def assert_gates_equivalent(qibo_gate,
cirq_gates,
nqubits,
ndevices=None,
atol=1e-7):
"""Asserts that QIBO and Cirq gates have equivalent action on a random state.
Args:
qibo_gate: QIBO gate.
cirq_gates: List of tuples (cirq gate, target qubit IDs).
nqubits: Total number of qubits in the circuit.
atol: Absolute tolerance in state vector comparsion.
"""
initial_state = random_state(nqubits)
target_state, target_depth = execute_cirq(cirq_gates, nqubits,
np.copy(initial_state))
accelerators = None
if ndevices is not None:
accelerators = {"/GPU:0": ndevices}
if accelerators:
if not K.supports_multigpu:
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
elif K.get_platform() == "numba" and len(
K.available_platforms) > 1: # pragma: no cover
pytest.skip("Skipping distributed cirq test for numba platform.")
else:
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
c.add(qibo_gate)
final_state = c(np.copy(initial_state))
assert c.depth == target_depth
K.assert_allclose(final_state, target_state, atol=atol)
def test_circuit_with_noise_noise_map():
"""Check ``circuit.with_noise() when giving noise map."""
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend("matmuleinsum")
noise_map = {0: (0.1, 0.2, 0.1), 1: (0.2, 0.3, 0.0),
2: (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)}
c = models.Circuit(3)
c.add([gates.H(0), gates.H(1), gates.X(2)])
c.add(gates.M(2))
noisy_c = c.with_noise(noise_map, measurement_noise = (0.3, 0.0, 0.0))
target_c = models.Circuit(3)
target_c.add(gates.H(0))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.0))
target_c.add(gates.H(1))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.0))
target_c.add(gates.X(2))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.0))
target_c.add(gates.NoiseChannel(2, 0.3, 0.0, 0.0))
final_state = noisy_c().numpy()
target_state = target_c().numpy()
np.testing.assert_allclose(target_state, final_state)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_measurements_with_probabilistic_noise():
"""Check measurements when simulating noise with repeated execution."""
import tensorflow as tf
thetas = np.random.random(5)
c = models.Circuit(5)
c.add((gates.RX(i, t) for i, t in enumerate(thetas)))
c.add((gates.PauliNoiseChannel(i, px=0.0, py=0.2, pz=0.4, seed=123)
for i in range(5)))
c.add(gates.M(*range(5)))
tf.random.set_seed(123)
result = c(nshots=20)
np.random.seed(123)
tf.random.set_seed(123)
target_samples = []
for _ in range(20):
noiseless_c = models.Circuit(5)
noiseless_c.add((gates.RX(i, t) for i, t in enumerate(thetas)))
for i in range(5):
if np.random.random() < 0.2:
noiseless_c.add(gates.Y(i))
if np.random.random() < 0.4:
noiseless_c.add(gates.Z(i))
noiseless_c.add(gates.M(*range(5)))
target_samples.append(noiseless_c(nshots=1).samples())
target_samples = tf.concat(target_samples, axis=0)
np.testing.assert_allclose(result.samples(), target_samples)
def assert_gates_equivalent(qibo_gate, cirq_gates, nqubits,
ndevices=None, atol=1e-7):
"""Asserts that QIBO and Cirq gates have equivalent action on a random state.
Args:
qibo_gate: QIBO gate.
cirq_gates: List of tuples (cirq gate, target qubit IDs).
nqubits: Total number of qubits in the circuit.
atol: Absolute tolerance in state vector comparsion.
"""
initial_state = random_state(nqubits)
target_state, target_depth = execute_cirq(cirq_gates, nqubits,
np.copy(initial_state))
backend = qibo.get_backend()
if ndevices is None or "numpy" in backend:
accelerators = None
else:
accelerators = {"/GPU:0": ndevices}
if backend != "custom" and accelerators:
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
c.add(qibo_gate)
else:
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
c.add(qibo_gate)
final_state = c(np.copy(initial_state))
assert c.depth == target_depth
np.testing.assert_allclose(final_state, target_state, atol=atol)
def test_measurement_qubit_order_simple():
"""Check that measurement results follow order defined by user."""
c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.X(0))
c.add(gates.M(1, 0))
result1 = c(nshots=100)
c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.X(0))
c.add(gates.M(1))
c.add(gates.M(0))
result2 = c(nshots=100)
target_binary_samples = np.zeros((100, 2))
target_binary_samples[:, 1] = 1
target = {
"decimal_samples": np.ones((100, )),
"binary_samples": target_binary_samples,
"decimal_frequencies": {
1: 100
},
"binary_frequencies": {
"01": 100
}
}
assert_results(result1, **target)
assert_results(result2, **target)
def test_measurements_with_probabilistic_noise(backend):
"""Check measurements when simulating noise with repeated execution."""
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
thetas = np.random.random(5)
c = models.Circuit(5)
c.add((gates.RX(i, t) for i, t in enumerate(thetas)))
c.add((gates.PauliNoiseChannel(i, px=0.0, py=0.2, pz=0.4, seed=123)
for i in range(5)))
c.add(gates.M(*range(5)))
K.set_seed(123)
samples = c(nshots=20).samples()
np.random.seed(123)
K.set_seed(123)
target_samples = []
for _ in range(20):
noiseless_c = models.Circuit(5)
noiseless_c.add((gates.RX(i, t) for i, t in enumerate(thetas)))
for i in range(5):
if np.random.random() < 0.2:
noiseless_c.add(gates.Y(i))
if np.random.random() < 0.4:
noiseless_c.add(gates.Z(i))
noiseless_c.add(gates.M(*range(5)))
target_samples.append(noiseless_c(nshots=1).samples())
target_samples = np.concatenate(target_samples, axis=0)
np.testing.assert_allclose(samples, target_samples)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_circuit_constructor_hardware_errors():
K.is_hardware = True
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2})
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, density_matrix=True)
K.is_hardware = False
def assert_gates_equivalent(qibo_gate,
cirq_gates,
nqubits,
ndevices=None,
atol=1e-7):
"""Asserts that QIBO and Cirq gates have equivalent action on a random state.
Args:
qibo_gate: QIBO gate.
cirq_gates: List of tuples (cirq gate, target qubit IDs).
nqubits: Total number of qubits in the circuit.
atol: Absolute tolerance in state vector comparsion.
"""
initial_state = utils.random_numpy_state(nqubits)
target_state = execute_cirq(cirq_gates, nqubits, np.copy(initial_state))
accelerators = None if ndevices is None else {"/GPU:0": ndevices}
if isinstance(qibo_gate, native_gates.TensorflowGate) and accelerators:
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
c.add(qibo_gate)
else:
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, accelerators)
c.add(qibo_gate)
final_state = c(np.copy(initial_state)).numpy()
np.testing.assert_allclose(target_state, final_state, atol=atol)
def test_density_matrix_circuit_errors():
"""Check errors of circuits that simulate density matrices."""
# Attempt to distribute density matrix circuit
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2}, density_matrix=True)
# Attempt to add Kraus channel to non-density matrix circuit
c = models.Circuit(5)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c.add(gates.KrausChannel([((0, ), np.eye(2))]))
def test_circuit_addition_with_measurements(backend):
c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.H(1))
meas_c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.M(0, 1))
c += meas_c
assert len(c.measurement_gate.target_qubits) == 2
assert c.measurement_tuples == {"register0": (0, 1)}
def test_registers_with_same_name_error():
"""Check that registers with the same name cannot be added."""
c1 = models.Circuit(2)
c1.add(gates.H(0))
c1.add(gates.M(0))
c2 = models.Circuit(2)
c2.add(gates.H(1))
c2.add(gates.M(1))
with pytest.raises(KeyError):
c = c1 + c2
def test_circuit_addition_with_measurements():
"""Check if measurements are transferred during circuit addition."""
c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.H(1))
meas_c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.M(0, 1))
c += meas_c
assert len(c.measurement_gate.target_qubits) == 2
assert c.measurement_tuples == {"register0": (0, 1)}
def test_measurement_result_parameters(backend, accelerators, effect):
c = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
if effect:
c.add(gates.X(0))
output = c.add(gates.M(0, collapse=True))
c.add(gates.RX(1, theta=np.pi * output / 4))
target_c = models.Circuit(4)
if effect:
target_c.add(gates.X(0))
target_c.add(gates.RX(1, theta=np.pi / 4))
K.assert_allclose(c(), target_c())
def test_circuit_addition_with_measurements_in_both_circuits(backend, accelerators):
c1 = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c1.add(gates.H(0))
c1.add(gates.H(1))
c1.add(gates.M(1, register_name="a"))
c2 = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c2.add(gates.X(0))
c2.add(gates.M(0, register_name="b"))
c = c1 + c2
assert len(c.measurement_gate.target_qubits) == 2
assert c.measurement_tuples == {"a": (1,), "b": (0,)}
def test_unsupported_gates_errors():
c = models.Circuit(4, {"/GPU:0": 2})
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.H(1))
c.queues.qubits = distutils.DistributedQubits([0], c.nqubits)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c.queues.create(c.queue)
c = models.Circuit(4, {"/GPU:0": 4})
c.add(gates.SWAP(0, 1))
c.queues.qubits = distutils.DistributedQubits([0, 1], c.nqubits)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c.queues.create(c.queue)
def test_circuit_addition_with_measurements_in_both_circuits(accelerators):
"""Check if measurements of two circuits are added during circuit addition."""
c1 = models.Circuit(2, accelerators)
c1.add(gates.H(0))
c1.add(gates.H(1))
c1.add(gates.M(1, register_name="a"))
c2 = models.Circuit(2, accelerators)
c2.add(gates.X(0))
c2.add(gates.M(0, register_name="b"))
c = c1 + c2
assert len(c.measurement_gate.target_qubits) == 2
assert c.measurement_tuples == {"a": (1, ), "b": (0, )}
def test_density_matrix_circuit_errors():
"""Check errors of circuits that simulate density matrices."""
# Switch `gate.density_matrix` to `True` after setting `nqubits`
gate = gates.X(0)
gate.nqubits = 2
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
gate.density_matrix = True
# Attempt to distribute density matrix circuit
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2}, density_matrix=True)
# Attempt to add Kraus channel to non-density matrix circuit
c = models.Circuit(5)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c.add(gates.KrausChannel([((0, ), np.eye(2))]))
def test_registers_with_same_name_error(backend):
"""Check that circuits that contain registers with the same name cannot be added."""
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
c1 = models.Circuit(2)
c1.add(gates.H(0))
c1.add(gates.M(0))
c2 = models.Circuit(2)
c2.add(gates.H(1))
c2.add(gates.M(1))
with pytest.raises(KeyError):
c = c1 + c2
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_gate_after_measurement_with_addition_error(backend, accelerators):
c = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.M(1))
# Try to add gate to qubit that is already measured
c2 = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c2.add(gates.H(1))
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c += c2
# Try to add measurement to qubit that is already measured
c2 = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c2.add(gates.M(1, register_name="a"))
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c += c2
def test_final_state(backend, accelerators):
"""Check that final state is logged correctly when using measurements."""
c = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c.add(gates.X(1))
c.add(gates.X(2))
c.add(gates.M(0, 1))
c.add(gates.M(2))
c.add(gates.X(3))
result = c(nshots=100)
c = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c.add(gates.X(1))
c.add(gates.X(2))
c.add(gates.X(3))
target_state = c()
K.assert_allclose(c.final_state, target_state)
def test_circuit_constructor():
from qibo.core.circuit import Circuit, DensityMatrixCircuit
from qibo.core.distcircuit import DistributedCircuit
c = models.Circuit(5)
assert isinstance(c, Circuit)
c = models.Circuit(5, density_matrix=True)
assert isinstance(c, DensityMatrixCircuit)
if not K.supports_multigpu: # pragma: no cover
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2})
else:
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2})
assert isinstance(c, DistributedCircuit)
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
c = models.Circuit(5, accelerators={"/GPU:0": 2}, density_matrix=True)
def test_collapse_gate(backend, nqubits, targets, results):
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
initial_psi = utils.random_numpy_state(nqubits)
initial_rho = np.outer(initial_psi, initial_psi.conj())
c = models.Circuit(nqubits, density_matrix=True)
c.add(gates.Collapse(*targets, result=results))
final_rho = c(np.copy(initial_rho))
c = models.Circuit(nqubits)
c.add(gates.Collapse(*targets, result=results))
target_psi = c(np.copy(initial_psi)).numpy()
target_rho = np.outer(target_psi, target_psi.conj())
np.testing.assert_allclose(final_rho, target_rho)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def ansatz_Fourier_2D(layers, qubits=1):
"""
3 parameters per layer: Ry(wx + a), Rz(b)
"""
circuit = models.Circuit(qubits)
for _ in range(layers):
circuit.add(gates.RY(0, theta=0))
circuit.add(gates.RZ(0, theta=0))
circuit.add(gates.RY(0, theta=0))
circuit.add(gates.RZ(0, theta=0))
def rotation(theta, x):
p = circuit.get_parameters()
i = 0
j = 0
for l in range(layers):
p[i] = theta[j]
p[i + 1] = theta[j + 1] + theta[j + 2:j + 4] @ x
p[i + 2] = theta[j + 4]
p[i + 3] = theta[j + 5]
i += 4
j += 6
return p
nparams = 6 * (layers)
return circuit, rotation, nparams
def test_unbalanced_probabilistic_measurement(backend, use_samples):
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
original_threads = qibo.get_threads()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
# set single-thread to fix the random values generated from the frequency custom op
qibo.set_threads(1)
state = np.array([1, 1, 1, np.sqrt(3)]) / np.sqrt(6)
c = models.Circuit(2)
c.add(gates.Flatten(state))
c.add(gates.M(0, 1))
result = c(nshots=1000)
K.set_seed(1234)
if use_samples:
# calculates sample tensor directly using `tf.random.categorical`
# otherwise it uses the frequency-only calculation
_ = result.samples()
# update reference values based on backend and device
if K.name == "tensorflow":
if K.gpu_devices: # pragma: no cover
# CI does not use GPU
decimal_frequencies = {0: 196, 1: 153, 2: 156, 3: 495}
else:
decimal_frequencies = {0: 168, 1: 188, 2: 154, 3: 490}
elif K.name == "numpy":
decimal_frequencies = {0: 171, 1: 148, 2: 161, 3: 520}
assert sum(result.frequencies().values()) == 1000
assert_result(result, decimal_frequencies=decimal_frequencies)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
qibo.set_threads(original_threads)
def test_circuit_dm(backend):
"""Check passing density matrix as initial state to a circuit."""
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
theta = 0.1234
initial_rho = utils.random_density_matrix(3)
c = models.Circuit(3, density_matrix=True)
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.H(1))
c.add(gates.CNOT(0, 1))
c.add(gates.H(2))
final_rho = c(np.copy(initial_rho))
h = np.array([[1, 1], [1, -1]]) / np.sqrt(2)
cnot = np.array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0]])
m1 = np.kron(np.kron(h, h), np.eye(2))
m2 = np.kron(cnot, np.eye(2))
m3 = np.kron(np.eye(4), h)
target_rho = m1.dot(initial_rho).dot(m1.T.conj())
target_rho = m2.dot(target_rho).dot(m2.T.conj())
target_rho = m3.dot(target_rho).dot(m3.T.conj())
np.testing.assert_allclose(final_rho, target_rho)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_post_measurement_bitflips_on_circuit_result(backend):
"""Check bitflip errors on ``CircuitResult`` objects."""
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
thetas = np.random.random(4)
c = models.Circuit(4)
c.add((gates.RX(i, theta=t) for i, t in enumerate(thetas)))
c.add(gates.M(0, 1, register_name="a"))
c.add(gates.M(3, register_name="b"))
result = c(nshots=30)
samples = result.samples()
K.set_seed(123)
noisy_result = result.copy().apply_bitflips({0: 0.2, 1: 0.4, 3: 0.3})
noisy_samples = noisy_result.samples(binary=True)
register_samples = noisy_result.samples(binary=True, registers=True)
K.set_seed(123)
sprobs = np.array(K.random_uniform(samples.shape))
flipper = sprobs < np.array([0.2, 0.4, 0.3])
target_samples = (samples + flipper) % 2
np.testing.assert_allclose(noisy_samples, target_samples)
# Check register samples
np.testing.assert_allclose(register_samples["a"], target_samples[:, :2])
np.testing.assert_allclose(register_samples["b"], target_samples[:, 2:])
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_probabilistic_measurement(backend, accelerators, use_samples):
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
original_threads = qibo.get_threads()
qibo.set_backend(backend)
# set single-thread to fix the random values generated from the frequency custom op
qibo.set_threads(1)
c = models.Circuit(4, accelerators)
c.add(gates.H(0))
c.add(gates.H(1))
c.add(gates.M(0, 1))
result = c(nshots=1000)
K.set_seed(1234)
if use_samples:
# calculates sample tensor directly using `tf.random.categorical`
# otherwise it uses the frequency-only calculation
_ = result.samples()
# update reference values based on backend and device
if K.name == "tensorflow":
if K.gpu_devices: # pragma: no cover
# CI does not use GPU
decimal_frequencies = {0: 273, 1: 233, 2: 242, 3: 252}
else:
decimal_frequencies = {0: 271, 1: 239, 2: 242, 3: 248}
elif K.name == "numpy":
decimal_frequencies = {0: 249, 1: 231, 2: 253, 3: 267}
assert sum(result.frequencies().values()) == 1000
assert_result(result, decimal_frequencies=decimal_frequencies)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
qibo.set_threads(original_threads)
def main(nqubits, layers, maxsteps, T_max):
circuit = models.Circuit(nqubits)
for l in range(layers):
circuit.add((gates.RY(q, theta=0) for q in range(nqubits)))
circuit.add((gates.CZ(q, q + 1) for q in range(0, nqubits - 1, 2)))
circuit.add((gates.RY(q, theta=0) for q in range(nqubits)))
circuit.add((gates.CZ(q, q + 1) for q in range(1, nqubits - 2, 2)))
circuit.add(gates.CZ(0, nqubits - 1))
circuit.add((gates.RY(q, theta=0) for q in range(nqubits)))
problem_hamiltonian = hamiltonians.XXZ(nqubits)
easy_hamiltonian = hamiltonians.X(nqubits)
s = lambda t: t
aavqe = models.variational.AAVQE(circuit, easy_hamiltonian, problem_hamiltonian, s, nsteps=maxsteps, t_max=T_max)
initial_parameters = np.random.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi*0.1,
2 * nqubits * layers + nqubits)
best, params = aavqe.minimize(initial_parameters)
print('Final parameters: ', params)
print('Final energy: ', best)
#We compute the difference from the exact value to check performance
eigenvalue = problem_hamiltonian.eigenvalues()
print('Difference from exact value: ',best - K.real(eigenvalue[0]))
print('Log difference: ',-np.log10(best - K.real(eigenvalue[0])))
def test_vqe_custom_gates_errors():
"""Check that ``RuntimeError``s is raised when using custom gates."""
if "qibotf" not in qibo.K.available_backends: # pragma: no cover
pytest.skip("Custom backend not available.")
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend("qibotf")
nqubits = 6
circuit = models.Circuit(nqubits)
for q in range(nqubits):
circuit.add(gates.RY(q, theta=0))
for q in range(0, nqubits - 1, 2):
circuit.add(gates.CZ(q, q + 1))
hamiltonian = hamiltonians.XXZ(nqubits=nqubits)
initial_parameters = np.random.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, 2 * nqubits + nqubits)
v = models.VQE(circuit, hamiltonian)
# compile with custom gates
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
best, params, _ = v.minimize(initial_parameters,
method="BFGS",
options={'maxiter': 1},
compile=True)
# use SGD with custom gates
with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
best, params, _ = v.minimize(initial_parameters,
method="sgd",
compile=False)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)
def test_distributed_circuit_addition():
# Attempt to add circuits with different devices
original_backend = qibo.get_backend()
qibo.set_backend("custom")
devices = {"/GPU:0": 2, "/GPU:1": 2}
c1 = models.DistributedCircuit(6, devices)
c2 = models.DistributedCircuit(6, {"/GPU:0": 2})
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
c = c1 + c2
c2 = models.DistributedCircuit(6, devices)
c1.add([gates.H(i) for i in range(6)])
c2.add([gates.CNOT(i, i + 1) for i in range(5)])
c2.add([gates.Z(i) for i in range(6)])
dist_c = c1 + c2
c = models.Circuit(6)
c.add([gates.H(i) for i in range(6)])
c.add([gates.CNOT(i, i + 1) for i in range(5)])
c.add([gates.Z(i) for i in range(6)])
target_state = c().numpy()
final_state = dist_c().numpy()
assert c.depth == dist_c.depth
np.testing.assert_allclose(target_state, final_state)
qibo.set_backend(original_backend)