コード例 #1
0
ファイル: SS.py プロジェクト: joanrs95/xuAnalysis
def save(name):
  hm.SetHisto(name)
  hm.Save(outname = outpath+'/'+name, htag = '')
  s = Stack(outpath = outpath+'/plots/')
  s.SetColors(colors)
  s.SetProcesses(processes)
  s.SetLumi(GetLumi(year))
  s.SetOutName(name)
  s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
  s.DrawStack(vardic[name] if name in vardic.keys() else '', 'Events')
コード例 #2
0
def StackPlot(var = 'mt2', xtit = 'm_{T2} (GeV)'):
  hm = HistoManager(process, syst, path=path)
  hm.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
  hm.GetDataHisto()
  s = Stack(outpath=outpath)
  s.SetColors(colors)
  s.SetProcesses(processes)
  s.SetLumi(GetLumi(year))
  s.SetOutName('stack_'+var)
  s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
  s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
コード例 #3
0
 def DrawHisto(self,
               doSF=False,
               name='',
               chan='',
               level='',
               rebin=1,
               log=True):
     self.SetChanAndLevel('', level)
     self.SetMode('SF' if doSF else 'OF')
     if name == '':
         name = 'DYDD_%s_%s' % ('SF' if doSF else 'OF', self.GetLevel())
     hData = self.GetDYhisto(chan, level, True)
     hMC = self.GetDYhisto(chan, level, False)
     hemu = self.GetDYhisto('ElMu', level, True)
     hData.SetMarkerStyle(20)
     hData.SetMarkerColor(1)
     hData.SetLineColor(1)
     hData.SetMarkerSize(1.3)
     hMC.SetFillStyle(1000)
     hMC.SetLineColor(kAzure - 8)
     hMC.SetFillColor(kAzure - 8)
     hemu.SetFillStyle(1000)
     hemu.SetLineColor(kGray)
     hemu.SetFillColor(kGray)
     hData.Rebin(rebin)
     hemu.Rebin(rebin)
     hMC.Rebin(rebin)
     ke, kee = self.GetKfactor(elname)
     km, kme = self.GetKfactor(muname)
     hemu.Scale(0.5 * (ke if chan == 'ElE' else km))
     hs = THStack()
     hs.Add(hemu)
     hs.Add(hMC)
     lab = 'e^{#pm}e^{#mp}' if chan == 'ElEl' else '#mu^{#pm}#mu^{#mp}'
     rlab = 'ee' if chan == 'ElEl' else '#mu#mu'
     processes = [
         'Z/#gamma*#rightarrow %s' % (lab),
         '0.5 k_{%s} #times Data(e#mu)' % rlab
     ]
     colors = {processes[0]: kAzure - 9, processes[1]: kGray}
     s = Stack(doRatio=False)
     s.SetXtitle(size=0.06, offset=0.8, nDiv=510, labSize=0.05)
     s.SetTextCMS(cmstex='CMS', x=0.13, y=0.88, s=0.06)
     s.SetTextCMSmode(texcmsMode='Preliminary', x=0.225, y=0.875, s=0.052)
     s.SetLumi(304.32)
     s.SetTextLumi(texlumi='%2.1f pb^{-1} (5.02 TeV)',
                   texlumiX=0.68,
                   texlumiY=0.95,
                   texlumiS=0.045)
     s.SetDataHisto(hData)
     s.SetColors(colors)
     s.SetStack(hs)
     s.SetOutName('DYestimate_%s%s' % (chan, level) +
                  ('_log' if log else ''))
     s.SetOutPath(self.outpath)
     plotMinimum = 0.5 if log else 0
     plotMaxScale = 10 if log else 1.3
     s.SetLogY(log)
     s.SetPlotMaxScale(plotMaxScale)
     s.SetPlotMinimum(plotMinimum)
     maximum = hData.GetMaximum() * (5 if log else 1.2)
     s.AddLine(76, 0.5, 76, maximum)
     s.AddLine(106, 0.5, 106, maximum)
     s.processes = processes
     s.SetLegendPos(x0=0.60, y0=0.55, x1=0.93, y1=0.91, size=0.042, ncol=1)
     s.DrawStack('m_{%s} (GeV)' % rlab)
コード例 #4
0
def StackPlot(var='NJets',
              ch='ElMu',
              lev='2jets',
              blind=False,
              ratiolims=[0.4, 1.6],
              binlabels='',
              rangeX=[0, 0]):
    hm = HistoManager(processes, syst, path=path)
    fname = '%s%s%s' % (var, ('_' + ch) if ch != '' else '',
                        ('_' + lev) if lev != '' else '')
    hm.ReadHistosFromFile(fname,
                          rebin=(rebin[var] if var in rebin.keys() else 1))
    hm.AddNormUnc(normunc)
    hm.GetDataHisto()
    s = Stack(outpath=outpath + '/stackplots/')
    s.SetRangeX(rangeX)
    s.SetColors(colors)
    s.SetProcesses(processes)
    s.SetLumi(Lumi)
    s.SetRangeX(ran[var][lev] if var in ran and (
        isinstance(ran[var], dict) and lev in ran[var].keys()) else (
            ran[var] if var in ran.keys() else [0, 0]))
    s.SetHistoPadMargins(top=0.08, bottom=0.10, right=0.06, left=0.10)
    s.SetRatioPadMargins(top=0.03, bottom=0.40, right=0.06, left=0.10)
    s.SetTextLumi(texlumi='%2.1f pb^{-1} (5.02 TeV)',
                  texlumiX=0.62,
                  texlumiY=0.97,
                  texlumiS=0.05)
    if binlabels != '': s.SetBinLabels(binlabels)
    s.SetOutName('stack_' + fname)
    s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
    s.SetTextChan(pltlabel[ch][lev] if
                  (ch in pltlabel and lev in pltlabel[ch]) else '',
                  x=0.18,
                  s=0.036)
    xtit = titdic[var] if var in titdic else ''
    if ('%s') in xtit: xtit = xtit % pltlabel[ch]['dilepton']
    rmin, rmax = ratiolims
    s.SetRatioMin(rmin)
    s.SetRatioMax(rmax)
    s.SetYratioTitle('Data/Pred.')
    s.SetPlotMaxScale(1.8)
    # blind
    if blind:
        hData = s.TotMC.Clone("Asimov")
        hData.SetLineWidth(0)
        hData.SetMarkerStyle(20)
        hData.SetMarkerColor(kGray)
        hData2 = hData.Clone("Asimov2")
        hData2.Divide(hData)
        s.SetDataHisto(hData)
        s.SetRatio(hData2)

    s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
    if var == 'NJets' and lev == 'dilepton':
        s.SetLogY()
        s.SetPlotMaxScale(100)
        s.SetPlotMinimum(0.5)
        s.SetOutName('stack_log_' + fname)
        s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
コード例 #5
0
def StackPlotFancyRatios(var = 'mt2', xtit = 'm_{T2} (GeV)'):
  pr = [ 'ttZ', 'tW', 'Othernonprompt', 'tWnonprompt', 'Semileptonictt', 'ttDilepNonprompt', 'ttnongaus', 'ttgaus', 'tt']
  if isinstance(year, str):
    if chan=='all':
        hm     = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2016, region, 'emu'  , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm    .ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm17   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2017, region, 'emu'  , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm17  .ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm18   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2018, region, 'emu'  , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm18  .ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hmee   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2016, region, 'ee'   , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hmee  .ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm17ee = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2017, region, 'ee'   , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm17ee.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm18ee = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2018, region, 'ee'   , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm18ee.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hmmm   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2016, region, 'mumu' , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hmmm  .ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm17mm = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2017, region, 'mumu' , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm17mm.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm18mm = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2018, region, 'mumu' , ms, ml), signalList = 'stop'); hm18mm.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
        hm.Add(hm17).Add(hm18).Add(hmee).Add(hm17ee).Add(hm18ee).Add(hmmm).Add(hm17mm).Add(hm18mm)
    else:
      hm   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2016, region, chan, ms, ml), signalList = 'stop')
      hm.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
      hm17 = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2017, region, chan, ms, ml), signalList = 'stop')
      hm17.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
      hm18 = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetOutPath(2018, region, chan, ms, ml), signalList = 'stop')
      hm18.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
      hm.Add(hm17).Add(hm18)
  else: 
    hm = HistoManager(pr, '', path=path, signalList = 'stop')
    hm.ReadHistosFromFile(var)
  #hm.AddNormUnc({'tt':0.06, 'ttgaus':0.06, 'ttnongaus':0.3, 'ttDilepNonprompt':30, 'Semileptonictt':0.3, 'tWnonprompt':0.3, 'Nonprompt':0.3, 'ttZ':0.3,'tW':0.15})
  outdir = GetWebpath(year, region, chan, ms, ml)
  s = Stack(outpath=outdir+'/stackplots/')
  s.SetLegendName(legendNames)
  s.SetColors(colors)
  s.SetProcesses(pr)
  s.SetLumi(GetLumi(year) if isinstance(year, int) else (GetLumi(2016) + GetLumi(2017) + GetLumi(2018)) )
  s.SetOutName('stack_'+var)
  s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
  s.SetLegendPos(x0 = 0.45, y0 = 0.65, x1 = 0.93, y1 = 0.91, size = 0.035, ncol = 2)
  s.hRatioStatUnc.SetFillColorAlpha(0, 0)
  s.hRatioUnc.SetFillColorAlpha(0, 0)
  if (not var in ['mt2', 'met', 'dnn']) or (region != 'SR'): s.SetDataHisto(hm.indic['data_obs']['data_obs'])
  else                               : 
    #hData  = hm.GetSumBkg().Clone("Asimov")
    hData  = s.TotMC.Clone("Asimov")
    hData.SetLineWidth(0); hData.SetMarkerStyle(20); hData.SetMarkerColor(kGray)
    hData2 = hData.Clone("Asimov2")
    hData2.Divide(hData)
    s.SetDataHisto(hData)
    s.SetRatio(hData2)
  #s.AddSignalHisto(hm.indic['stop']['stop'], color = kTeal+2, mode = 'ontop', ratioBkg = True)
  if   region == 'SR': s.SetTextChan('SR: BS + p_{T}^{miss} #geq 50, m_{T2} #geq 80')
  elif region == 'BS': s.SetTextChan('BS: e#mu, #geq 2 jets, #geq 1 btag')
  elif region == 'ttmt2': s.SetTextChan('BS + met < 50')
  elif region == 'ttmet': s.SetTextChan('BS + m_{T2} < 80')
  hbkg=s.TotMC.Clone("Asimov")
  h1=hm.indic['ttgaus']['ttgaus'].Clone('ttgaus')
  h1.SetLineColor(colors['ttgaus']);h1.SetLineWidth(3); h1.SetFillColor(0) 
  h1.Divide(hbkg)
  s.SetRatio(h1)
  h2=hm.indic['ttnongaus']['ttnongaus'].Clone('ttnongaus')
  h2.SetLineColor(colors['ttnongaus']);h2.SetLineWidth(3); h2.SetFillColor(0)
  h2.Divide(hbkg)
  h3=hm.indic['tt']['tt'].Clone('tt')
  h3.SetLineColor(colors['tt']);h3.SetLineWidth(3); h3.SetFillColor(0)  
  h3.Divide(hbkg)
  s.extraRatio.append(h3)
  s.extraRatio.append(h2)
  s.extraRatio.append(h1)
  
  s.SetRatioMin(0); s.SetRatioMax(1)
  s.SetYratioTitle('Ratio')
  s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
  s.SetLogY()
  s.SetOutName('stackFancy_'+var+'_log')
  s.SetPlotMinimum(1.)
  s.SetPlotMaxScale(1200)
  s.SetLegendRatioPos(0,0,0,0,0)
  s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
コード例 #6
0
def DrawPostFit(ms=235, ml=60, htype='fit_s', var='dnn', ch='', year=''):
    getdir = lambda dirtype, ch: 'shapes_%s/%s/' % (dirtype, ch)
    getfname = lambda ms, ml: 'postfit_%s_%s_%s' % (var, str(ms), str(ml))

    # Get channels
    if not isinstance(ch, list):
        if ch == '': ch = ['ee', 'mumu', 'emu']
        elif ',' in ch: ch = ch.replace(' ', '').split(',')
        else: ch = [ch]
    if not isinstance(year, list):
        if year == '': year = [2016, 2017, 2018]
        elif isinstance(year, str) and ',' in year:
            year = year.replace(' ', '').split(',')
        else:
            year = [year]
    pch = []
    for y in year:
        for c in ch:
            pch.append(chdic[y][c])

    if len(year) == 3: yearname = 'comb'
    else: yearname = str(year[0])
    if len(ch) == 3: chname = 'all'
    else: chname = ch[0]

    # test or not depending on var
    ttname = 'tt' if not 'dnn' in var else 'tt_test'
    pr = bkg + [ttname]
    sig = ('stop'
           if not 'dnn' in var else 'stop_test') if htype != 'fit_b' else []

    hm = HistoManager(pr, '', path=pathToPostFit, signalList=sig)
    pathInTree = [getdir(htype, x) for x in pch]
    hm.SetPathInTree(pathInTree)
    hm.ReadHistosFromFile(getfname(ms, ml), dataname='data', rebin=1)
    hm.ReArrangeDic({
        'Others': ['ttW', 'ttZ', 'Nonprompt', 'VV'],
        't#bar{t}+tW': ['tW', ttname],
        'Drell-Yan': ['DY']
    })
    hm.GetDataHisto()
    #hm.indic['data_obs']['data_obs'] = hm.GetSumBkg()
    outdir = GetOutpath(region, year, ms, ml, ch)
    fprocess = ['Others', 'Drell-Yan', 't#bar{t}+tW']
    s = Stack(outpath=outdir + '/postfit/')
    colors['Others'] = kTeal + 2
    colors['t#bar{t}+tW'] = colors['tt']
    colors['Drell-Yan'] = colors['DY']
    s.SetColors(colors)
    s.SetProcesses(fprocess)
    s.SetLumi(
        GetLumi(year[0]) if len(year) == 1 else (GetLumi(2016) +
                                                 GetLumi(2017) +
                                                 GetLumi(2018)))
    outname = htype + '_' + var + '%s_%s_%i_%i' % (yearname, chname, ms, ml)
    s.SetOutName(outname)
    s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
    #s.Set
    t = TopHistoReader(pathToPostFit)
    t.ReComputeStatUnc = False
    t.SetPathInTree(pathInTree)
    hbkg = t.GetNamedHisto('total_background', getfname(ms, ml))
    hbkg.SetLineStyle(0)
    hbkg.SetLineWidth(0)
    hbkg.SetMarkerSize(0)

    s.SetTotMC(hbkg)
    s.SetMCunc(hbkg)
    s.SetMCstatUnc(None)
    s.SetMCnormUnc(None)

    s.SetRatioStatUnc(None)
    s.SetRatioNormUnc(None)
    s.SetRatioUnc(GetRatioHistoUncFromHisto(hbkg))

    s.SetRatioUncStyle()
    s.SetUncStyle()

    if sig != []:
        s.AddSignalHisto(hm.indic[sig][sig],
                         color=kViolet + 2,
                         mode='ontop',
                         ratioBkg=True,
                         name='stop')
    s.SetTextChan('SR: BS + p_{T}^{miss} #geq 50, m_{T2} #geq 80')
    s.SetRatioMin(0.5)
    s.SetRatioMax(1.5)
    s.SetPlotMaxScale(1.8)
    xtit = 'DNN score (%i, %i)' % (ms, ml)
    chlab = ''
    if chname == 'ee': chlab = 'ee'
    elif chname == 'mumu': chlab = '#mu#mu'
    elif chname == 'emu': chlab = 'e#mu'
    flab = 'Prefit'
    if htype == 'fit_b': flab = 'Fit background only'
    elif htype == 'fit_s': flab = 'Fit S+B'
    mlab = '#splitline{m_{#tilde{t}_{1}} = %1.0f GeV}{m_{#tilde{#chi}_{1}^{0}} = %1.0f GeV}' % (
        ms, ml)
    s.AddTex(flab, x=0.15, y=0.77, s=0.05)
    s.AddTex(mlab, x=0.15, y=0.62, s=0.04)
    s.AddTex(chlab, x=0.15, y=0.84, s=0.04)
    s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
    s.SetLogY()
    s.SetZoom(False)
    if var == 'dnn' and region == 'SR':
        s.SetZoom(True)
    s.SetOutName('log_' + outname)
    s.SetPlotMinimum(1)
    s.SetPlotMaxScale(1200)
    s.SetYratioTitle('Ratio')
コード例 #7
0
ファイル: SS.py プロジェクト: masar-almuttairi/xuAnalysis
def save(name, hm, processes=[''], oname=''):
    hm.SetHisto(name)
    opath = webpath + '/SS/%s/%s/' % (year, region)
    if not isinstance(year, str):
        hm.Save(outname=outpath + '/' + name, htag='')
    s = Stack(outpath=opath + '/plots%s/' % oname)
    s.SetLegendName(legendNames)
    s.SetColors(colors)
    s.SetProcesses(processes)
    s.SetLumi(
        GetLumi(year) if not isinstance(year, str) else GetLumi(2016) +
        GetLumi(2017) + GetLumi(2018))
    s.SetOutName(name)
    s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
    s.SetRatioMin(0.)
    s.SetRatioMax(2)
    s.DrawStack(vardic[name] if name in vardic.keys() else '', 'Events')
コード例 #8
0
ファイル: stack.py プロジェクト: masar-almuttairi/xuAnalysis
sys.path.append(basepath)
from plotter.TopHistoReader import TopHistoReader, HistoManager
from plotter.Plotter import Stack
from ROOT.TMath import Sqrt as sqrt
from ROOT import kRed, kOrange, kBlue, kTeal, kGreen, kGray, kAzure, kPink, kCyan, kBlack, kSpring, kViolet, kYellow
from ROOT import TCanvas, gROOT
gROOT.SetBatch(1)

year = 2018

#hm.SetHisto(hname, 1)
#hm16 = HistoManager(processes, systematics, '', path = path[2016], processDic = processDic[2016], lumi = GetLumi(2016)*1000)
#hm17 = HistoManager(processes, systematics, '', path = path[2017], processDic = processDic[2017], lumi = GetLumi(2017)*1000)
hm18 = HistoManager(processes, systematics, '', path = path[2018], processDic = processDic[2018], lumi = GetLumi(2018)*1000)

s = Stack(outpath = '/nfs/fanae/user/juanr/www/temp/%s/'%year)
s.SetColors(colors)
s.SetProcesses(processes)
s.SetLumi(GetLumi(year))# if not isinstance(year, str) else GetLumi(2016)+GetLumi(2017)+GetLumi(2018))

def Draw(var = 'H_Lep0Pt_ElMu_2jets', ch = 'ElMu', lev = 'dilepton', rebin = 1, xtit = '', ytit = 'Events', doStackOverflow = False, binlabels = '', setLogY = False, maxscale = 1.15):
  name = 'H_%s_%s_%s'%(var, ch, lev)
  #hm16.SetStackOverflow(doStackOverflow)
  #hm17.SetStackOverflow(doStackOverflow)
  hm18.SetStackOverflow(doStackOverflow)
  hm18.SetHisto(name, rebin)
  hm = hm18#hm16.Add(hm17).Add(hm18)
  s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
  s.SetOutName(name)
  s.SetBinLabels(binlabels)
 
コード例 #9
0
def StackPlot(var = 'mt2', xtit = 'm_{T2} (GeV)', rebin=1):
  pr = process.replace(' ', '').split(',')#['VV', 'ttW', 'DY', 'Nonprompt', 'ttZ', 'tW', 'tt']
  #pr = ['Others', 'Nonprompt', 'ttZ', 'tW', 'tt']
  if year == 'comb':
    hm   = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetPath(region, 2016, ms, ml, ch), signalList = 'stop'); hm.SetStackOverflow()
    hm.ReadHistosFromFile(var,rebin=rebin)
    hm17 = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetPath(region, 2017, ms, ml, ch), signalList = 'stop'); hm17.SetStackOverflow()
    hm17.ReadHistosFromFile(var,rebin=rebin)
    hm18 = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=GetPath(region, 2018, ms, ml, ch), signalList = 'stop'); hm18.SetStackOverflow()
    hm18.ReadHistosFromFile(var,rebin=rebin)
    hm.Add(hm17).Add(hm18)
  else: 
    hm = HistoManager(pr, syst, path=path, signalList = 'stop'); hm.SetStackOverflow()
  hm.ReadHistosFromFile(var, rebin=rebin)
  hm.AddNormUnc({'tt':0.06, 'Nonprompt':0.3, 'DY':0.3,'ttZ':0.3,'tW':0.15})
  hm.GetDataHisto()
  #if ('mt2' in var or 'met' in var or 'dnn' in var or 'lblb' in var) and region != 'CR':
  #  #del hm.indic['data_obs'] # blind
  #  hm.indic['data_obs']['data_obs'] = hm.GetSumBkg()
  outdir = GetOutpath(region, year, ms, ml, ch)
  s = Stack(outpath=outdir+'/stackplots/')
  s.SetColors(colors)
  s.SetProcesses(pr)
  s.SetLumi(GetLumi(year) if isinstance(year, int) else (GetLumi(2016) + GetLumi(2017) + GetLumi(2018)) )
  s.SetOutName('stack_'+var)
  s.SetHistosFromMH(hm)
  s.SetDataHisto(hm.indic['data_obs']['data_obs'])
  #if not ('mt2' in var or 'met' in var or 'dnn' in var or 'lblb' in var) or (region == 'CR'): s.SetDataHisto(hm.indic['data_obs']['data_obs'])
  #else                               : 
  #  #hData  = hm.GetSumBkg().Clone("Asimov")
  #  hData  = s.TotMC.Clone("Asimov")
  #  hData.SetLineWidth(0); hData.SetMarkerStyle(20); hData.SetMarkerColor(kGray)
  #  hData2 = hData.Clone("Asimov2")
  #  hData2.Divide(hData)
  #  s.SetDataHisto(hData)
  #  s.SetRatio(hData2)
  s.AddSignalHisto(hm.indic['stop']['stop'], color = kTeal+2, mode = 'ontop', ratioBkg = True)
  if   region == 'SR': s.SetTextChan('SR: BS + p_{T}^{miss} #geq 50, m_{T2} #geq 80')
  elif region == 'BS': s.SetTextChan('BS: e#mu, #geq 2 jets, #geq 1 btag')
  elif region == 'CR': s.SetTextChan('BS + met < 50, m_{T2} < 80 ')
  elif region == 'ttmt2': s.SetTextChan('BS + met < 50')
  elif region == 'ttmet': s.SetTextChan('BS + m_{T2} < 80')
  s.SetRatioMin(0.0); s.SetRatioMax(2.5)
  #s.SetYratioTitle('S/(S+B)')
  s.SetYratioTitle('Ratio')
  s.SetPlotMaxScale(2.5)
  s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')
  s.SetLogY()
  s.SetOutName('stack_log_'+var)
  s.SetPlotMinimum(0.1)
  s.SetPlotMaxScale(1200)
  s.DrawStack(xtit, 'Events')