queue) == 1
assert isinstance(rec.queue[0], qml.Rotation)
assert np.allclose(rec.queue[0].parameters, varphi, atol=tol)
def test_three_mode(self, tol):
"""Test that a three mode interferometer using either mesh gives the correct gates"""
N = 3
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321, 0.4523, 0.21321]
phi = [0.234, 0.324, 0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.234, 0.1121]
op_rect = qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires, mesh="rectangular")
op_tria = qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires, mesh="triangular")
# Test rectangular mesh
rec = op_rect.expand()
assert len(rec.queue) == 6
expected_bs_wires = [[0, 1], [1, 2], [0, 1]]
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[:3]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Beamsplitter)
assert op.parameters == [theta[idx], phi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires(expected_bs_wires[idx])
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[3:]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Rotation)
assert op.parameters == [varphi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires([idx])
# Test triangular mesh
rec = op_tria.expand()
assert len(rec.queue) == 6
expected_bs_wires = [[1, 2], [0, 1], [1, 2]]
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[:3]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Beamsplitter)
assert op.parameters == [theta[idx], phi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires(expected_bs_wires[idx])
for idx, op in enumerate(rec.queue[3:]):
assert isinstance(op, qml.Rotation)
assert op.parameters == [varphi[idx]]
assert op.wires == Wires([idx])
def test_clements_beamsplitter_convention(self, tol):
"""test the beamsplitter convention"""
N = 2
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321]
phi = [0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.1121]
with qml.tape.OperationRecorder() as rec_rect:
qml.Interferometer(theta,
phi,
varphi,
mesh="rectangular",
beamsplitter="clements",
wires=wires)
with qml.tape.OperationRecorder() as rec_tria:
qml.Interferometer(theta,
phi,
varphi,
mesh="triangular",
beamsplitter="clements",
wires=wires)
for rec in [rec_rect, rec_tria]:
assert len(rec.queue) == 4
assert isinstance(rec.queue[0], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[0].parameters == phi
assert isinstance(rec.queue[1], qml.Beamsplitter)
assert rec.queue[1].parameters == [theta[0], 0]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[2], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[2].parameters == [varphi[0]]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[3], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[3].parameters == [varphi[1]]
def test_two_mode_rect(self, tol):
"""Test that a two mode interferometer using the rectangular mesh
correctly gives a beamsplitter+rotation gate"""
N = 2
wires = range(N)
theta = [0.321]
phi = [0.234]
varphi = [0.42342, 0.1121]
op = qml.Interferometer(theta, phi, varphi, wires=wires)
rec = op.expand()
isinstance(rec.queue[0], qml.Beamsplitter)
assert rec.queue[0].parameters == theta + phi
assert isinstance(rec.queue[1], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[1].parameters == [varphi[0]]
assert isinstance(rec.queue[2], qml.Rotation)
assert rec.queue[2].parameters == [varphi[1]]
class TestRepresentationResolver:
"""Test the RepresentationResolver class."""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"list,element,index,list_after",
[
([1, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 2, 3], 2, 1, [1, 2, 2, 3]),
([1, 2, 3], 4, 3, [1, 2, 3, 4]),
],
)
def test_index_of_array_or_append(self, list, element, index, list_after):
"""Test the method index_of_array_or_append."""
assert RepresentationResolver.index_of_array_or_append(element, list) == index
assert list == list_after
@pytest.mark.parametrize("par,expected", [(3, "3"), (5.236422, "5.24"),])
def test_single_parameter_representation(self, unicode_representation_resolver, par, expected):
"""Test that single parameters are properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.single_parameter_representation(par) == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "XX", wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "YZ", wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), 0, "RI(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), 2, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), 3, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.PauliRot(3.14, "IXYZI", wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]), 4, "RI(3.14)"),
(qml.MultiRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.MultiRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1⟩"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0⟩"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1, wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)), wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)), wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|5⟩"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|7⟩"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7╳4,5,7|"),
(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]), 2, "1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁",),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array(
[
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, -1.0],
]
),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀+2.6x₀x₁-p₁²-4.7x₁p₁",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 1, "X⁻¹"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 2, "C"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_unicode(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, op, wire, target
):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation(op, wire) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"op,wire,target",
[
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "X"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "C"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 1, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 2, "SWAP"),
(qml.CSWAP(wires=[0, 2, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PauliY(wires=[1]), 1, "Y"),
(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z"),
(qml.CZ(wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.Identity(wires=[1]), 1, "I"),
(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1]), 1, "H"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.CRX(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.CRY(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.CRZ(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.CRot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.PhaseShift(3.14, wires=[0]), 0, "Rϕ(3.14)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Beamsplitter(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "BS(1, 2)"),
(qml.Squeezing(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.TwoModeSqueezing(1, 2, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "S(1, 2)"),
(qml.Displacement(1, 2, wires=[1]), 1, "D(1, 2)"),
(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1]), 1, "n"),
(qml.Rotation(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "R(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "X(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledAddition(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 1, "Z(3.14)"),
(qml.ControlledPhase(3.14, wires=[0, 1]), 0, "C"),
(qml.ThermalState(3, wires=[1]), 1, "Thermal(3)"),
(
qml.GaussianState(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]]), wires=[1]),
1,
"Gaussian(M0,M1)",
),
(qml.QuadraticPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "P(3.14)"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.S(wires=[2]), 2, "S"),
(qml.T(wires=[2]), 2, "T"),
(qml.RX(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RX(3.14)"),
(qml.RY(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RY(3.14)"),
(qml.RZ(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "RZ(3.14)"),
(qml.Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Rot(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.U1(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U1(3.14)"),
(qml.U2(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U2(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, wires=[1]), 1, "U3(3.14, 2.14, 1.14)"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|0>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|1>"),
(qml.BasisState(np.array([0, 1, 0]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|0>"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitStateVector(np.array([0, 1, 0, 0]), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "QubitStateVector(M0)"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=[1]), 1, "U0"),
(qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "U0"),
(qml.Kerr(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "Kerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 1, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CrossKerr(3.14, wires=[1, 2]), 2, "CrossKerr(3.14)"),
(qml.CubicPhase(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "V(3.14)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3]), 1, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.Interferometer(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 3]), 3, "Interferometer(M0)"),
(qml.CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1, wires=[1]), 1, "CatState(3.14, 2.14, 1)"),
(qml.CoherentState(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "CoherentState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)), wires=[1, 2]),
1,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.FockDensityMatrix(np.kron(np.eye(4), np.eye(4)), wires=[1, 2]),
2,
"FockDensityMatrix(M0)",
),
(
qml.DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14, wires=[1]),
1,
"DisplacedSqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, 1.14, 0.14)",
),
(qml.FockState(7, wires=[1]), 1, "|7>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 2, "|5>"),
(qml.FockStateVector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 3, "|7>"),
(qml.SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14, wires=[1]), 1, "SqueezedState(3.14, 2.14)"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 1, "H0"),
(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]), 2, "H0"),
(qml.X(wires=[1]), 1, "x"),
(qml.P(wires=[1]), 1, "p"),
(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]), 1, "|4,5,7X4,5,7|"),
(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1]), 2, "1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1",),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0",
),
(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array(
[
[1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 0, 0],
[-1.2, 1.2, -1.5, 0, 0],
[-1.3, 4.5, 2.3, 0, 0],
[0, 2.6, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, -4.7, 0],
]
),
wires=[1],
),
1,
"1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0+2.6x_0x_1-4.7x_1p_1",
),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1]), 1, "cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p"),
(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 1, "X^-1"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 0, "C"),
(qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 2, 1]).inv(), 2, "C"),
],
)
def test_operator_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver, op, wire, target):
"""Test that an Operator instance is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.operator_representation(op, wire) == target
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨X⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Y⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨Z⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨H⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "⟨H0⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨n⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨x⟩"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "⟨p⟩"),
(
qml.expval(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7|⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"⟨1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"⟨1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀⟩",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "⟨cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p⟩"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7╳4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x₀-1.3x₁+6p₁]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x₀+3.2p₀+1.2x₀²+2.3p₀²+3x₀p₀]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2]) @ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"⟨X ⊗ Y ⊗ Z⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
1,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
2,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
3,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
4,
"⟨|4,5,7╳4,5,7| ⊗ x⟩",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])
),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])
@ qml.Hermitian(2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])
),
0,
"Sample[H0 ⊗ H1]",
),
(qml.probs([0]), 0, "Probs"),
(state(), 0, "State"),
],
)
def test_output_representation_unicode(
self, unicode_representation_resolver, obs, wire, target
):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(obs, wire) == target
def test_fallback_output_representation_unicode(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
obs = qml.PauliZ(0)
obs.return_type = "TestReturnType"
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation(obs, 0) == "TestReturnType[Z]"
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"obs,wire,target",
[
(qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "<X>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "<Y>"),
(qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "<Z>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "<H>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "<H0>"),
(qml.expval(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "<n>"),
(qml.expval(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "<x>"),
(qml.expval(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "<p>"),
(
qml.expval(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7|>",
),
(
qml.expval(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"<1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"<1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0>",
),
(qml.expval(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "<cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p>"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[X]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Y]"),
(qml.var(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[Z]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[H]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Var[H0]"),
(qml.var(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[n]"),
(qml.var(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[x]"),
(qml.var(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Var[p]"),
(
qml.var(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Var[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.var(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Var[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.var(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"Var[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.var(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Var[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliX(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[X]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliY(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Y]"),
(qml.sample(qml.PauliZ(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[Z]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hadamard(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[H]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 1, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])), 2, "Sample[H0]"),
(qml.sample(qml.NumberOperator(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[n]"),
(qml.sample(qml.X(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[x]"),
(qml.sample(qml.P(wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[p]"),
(
qml.sample(qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3])),
1,
"Sample[|4,5,7X4,5,7|]",
),
(
qml.sample(qml.PolyXP(np.array([1, 2, 0, -1.3, 6]), wires=[1])),
2,
"Sample[1+2x_0-1.3x_1+6p_1]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.PolyXP(
np.array([[1.2, 2.3, 4.5], [-1.2, 1.2, -1.5], [-1.3, 4.5, 2.3]]), wires=[1]
)
),
1,
"Sample[1.2+1.1x_0+3.2p_0+1.2x_0^2+2.3p_0^2+3x_0p_0]",
),
(qml.sample(qml.QuadOperator(3.14, wires=[1])), 1, "Sample[cos(3.14)x+sin(3.14)p]"),
(
qml.expval(qml.PauliX(wires=[1]) @ qml.PauliY(wires=[2]) @ qml.PauliZ(wires=[3])),
1,
"<X @ Y @ Z>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
1,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
2,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
3,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.expval(
qml.FockStateProjector(np.array([4, 5, 7]), wires=[1, 2, 3]) @ qml.X(wires=[4])
),
4,
"<|4,5,7X4,5,7| @ x>",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2]) @ qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])
),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H0]",
),
(
qml.sample(
qml.Hermitian(np.eye(4), wires=[1, 2])
@ qml.Hermitian(2 * np.eye(4), wires=[0, 3])
),
0,
"Sample[H0 @ H1]",
),
(qml.probs([0]), 0, "Probs"),
(state(), 0, "State"),
],
)
def test_output_representation_ascii(self, ascii_representation_resolver, obs, wire, target):
"""Test that an Observable instance with return type is properly resolved."""
assert ascii_representation_resolver.output_representation(obs, wire) == target
def test_element_representation_none(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles None."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(None, 0) == ""
def test_element_representation_str(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation properly handles strings."""
assert unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation("Test", 0) == "Test"
def test_element_representation_calls_output(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls output_representation for returned observables."""
unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation = Mock()
obs = qml.sample(qml.PauliX(3))
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(obs, wire)
assert unicode_representation_resolver.output_representation.call_args[0] == (obs, wire)
def test_element_representation_calls_operator(self, unicode_representation_resolver):
"""Test that element_representation calls operator_representation for all operators that are not returned."""
unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation = Mock()
op = qml.PauliX(3)
wire = 3
unicode_representation_resolver.element_representation(op, wire)
assert unicode_representation_resolver.operator_representation.call_args[0] == (op, wire)
def test_interferometer(self, t, tol):
"""An integration test for CV gates that support analytic differentiation
if succeeding the gate to be differentiated, but cannot be differentiated
themselves (for example, they may be Gaussian but accept no parameters,
or may accept a numerical array parameter.).
This ensures that, assuming their _heisenberg_rep is defined, the quantum
gradient analytic method can still be used, and returns the correct result.
Currently, the only such operation is qml.Interferometer. In the future,
we may consider adding a qml.GaussianTransfom operator.
"""
if t == 1:
pytest.xfail(
"There is a bug in the second order CV parameter-shift rule; "
"phase arguments return the incorrect derivative.")
# Note: this bug currently affects PL core as well:
#
# dev = qml.device("default.gaussian", wires=2)
#
# U = np.array([[ 0.51310276+0.81702166j, 0.13649626+0.22487759j],
# [ 0.26300233+0.00556194j, -0.96414101-0.03508489j]])
#
# @qml.qnode(dev)
# def circuit(r, phi):
# qml.Displacement(r, phi, wires=0)
# qml.Interferometer(U, wires=[0, 1])
# return qml.expval(qml.X(0))
#
# r = 0.543
# phi = 0.
#
# >>> print(circuit.jacobian([r, phi], options={"force_order2":False}))
# [[ 1.02620552 0.14823494]]
# >>> print(circuit.jacobian([r, phi], options={"force_order2":True}))
# [[ 1.02620552 -0.88728552]]
U = np.array([
[0.51310276 + 0.81702166j, 0.13649626 + 0.22487759j],
[0.26300233 + 0.00556194j, -0.96414101 - 0.03508489j],
])
with qml.tape.JacobianTape() as tape:
qml.Displacement(0.543, 0, wires=0)
qml.Interferometer(U, wires=[0, 1])
qml.expval(qml.X(0))
tape.trainable_params = {t}
dev = qml.device("default.gaussian", wires=2)
tapes, fn = qml.gradients.finite_diff(tape)
grad_F = fn(dev.batch_execute(tapes))
tapes, fn = param_shift_cv(tape, dev)
grad_A = fn(dev.batch_execute(tapes))
tapes, fn = param_shift_cv(tape, dev, force_order2=True)
grad_A2 = fn(dev.batch_execute(tapes))
assert tape._par_info[0]["grad_method"] == "A"
assert tape._par_info[1]["grad_method"] == "A"
# the different methods agree
assert np.allclose(grad_A, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
assert np.allclose(grad_A2, grad_F, atol=tol, rtol=0)
def circuit(theta, phi, varphi):
qml.Interferometer(theta=theta, phi=phi, varphi=varphi, wires=range(4))
return qml.expval(qml.X(0))
