def test_log_i(self):
""" MatrixOp.log_i() test """
op = (-1.052373245772859 * I ^ I) + \
(0.39793742484318045 * I ^ Z) + \
(0.18093119978423156 * X ^ X) + \
(-0.39793742484318045 * Z ^ I) + \
(-0.01128010425623538 * Z ^ Z) * np.pi/2
# Test with CircuitOp
log_exp_op = op.to_matrix_op().exp_i().log_i().to_pauli_op()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(op.to_matrix(), log_exp_op.to_matrix())
# Test with MatrixOp
log_exp_op = op.to_matrix_op().exp_i().to_matrix_op().log_i().to_pauli_op()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(op.to_matrix(), log_exp_op.to_matrix())
# Test with PauliOp
log_exp_op = op.to_matrix_op().exp_i().to_pauli_op().log_i().to_pauli_op()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(op.to_matrix(), log_exp_op.to_matrix())
# Test with EvolvedOp
log_exp_op = op.exp_i().to_pauli_op().log_i().to_pauli_op()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(op.to_matrix(), log_exp_op.to_matrix())
# Test with proper ListOp
op = ListOp([(0.39793742484318045 * I ^ Z),
(0.18093119978423156 * X ^ X),
(-0.39793742484318045 * Z ^ I),
(-0.01128010425623538 * Z ^ Z) * np.pi / 2])
log_exp_op = op.to_matrix_op().exp_i().to_matrix_op().log_i().to_pauli_op()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(op.to_matrix(), log_exp_op.to_matrix())
def test_not_to_matrix_called(self):
"""45 qubit calculation - literally will not work if to_matrix is
somehow called (in addition to massive=False throwing an error)"""
qs = 45
states_op = ListOp([Zero ^ qs, One ^ qs, (Zero ^ qs) + (One ^ qs)])
paulis_op = ListOp([Z ^ qs, (I ^ Z ^ I) ^ int(qs / 3)])
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op) @ states_op)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(converted_meas.eval(), [[1, -1, 0], [1, -1, 0]])
def test_list_op_eval_coeff_with_nonlinear_combofn(self):
"""Test evaluating a ListOp with non-linear combo function works with coefficients."""
state = One
op = ListOp(5 * [I], coeff=2, combo_fn=numpy.prod)
expr1 = ~StateFn(op) @ state
expr2 = ListOp(5 * [~state @ I @ state], coeff=2, combo_fn=numpy.prod)
self.assertEqual(expr1.eval(), 2) # if the coeff is propagated too far the result is 4
self.assertEqual(expr2.eval(), 2)
def test_pauli_expect_op_vector_state_vector(self):
"""pauli expect op vector state vector test"""
paulis_op = ListOp([X, Y, Z, I])
states_op = ListOp([One, Zero, Plus, Minus])
valids = [[+0, 0, 1, -1], [+0, 0, 0, 0], [-1, 1, 0, -0], [+1, 1, 1, 1]]
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op) @ states_op)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(converted_meas.eval(), valids, decimal=1)
sampled = self.sampler.convert(converted_meas)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled.eval(), valids, decimal=1)
def _eval_aux_ops(
self,
parameters: np.ndarray,
aux_operators: ListOrDict[OperatorBase],
expectation: ExpectationBase,
threshold: float = 1e-12,
) -> ListOrDict[Tuple[complex, complex]]:
# Create new CircuitSampler to avoid breaking existing one's caches.
sampler = CircuitSampler(self.quantum_instance)
if isinstance(aux_operators, dict):
list_op = ListOp(list(aux_operators.values()))
else:
list_op = ListOp(aux_operators)
aux_op_meas = expectation.convert(StateFn(list_op,
is_measurement=True))
aux_op_expect = aux_op_meas.compose(
CircuitStateFn(self.ansatz.bind_parameters(parameters)))
aux_op_expect_sampled = sampler.convert(aux_op_expect)
# compute means
values = np.real(aux_op_expect_sampled.eval())
# compute standard deviations
variances = np.real(
expectation.compute_variance(aux_op_expect_sampled))
if not isinstance(variances, np.ndarray) and variances == 0.0:
# when `variances` is a single value equal to 0., our expectation value is exact and we
# manually ensure the variances to be a list of the correct length
variances = np.zeros(len(aux_operators), dtype=float)
std_devs = np.sqrt(variances / self.quantum_instance.run_config.shots)
# Discard values below threshold
aux_op_means = values * (np.abs(values) > threshold)
# zip means and standard deviations into tuples
aux_op_results = zip(aux_op_means, std_devs)
# Return None eigenvalues for None operators if aux_operators is a list.
# None operators are already dropped in compute_minimum_eigenvalue if aux_operators is a dict.
if isinstance(aux_operators, list):
aux_operator_eigenvalues = [None] * len(aux_operators)
key_value_iterator = enumerate(aux_op_results)
else:
aux_operator_eigenvalues = {}
key_value_iterator = zip(aux_operators.keys(), aux_op_results)
for key, value in key_value_iterator:
if aux_operators[key] is not None:
aux_operator_eigenvalues[key] = value
return aux_operator_eigenvalues
def test_listop_num_qubits(self):
"""Test that ListOp.num_qubits checks that all operators have the same number of qubits."""
op = ListOp([X ^ Y, Y ^ Z])
with self.subTest("All operators have the same numbers of qubits"):
self.assertEqual(op.num_qubits, 2)
op = ListOp([X ^ Y, Y])
with self.subTest("Operators have different numbers of qubits"):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
op.num_qubits # pylint: disable=pointless-statement
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
X @ op # pylint: disable=pointless-statement
def test_ibmq_grouped_pauli_expectation(self):
"""pauli expect op vector state vector test"""
from qiskit import IBMQ
p = IBMQ.load_account()
backend = p.get_backend("ibmq_qasm_simulator")
q_instance = QuantumInstance(backend, seed_simulator=self.seed, seed_transpiler=self.seed)
paulis_op = ListOp([X, Y, Z, I])
states_op = ListOp([One, Zero, Plus, Minus])
valids = [[+0, 0, 1, -1], [+0, 0, 0, 0], [-1, 1, 0, -0], [+1, 1, 1, 1]]
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op) @ states_op)
sampled = CircuitSampler(q_instance).convert(converted_meas)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled.eval(), valids, decimal=1)
def test_summedop_equals(self):
"""Test SummedOp.equals"""
ops = [Z, CircuitOp(ZGate()), MatrixOp([[1, 0], [0, -1]]), Zero, Minus]
sum_op = sum(ops + [ListOp(ops)])
self.assertEqual(sum_op, sum_op)
self.assertEqual(sum_op + sum_op, 2 * sum_op)
self.assertEqual(sum_op + sum_op + sum_op, 3 * sum_op)
ops2 = [Z, CircuitOp(ZGate()), MatrixOp([[1, 0], [0, 1]]), Zero, Minus]
sum_op2 = sum(ops2 + [ListOp(ops)])
self.assertNotEqual(sum_op, sum_op2)
self.assertEqual(sum_op2, sum_op2)
sum_op3 = sum(ops)
self.assertNotEqual(sum_op, sum_op3)
self.assertNotEqual(sum_op2, sum_op3)
self.assertEqual(sum_op3, sum_op3)
def test_list_op_parameters(self):
"""Test that Parameters are stored correctly in a List Operator"""
lam = Parameter('λ')
phi = Parameter('φ')
omega = Parameter('ω')
mat_op = PrimitiveOp([[0, 1],
[1, 0]],
coeff=omega)
qc = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc.rx(phi, 0)
qc_op = PrimitiveOp(qc)
op1 = SummedOp([mat_op, qc_op])
params = [phi, omega]
self.assertEqual(op1.parameters, set(params))
# check list nesting case
op2 = PrimitiveOp([[1, 0],
[0, -1]],
coeff=lam)
list_op = ListOp([op1, op2])
params.append(lam)
self.assertEqual(list_op.parameters, set(params))
def test_parameter_binding_on_listop(self):
"""Test passing a ListOp with differing parameters works with the circuit sampler."""
try:
from qiskit.providers.aer import Aer
except Exception as ex: # pylint: disable=broad-except
self.skipTest(
"Aer doesn't appear to be installed. Error: '{}'".format(
str(ex)))
return
x, y = Parameter('x'), Parameter('y')
circuit1 = QuantumCircuit(1)
circuit1.p(0.2, 0)
circuit2 = QuantumCircuit(1)
circuit2.p(x, 0)
circuit3 = QuantumCircuit(1)
circuit3.p(y, 0)
bindings = {x: -0.4, y: 0.4}
listop = ListOp(
[StateFn(circuit) for circuit in [circuit1, circuit2, circuit3]])
sampler = CircuitSampler(Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator'))
sampled = sampler.convert(listop, params=bindings)
self.assertTrue(all(len(op.parameters) == 0 for op in sampled.oplist))
def test_pauli_expect_op_vector(self):
"""pauli expect op vector test"""
paulis_op = ListOp([X, Y, Z, I])
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op))
plus_mean = converted_meas @ Plus
sampled_plus = self.sampler.convert(plus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_plus.eval(), [1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
minus_mean = converted_meas @ Minus
sampled_minus = self.sampler.convert(minus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_minus.eval(),
[-1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
zero_mean = converted_meas @ Zero
sampled_zero = self.sampler.convert(zero_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_zero.eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sum_zero = (Plus + Minus) * (0.5**0.5)
sum_zero_mean = converted_meas @ sum_zero
sampled_zero_mean = self.sampler.convert(sum_zero_mean)
# !!NOTE!!: Depolarizing channel (Sampling) means interference
# does not happen between circuits in sum, so expectation does
# not equal expectation for Zero!!
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_zero_mean.eval(),
[0, 0, 0, 1])
def _eval_aux_ops(
self,
parameters: np.ndarray,
aux_operators: List[OperatorBase],
expectation: ExpectationBase,
threshold: float = 1e-12,
) -> np.ndarray:
# Create new CircuitSampler to avoid breaking existing one's caches.
sampler = CircuitSampler(self.quantum_instance)
aux_op_meas = expectation.convert(
StateFn(ListOp(aux_operators), is_measurement=True))
aux_op_expect = aux_op_meas.compose(
CircuitStateFn(self.ansatz.bind_parameters(parameters)))
values = np.real(sampler.convert(aux_op_expect).eval())
# Discard values below threshold
aux_op_results = values * (np.abs(values) > threshold)
# Deal with the aux_op behavior where there can be Nones or Zero qubit Paulis in the list
_aux_op_nones = [op is None for op in aux_operators]
aux_operator_eigenvalues = [
None if is_none else [result]
for (is_none, result) in zip(_aux_op_nones, aux_op_results)
]
# As this has mixed types, since it can included None, it needs to explicitly pass object
# data type to avoid numpy 1.19 warning message about implicit conversion being deprecated
aux_operator_eigenvalues = np.array([aux_operator_eigenvalues],
dtype=object)
return aux_operator_eigenvalues
def _get_observable_evaluator(
ansatz: QuantumCircuit,
observables: Union[OperatorBase, List[OperatorBase]],
expectation: ExpectationBase,
sampler: CircuitSampler,
) -> Callable[[np.ndarray], Union[float, List[float]]]:
"""Get a callable to evaluate a (list of) observable(s) for given circuit parameters."""
if isinstance(observables, list):
observables = ListOp(observables)
expectation_value = StateFn(observables,
is_measurement=True) @ StateFn(ansatz)
converted = expectation.convert(expectation_value)
ansatz_parameters = ansatz.parameters
def evaluate_observables(theta: np.ndarray) -> Union[float, List[float]]:
"""Evaluate the observables for the ansatz parameters ``theta``.
Args:
theta: The ansatz parameters.
Returns:
The observables evaluated at the ansatz parameters.
"""
value_dict = dict(zip(ansatz_parameters, theta))
sampled = sampler.convert(converted, params=value_dict)
return sampled.eval()
return evaluate_observables
def test_grad_combo_fn_chain_rule_nat_grad(self):
"""Test the chain rule for a custom gradient combo function."""
np.random.seed(2)
def combo_fn(x):
amplitudes = x[0].primitive.data
pdf = np.multiply(amplitudes, np.conj(amplitudes))
return np.sum(np.log(pdf)) / (-len(amplitudes))
def grad_combo_fn(x):
amplitudes = x[0].primitive.data
pdf = np.multiply(amplitudes, np.conj(amplitudes))
grad = []
for prob in pdf:
grad += [-1 / prob]
return grad
try:
qc = RealAmplitudes(2, reps=1)
grad_op = ListOp([StateFn(qc)], combo_fn=combo_fn, grad_combo_fn=grad_combo_fn)
grad = NaturalGradient(grad_method='lin_comb', regularization='ridge'
).convert(grad_op, qc.ordered_parameters)
value_dict = dict(
zip(qc.ordered_parameters, np.random.rand(len(qc.ordered_parameters))))
correct_values = [[0.20777236], [-18.92560338], [-15.89005475], [-10.44002031]]
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(grad.assign_parameters(value_dict).eval(),
correct_values, decimal=3)
except MissingOptionalLibraryError as ex:
self.skipTest(str(ex))
def invalid_input(self):
"""Test invalid input raises an error."""
op = Z
with self.subTest('alpha < 0'):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op, alpha=-0.2)
with self.subTest('alpha > 1'):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op, alpha=12.3)
with self.subTest('Single pauli operator not diagonal'):
op = Y
with self.assertRaises(OpflowError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op)
with self.subTest('Summed pauli operator not diagonal'):
op = X ^ Z + Z ^ I
with self.assertRaises(OpflowError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op)
with self.subTest('List operator not diagonal'):
op = ListOp([X ^ Z, Z ^ I])
with self.assertRaises(OpflowError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op)
with self.subTest('Matrix operator not diagonal'):
op = MatrixOp([[1, 1], [0, 1]])
with self.assertRaises(OpflowError):
_ = CVaRMeasurement(op)
def test_grad_combo_fn_chain_rule(self, method):
"""Test the chain rule for a custom gradient combo function."""
np.random.seed(2)
def combo_fn(x):
amplitudes = x[0].primitive.data
pdf = np.multiply(amplitudes, np.conj(amplitudes))
return np.sum(np.log(pdf)) / (-len(amplitudes))
def grad_combo_fn(x):
amplitudes = x[0].primitive.data
pdf = np.multiply(amplitudes, np.conj(amplitudes))
grad = []
for prob in pdf:
grad += [-1 / prob]
return grad
qc = RealAmplitudes(2, reps=1)
grad_op = ListOp([StateFn(qc.decompose())],
combo_fn=combo_fn,
grad_combo_fn=grad_combo_fn)
grad = Gradient(grad_method=method).convert(grad_op)
value_dict = dict(
zip(qc.ordered_parameters,
np.random.rand(len(qc.ordered_parameters))))
correct_values = [
[(-0.16666259133549044 + 0j)],
[(-7.244949702732864 + 0j)],
[(-2.979791752749964 + 0j)],
[(-5.310186078432614 + 0j)],
]
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
grad.assign_parameters(value_dict).eval(), correct_values)
def _prepare_list_op(
quantum_state: Union[Statevector, QuantumCircuit, OperatorBase, ],
observables: ListOrDict[OperatorBase],
) -> ListOp:
"""
Accepts a list or a dictionary of operators and converts them to a ``ListOp``.
Args:
quantum_state: An unparametrized quantum circuit representing a quantum state that
expectation values are computed against.
observables: A list or a dictionary of operators.
Returns:
A ``ListOp`` that includes all provided observables.
"""
if isinstance(observables, dict):
observables = list(observables.values())
if not isinstance(quantum_state, StateFn):
quantum_state = StateFn(quantum_state)
return ListOp([
StateFn(obs, is_measurement=True).compose(quantum_state)
for obs in observables
])
def test_list_pauli_sum_op(self):
"""Test PauliExpectation for List[PauliSumOp]"""
test_op = ListOp([~StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([("XX", 1), ("ZI", 3), ("ZZ", 5)]))])
observable = self.expect.convert(test_op)
self.assertIsInstance(observable, ListOp)
self.assertIsInstance(observable[0][0][0].primitive, PauliSumOp)
self.assertIsInstance(observable[0][1][0].primitive, PauliSumOp)
def test_list_pauli_sum(self):
"""Test AerPauliExpectation for ListOp[PauliSumOp]"""
test_op = ListOp([PauliSumOp.from_list([("XX", 1), ("ZI", 3), ("ZZ", 5)])])
observable = AerPauliExpectation().convert(~StateFn(test_op))
self.assertIsInstance(observable, ListOp)
self.assertIsInstance(observable[0], CircuitStateFn)
self.assertTrue(observable[0].is_measurement)
def test_jax_chain_rule(self, method: str, autograd: bool):
"""Test the chain rule functionality using Jax
d<H>/d<X> = 2<X>
d<H>/d<Z> = - sin(<Z>)
<Z> = Tr(|psi><psi|Z) = sin(a)sin(b)
<X> = Tr(|psi><psi|X) = cos(a)
d<H>/da = d<H>/d<X> d<X>/da + d<H>/d<Z> d<Z>/da = - 2 cos(a)sin(a)
- sin(sin(a)sin(b)) * cos(a)sin(b)
d<H>/db = d<H>/d<X> d<X>/db + d<H>/d<Z> d<Z>/db = - sin(sin(a)sin(b)) * sin(a)cos(b)
"""
a = Parameter("a")
b = Parameter("b")
params = [a, b]
q = QuantumRegister(1)
qc = QuantumCircuit(q)
qc.h(q)
qc.rz(params[0], q[0])
qc.rx(params[1], q[0])
def combo_fn(x):
return jnp.power(x[0], 2) + jnp.cos(x[1])
def grad_combo_fn(x):
return np.array([2 * x[0], -np.sin(x[1])])
op = ListOp(
[
~StateFn(X) @ CircuitStateFn(primitive=qc, coeff=1.0),
~StateFn(Z) @ CircuitStateFn(primitive=qc, coeff=1.0),
],
combo_fn=combo_fn,
grad_combo_fn=None if autograd else grad_combo_fn,
)
state_grad = Gradient(grad_method=method).convert(operator=op,
params=params)
values_dict = [
{
a: np.pi / 4,
b: np.pi
},
{
params[0]: np.pi / 4,
params[1]: np.pi / 4
},
{
params[0]: np.pi / 2,
params[1]: np.pi / 4
},
]
correct_values = [[-1.0, 0.0], [-1.2397, -0.2397], [0, -0.45936]]
for i, value_dict in enumerate(values_dict):
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
state_grad.assign_parameters(value_dict).eval(),
correct_values[i],
decimal=1)
def test_opflow_qnn_2_2(self, q_i):
"""Test Torch Connector + Opflow QNN with input/output dimension 2/2."""
from torch import Tensor
if q_i == "sv":
quantum_instance = self._sv_quantum_instance
else:
quantum_instance = self._qasm_quantum_instance
# construct parametrized circuit
params_1 = [Parameter("input1"), Parameter("weight1")]
qc_1 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_1.h(0)
qc_1.ry(params_1[0], 0)
qc_1.rx(params_1[1], 0)
qc_sfn_1 = StateFn(qc_1)
# construct cost operator
h_1 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([("Z", 1.0), ("X", 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_1 = ~h_1 @ qc_sfn_1
# construct parametrized circuit
params_2 = [Parameter("input2"), Parameter("weight2")]
qc_2 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_2.h(0)
qc_2.ry(params_2[0], 0)
qc_2.rx(params_2[1], 0)
qc_sfn_2 = StateFn(qc_2)
# construct cost operator
h_2 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([("Z", 1.0), ("X", 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_2 = ~h_2 @ qc_sfn_2
op = ListOp([op_1, op_2])
qnn = OpflowQNN(
op,
[params_1[0], params_2[0]],
[params_1[1], params_2[1]],
quantum_instance=quantum_instance,
input_gradients=True,
)
model = TorchConnector(qnn)
test_data = [
Tensor([1]),
Tensor([1, 2]),
Tensor([[1], [2]]),
Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]]),
]
# test model
self._validate_output_shape(model, test_data)
if q_i == "sv":
self._validate_backward_pass(model)
def test_opflow_qnn_2_2(self, config):
"""Test Opflow QNN with input/output dimension 2/2."""
q_i, input_grad_required = config
if q_i == STATEVECTOR:
quantum_instance = self.sv_quantum_instance
elif q_i == QASM:
quantum_instance = self.qasm_quantum_instance
else:
quantum_instance = None
# construct parametrized circuit
params_1 = [Parameter("input1"), Parameter("weight1")]
qc_1 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_1.h(0)
qc_1.ry(params_1[0], 0)
qc_1.rx(params_1[1], 0)
qc_sfn_1 = StateFn(qc_1)
# construct cost operator
h_1 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([("Z", 1.0), ("X", 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_1 = ~h_1 @ qc_sfn_1
# construct parametrized circuit
params_2 = [Parameter("input2"), Parameter("weight2")]
qc_2 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_2.h(0)
qc_2.ry(params_2[0], 0)
qc_2.rx(params_2[1], 0)
qc_sfn_2 = StateFn(qc_2)
# construct cost operator
h_2 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([("Z", 1.0), ("X", 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_2 = ~h_2 @ qc_sfn_2
op = ListOp([op_1, op_2])
qnn = OpflowQNN(
op,
[params_1[0], params_2[0]],
[params_1[1], params_2[1]],
quantum_instance=quantum_instance,
)
qnn.input_gradients = input_grad_required
test_data = [np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])]
# test model
self.validate_output_shape(qnn, test_data)
# test the qnn after we set a quantum instance
if quantum_instance is None:
qnn.quantum_instance = self.qasm_quantum_instance
self.validate_output_shape(qnn, test_data)
def test_opflow_qnn_2_2(self, q_i):
""" Test Torch Connector + Opflow QNN with input/output dimension 2/2."""
if q_i == 'sv':
quantum_instance = self.sv_quantum_instance
else:
quantum_instance = self.qasm_quantum_instance
# construct parametrized circuit
params_1 = [Parameter('input1'), Parameter('weight1')]
qc_1 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_1.h(0)
qc_1.ry(params_1[0], 0)
qc_1.rx(params_1[1], 0)
qc_sfn_1 = StateFn(qc_1)
# construct cost operator
h_1 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([('Z', 1.0), ('X', 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_1 = ~h_1 @ qc_sfn_1
# construct parametrized circuit
params_2 = [Parameter('input2'), Parameter('weight2')]
qc_2 = QuantumCircuit(1)
qc_2.h(0)
qc_2.ry(params_2[0], 0)
qc_2.rx(params_2[1], 0)
qc_sfn_2 = StateFn(qc_2)
# construct cost operator
h_2 = StateFn(PauliSumOp.from_list([('Z', 1.0), ('X', 1.0)]))
# combine operator and circuit to objective function
op_2 = ~h_2 @ qc_sfn_2
op = ListOp([op_1, op_2])
qnn = OpflowQNN(op, [params_1[0], params_2[0]],
[params_1[1], params_2[1]],
quantum_instance=quantum_instance)
try:
model = TorchConnector(qnn)
test_data = [
Tensor(1),
Tensor([1, 2]),
Tensor([[1], [2]]),
Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
]
# test model
self.validate_output_shape(model, test_data)
if q_i == 'sv':
self.validate_backward_pass(model)
except MissingOptionalLibraryError as ex:
self.skipTest(str(ex))
def test_state_hessian_custom_combo_fn(self, method):
"""Test the state Hessian with on an operator which includes
a user-defined combo_fn.
Tr(|psi><psi|Z) = sin(a)sin(b)
Tr(|psi><psi|X) = cos(a)
d^2<H>/da^2 = - 0.5 cos(a) + 1 sin(a)sin(b)
d^2<H>/dbda = - 1 cos(a)cos(b)
d^2<H>/dbda = - 1 cos(a)cos(b)
d^2<H>/db^2 = + 1 sin(a)sin(b)
"""
ham = 0.5 * X - 1 * Z
a = Parameter("a")
b = Parameter("b")
params = [(a, a), (a, b), (b, b)]
q = QuantumRegister(1)
qc = QuantumCircuit(q)
qc.h(q)
qc.rz(a, q[0])
qc.rx(b, q[0])
op = ListOp(
[~StateFn(ham) @ CircuitStateFn(primitive=qc, coeff=1.0)],
combo_fn=lambda x: x[0]**3 + 4 * x[0],
)
state_hess = Hessian(hess_method=method).convert(operator=op,
params=params)
values_dict = [
{
a: np.pi / 4,
b: np.pi
},
{
a: np.pi / 4,
b: np.pi / 4
},
{
a: np.pi / 2,
b: np.pi / 4
},
]
correct_values = [
[-1.28163104, 2.56326208, 1.06066017],
[-0.04495626, -2.40716991, 1.8125],
[2.82842712, -1.5, 1.76776695],
]
for i, value_dict in enumerate(values_dict):
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
state_hess.assign_parameters(value_dict).eval(),
correct_values[i],
decimal=1)
def test_multi_representation_ops(self):
"""Test observables with mixed representations"""
mixed_ops = ListOp([X.to_matrix_op(), H, H + I, X])
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(mixed_ops))
plus_mean = converted_meas @ Plus
sampled_plus = self.sampler.convert(plus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_plus.eval(),
[1, 0.5**0.5, (1 + 0.5**0.5), 1],
decimal=1)
def test_pauli_expect_op_vector(self):
""" pauli expect op vector test """
paulis_op = ListOp([X, Y, Z, I])
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op))
plus_mean = (converted_meas @ Plus)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(plus_mean.eval(), [1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_plus = self.sampler.convert(plus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_plus.eval(), [1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
minus_mean = (converted_meas @ Minus)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(minus_mean.eval(), [-1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_minus = self.sampler.convert(minus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_minus.eval(),
[-1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
zero_mean = (converted_meas @ Zero)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(zero_mean.eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_zero = self.sampler.convert(zero_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_zero.eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sum_zero = (Plus + Minus) * (.5**.5)
sum_zero_mean = (converted_meas @ sum_zero)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sum_zero_mean.eval(),
[0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_zero_mean = self.sampler.convert(sum_zero_mean)
# !!NOTE!!: Depolarizing channel (Sampling) means interference
# does not happen between circuits in sum, so expectation does
# not equal expectation for Zero!!
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_zero_mean.eval(),
[0, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
for i, op in enumerate(paulis_op.oplist):
mat_op = op.to_matrix()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
zero_mean.eval()[i],
Zero.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Zero.to_matrix(),
decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
plus_mean.eval()[i],
Plus.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Plus.to_matrix(),
decimal=1)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
minus_mean.eval()[i],
Minus.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Minus.to_matrix(),
decimal=1)
def test_pauli_expect_op_vector(self):
"""pauli expect op vector test"""
paulis_op = ListOp([X, Y, Z, I])
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op))
plus_mean = converted_meas @ Plus
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(plus_mean.eval(), [1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_plus = self.sampler.convert(plus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_plus.eval(), [1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
minus_mean = converted_meas @ Minus
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(minus_mean.eval(), [-1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_minus = self.sampler.convert(minus_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_minus.eval(),
[-1, 0, 0, 1],
decimal=1)
zero_mean = converted_meas @ Zero
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(zero_mean.eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_zero = self.sampler.convert(zero_mean)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled_zero.eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sum_zero = (Plus + Minus) * (0.5**0.5)
sum_zero_mean = converted_meas @ sum_zero
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sum_zero_mean.eval(),
[0, 0, 1, 1],
decimal=1)
sampled_zero = self.sampler.convert(sum_zero)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
(converted_meas @ sampled_zero).eval(), [0, 0, 1, 1], decimal=1)
for i, op in enumerate(paulis_op.oplist):
mat_op = op.to_matrix()
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
zero_mean.eval()[i],
Zero.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Zero.to_matrix(),
decimal=1,
)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
plus_mean.eval()[i],
Plus.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Plus.to_matrix(),
decimal=1,
)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
minus_mean.eval()[i],
Minus.adjoint().to_matrix() @ mat_op @ Minus.to_matrix(),
decimal=1,
)
def test_pauli_expect_non_hermitian_pauliop(self):
"""pauli expect state vector with non hermitian operator test"""
states_op = ListOp([One, Zero, Plus, Minus])
op = 1j * X
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(
StateFn(op, is_measurement=True) @ states_op)
sampled = self.sampler.convert(converted_meas)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled.eval(), [0, 0, 1j, -1j],
decimal=1)
def test_construction(self):
"""Test the correct operator expression is constructed."""
alpha = 0.5
base_expecation = PauliExpectation()
cvar_expecation = CVaRExpectation(alpha=alpha,
expectation=base_expecation)
with self.subTest('single operator'):
op = ~StateFn(Z) @ Plus
expected = CVaRMeasurement(Z, alpha) @ Plus
cvar = cvar_expecation.convert(op)
self.assertEqual(cvar, expected)
with self.subTest('list operator'):
op = ~StateFn(ListOp([Z ^ Z, I ^ Z])) @ (Plus ^ Plus)
expected = ListOp([
CVaRMeasurement((Z ^ Z), alpha) @ (Plus ^ Plus),
CVaRMeasurement((I ^ Z), alpha) @ (Plus ^ Plus)
])
cvar = cvar_expecation.convert(op)
self.assertEqual(cvar, expected)
def test_pauli_expect_state_vector(self):
"""pauli expect state vector test"""
states_op = ListOp([One, Zero, Plus, Minus])
paulis_op = X
converted_meas = self.expect.convert(~StateFn(paulis_op) @ states_op)
sampled = self.sampler.convert(converted_meas)
# Small test to see if execution results are accessible
for composed_op in sampled:
self.assertIn("counts", composed_op[0].execution_results)
np.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(sampled.eval(), [0, 0, 1, -1], decimal=1)
