コード例 #1
0
 def get_collection(self, c_id=None, filter=[]):
     # todo: ASK and check if collection exists
     if c_id is not None:
         result = self.sparql.select(self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)))
         graph = result.toDataset().graph(self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)))
         contents = self.RDA.graph_to_object(graph)
         if len(contents) is 0:
             raise NotFoundError()
     else:
         binds = [Bind(Variable('s'), self.marmotta.ldp()), Bind(Variable('p'), LDP.ns.contains)]
         filters = [
             Filter(s=Variable('o'),p=URIRef(v.get('label')) if k.type is RDA.Collection else LDP.contains/LDP.contains/URIRef(v.get('label')),
                    o=v.get('rdf', Literal)(k.value)) for v,k in [
                 (access(self.RDA.dictionary.get(f.type).inverted, f.path), f) for f in filter
                 ]
             ]
         result = self.sparql.list(binds, filters)
         collections = [dct[Variable('o')] for dct in result.bindings]
         contents = []
         if len(collections):
             result = self.sparql.select(collections)
             ds = result.toDataset()
             graphs = [ds.graph(collection) for collection in collections]
             for graph in graphs:
                 contents += self.RDA.graph_to_object(graph)
     return contents
コード例 #2
0
def test_txtresult():
    data = f"""\
    @prefix rdfs: <{str(RDFS)}> .
    rdfs:Class a rdfs:Class ;
        rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> ;
        rdfs:label "Class" ;
        rdfs:comment "The class of classes." ;
        rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Resource .
    """
    graph = Graph()
    graph.parse(data=data, format="turtle")
    result = graph.query(
        """\
    SELECT ?class ?superClass ?label ?comment WHERE {
        ?class rdf:type rdfs:Class.
        ?class rdfs:label ?label.
        ?class rdfs:comment ?comment.
        ?class rdfs:subClassOf ?superClass.
    }
    """
    )
    vars = [
        Variable("class"),
        Variable("superClass"),
        Variable("label"),
        Variable("comment"),
    ]
    assert result.type == "SELECT"
    assert len(result) == 1
    assert result.vars == vars
    txtresult = result.serialize(format="txt")
    lines = txtresult.decode().splitlines()
    assert len(lines) == 3
    vars_check = [Variable(var.strip()) for var in lines[0].split("|")]
    assert vars_check == vars
コード例 #3
0
ファイル: toolbox.py プロジェクト: barmintor/lakesuperior
    def rdf_cksum(self, gr):
        '''
        Generate a checksum for a graph.

        What this method does is ordering the graph by subject, predicate,
        object, then creating a pickle string and a checksum of it.

        N.B. The context of the triples is ignored, so isomorphic graphs would
        have the same checksum regardless of the context(s) they are found in.

        @TODO This can be later reworked to use a custom hashing algorithm.

        :param rdflib.Graph: gr The graph to be hashed.

        :rtype: str
        :return: SHA1 checksum.
        '''
        # Remove the messageDigest property, which very likely reflects the
        # previous state of the resource.
        gr.remove((Variable('s'), nsc['premis'].messageDigest, Variable('o')))

        ord_gr = sorted(list(gr), key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1], x[2]))
        hash = sha1(pickle.dumps(ord_gr)).hexdigest()

        return hash
コード例 #4
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def _enrich(g, database, schema, graph):
    ns_tbox = _generate_tbox_namespace(graph)

    # update namespaces
    ns_abox = default_namespace_of(graph)[0]
    _update_namespaces(g.namespace_manager,\
                       ('rws.' + database.lower(), ns_abox),
                       ('geo', Namespace("http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#")))

    for entry in schema.from_database(database):
        source_def = entry['source']
        target_def = entry['target']

        source_class = _classname_from_def(database, source_def[0])

        attributes = [definition['property'] for definition in source_def]
        properties = [ property_from_mapping(ns_tbox, source_class, attr)\
                      for attr in attributes ]

        # select target references
        q = _generate_query(URIRef(ns_tbox + source_class), attributes,
                            properties)

        for binding in graph.query(q).bindings:
            source_uri = binding[Variable('source_id')]
            if source_uri is None or source_uri == "":
                continue

            values = { '['+attr+']': binding[Variable(attr)].toPython() for attr in attributes\
                      if Variable(attr) in binding.keys() }

            g += _generate_branch(schema, ns_abox, target_def, source_uri,
                                  values)
コード例 #5
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 def test_24_result_bindings(self):
     b = list(self.graph.query('SELECT (1 as ?x) {}'))
     assert b[0][0] == Literal(1)
     assert b[0]['x'] == Literal(1)
     assert b[0][Variable('x')] == Literal(1)
     b = self.graph.query('SELECT (1 as ?x) {}').bindings
     assert b[0][Variable('x')] == Literal(1)
     assert b[0]['x'] == Literal(1)
コード例 #6
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    def _construct(self, sparql: str, **kwargs) -> Graph:
        result = self._select(sparql, **kwargs)
        S = Variable("s")
        P = Variable("p")
        O = Variable("o")
        neo = Graph()
        for fact in result.bindings:
            neo.add((fact[S], fact[P], fact[O]))

        return neo
コード例 #7
0
    def set_member(self, c_id, m_obj):
        if isinstance(m_obj, Model):
            m_obj = [m_obj]
        elif not isinstance(m_obj, list):
            raise ParseError()

        c_ldp_id = self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id))
        collection = self.get_collection(c_id).pop() # 404 if collection not found

        if len(set([m.id for m in m_obj])) is not len(m_obj):
            raise ForbiddenError()
        if not collection.capabilities.membershipIsMutable:
            raise ForbiddenError()
        if collection.capabilities.restrictedToType:
            for m in m_obj:
                if not(hasattr(m,"datatype") and m.datatype in collection.capabilities.restrictedToType):
                    raise ForbiddenError()
        if collection.capabilities.maxLength >= 0:
            size = self.sparql.size(c_ldp_id).bindings.pop().get(Variable('size'))
            if int(size) > collection.capabilities.maxLength-len(m_obj):
                raise ForbiddenError()#"Operation forbidden. Collection of maximum size {} is full.".format(collection.capabilities.maxLength))

        ds = Dataset()
        ldp = ds.graph(identifier=LDP.ns)
        for m in m_obj:
            m_id = self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)+"/member/"+encoder.encode(m.id))
            member = ds.graph(identifier=m_id)
            member += self.RDA.object_to_graph(member.identifier,m)
            ldp += LDP.add_contains(c_ldp_id+"/member",m_id,False)
        res = self.sparql.insert(ds)
        if res.status_code is not 200:
            raise DBError()
        return m_obj
コード例 #8
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 def __init__(self,graphNodeList=None):
     self.propVals = []
     if graphNodeList:
         self._list = graphNodeList
         self.identifier = Variable(BNode())
     else:
         self._list = graphNodeList and graphNodeList or []
         self.identifier = URIRef('http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil')
コード例 #9
0
ファイル: ContextTest.py プロジェクト: openworm/owmeta-core
 def test_triples_saved_noundef_triples_counted(self):
     graph = set()
     ident_uri = 'http://example.com/context_1'
     ctx = Context(ident=ident_uri)
     statement = MagicMock()
     statement.context.identifier = rdflib.term.URIRef(ident_uri)
     statement.to_triple.return_value = (Variable('var'), 1, 2)
     ctx.add_statement(statement)
     ctx.save_context(graph)
     self.assertEqual(ctx.triples_saved, 0)
コード例 #10
0
ファイル: vstore.py プロジェクト: quntian/virtuoso-python
def _query_bindings(triple, g=None, to_n3=True):
    (s, p, o) = triple
    if isinstance(g, Graph):
        g = g.identifier
    if s is None: s = Variable("S")
    if p is None: p = Variable("P")
    if o is None: o = Variable("O")
    if g is None: g = Variable("G")
    if isinstance(s, BNode):
        s = _bnode_to_nodeid(s)
    if isinstance(p, BNode):
        p = _bnode_to_nodeid(p)
    if isinstance(o, BNode):
        o = _bnode_to_nodeid(o)
    if isinstance(g, BNode):
        g = _bnode_to_nodeid(g)
    if to_n3:
        return dict(zip("SPOG", [x.n3() for x in (s, p, o, g)]))
    else:
        return dict(zip("SPOG", [x for x in (s, p, o, g)]))
コード例 #11
0
 def frame2triple(self,
                  root: dict,
                  parent: Variable,
                  triples: list,
                  extra: list,
                  pref=None) -> None:
     """
     convert a json frame to s-p-o triples recursively
     :param root: json frame
     :param parent: subject for now
     :param triples: a list to store the results
     :param extra: indeces of extra triples
     """
     for k, v in root.items():
         if k == '@context':
             continue
         p = self.to_node(k)
         if isinstance(v, str):
             o = self.to_node(v)
         else:
             if (parent.toPython(), k) in self.exist_triples:
                 o_str = self.exist_triples[(parent.n3(), k)]
                 if o_str[0] in ['$', '?']:
                     o = Variable(o_str)
                 elif o_str[0] in ['"', "'"]:
                     o = Literal(o_str.strip('"').strip("'"))
                 elif o_str[0] in ['<']:
                     o = URIRef(o_str)
                 else:
                     o = Literal(o_str.strip('"').strip("'"))
             else:
                 o = Variable('var%d' % self.current_naming)
                 self.current_naming += 1
                 extra.append(len(triples))
         if not isinstance(p, Literal):
             triples.append(pref + [[parent, p, o]])
         else:
             print('failed to find context of %s.' % p)
         if isinstance(v, dict) and len(v):
             self.frame2triple(v, o, triples, extra,
                               pref + [[parent, p, o]])
コード例 #12
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def test0():
    """
    Testing this module with a simple example.
    """
    # pylint: disable=invalid-name
    rules = Graph()
    #g.load("eye.n3", format="n3")
    vs = Variable('s')
    vp = Variable('p')
    vo = Variable('o')
    with add_rule_in(rules) as (p, c):
        p.add((vs, vp, vo))
        c.add((vs, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource))
        c.add((vp, RDF.type, RDF.Property))
    with add_rule_in(rules) as (p, c):
        p.add((vs, RDF.type, vo))
        c.add((vo, RDF.type, RDFS.Class))

    pa = URIRef('http://champin.net/#pa')
    data = Graph()
    data.add((pa, RDF.type, FOAF.Person))

    infered, _ = eye([rules, data])

    expected = [
        (pa, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
        (RDFS.Resource, RDF.type, RDFS.Class),
        (RDFS.Resource, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
        (RDFS.Class, RDF.type, RDFS.Class),
        (RDFS.Class, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
        (RDF.Property, RDF.type, RDFS.Class),
        (RDF.Property, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
        (FOAF.Person, RDF.type, RDFS.Class),
        (FOAF.Person, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
        (RDF.type, RDF.type, RDF.Property),
        (RDF.type, RDF.type, RDFS.Resource),
    ]
    for triple in expected:
        assert triple in infered
    assert len(infered) == len(expected), len(infered)
コード例 #13
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 def f(bindings):
     if unBound:
         # @@note, param must be reassigned to avoid tricky issues of scope
         # see: http://docs.python.org/ref/naming.html
         _param = isinstance(param, Variable) and param or Variable(
             param[1:])
         val = bindings[_param]
         if isinstance(val, Literal):
             return getLiteralValue(val)
         else:
             return val
     else:
         return value
コード例 #14
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 def test_14_initBindings(self):
     TST = Namespace('http://example.com/ns/')
     self.graph.add((TST.a, TST.b, TST.c))
     self.graph.add((TST.d, TST.e, TST.f))
     result = self.graph.query(
         "SELECT * { ?s ?p ?o }",
         initBindings={
             "p": TST.b,
             Variable("o"): TST.c,
         },
     )
     assert result.type == "SELECT", result.type
     assert len(result) == 1
コード例 #15
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 def get_member(self, c_id, m_id=None, filter=[]):
     # todo: ASK and check if member exists
     if m_id is not None:
         if not isinstance(m_id, list):
             m_id = [m_id]
         members = [self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)+"/member/"+encoder.encode(id)) for id in m_id]
         # ds = self.sparql.select(ids).toDataset()
         # contents = [self.RDA.graph_to_member(ds.graph(id)) for id in ids]
     else:
         id = self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id))
         if not self.sparql.ask(id, self.RDA.ns.Collection).askAnswer:
             raise NotFoundError
         lst = self.sparql.list([Bind(Variable('s'), self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)+"/member")), Bind(Variable('p'), LDP.ns.contains)])
         members = [dct[Variable('o')] for dct in lst.bindings]
     contents=[]
     if len(members):
         dataset = self.sparql.select(members).toDataset()
         graphs = [dataset.graph(member) for member in members]
         for graph in graphs:
             contents += self.RDA.graph_to_object(graph)
     if m_id is not None and len(contents) is 0:
         raise NotFoundError()
     return contents
コード例 #16
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    def _sparql_select(self, q, cursor):
        log.debug("_sparql_select")
        results = cursor.execute(q.encode("utf-8"))
        vars = [Variable(col[0]) for col in results.description]
        var_dict = VirtuosoResultRow.prepare_var_dict(vars)

        def f():
            for r in results:
                try:
                    yield VirtuosoResultRow([resolve(cursor, x) for x in r],
                                            var_dict)
                except Exception, e:
                    log.debug("skip row, because of %s", e)
                    pass
コード例 #17
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 def testToldBNode(self):
     for s, p, o in self.graph.triples((None, RDF.type, None)):
         pass
     query = """SELECT ?obj WHERE { %s ?prop ?obj }""" % s.n3()
     print query
     rt = self.graph.query(query, DEBUG=debug)
     self.failUnless(
         len(rt) == 1,
         "BGP should only match the 'told' BNode by name (result set size: %s)"
         % len(rt))
     bindings = {Variable('subj'): s}
     query = """SELECT ?obj WHERE { ?subj ?prop ?obj }"""
     print query
     rt = self.graph.query(query, initBindings=bindings, DEBUG=debug)
     self.failUnless(
         len(rt) == 1,
         "BGP should only match the 'told' BNode by name (result set size: %s, BNode: %s)"
         % (len(rt), s.n3()))
コード例 #18
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ファイル: __init__.py プロジェクト: asanchez75/gastrodon
 def _select(self, sparql: str, **kwargs) -> dict:
     that = self._wrapper()
     that.setQuery(sparql)
     that.setReturnFormat(JSON)
     json_result = that.queryAndConvert()
     res = {}
     res["type_"] = "SELECT"
     res["vars_"] = [Variable(v) for v in json_result["head"]["vars"]]
     column = OrderedDict()
     bindings = []
     for json_row in json_result["results"]["bindings"]:
         rdf_row = {}
         for variable in res["vars_"]:
             if str(variable) in json_row:
                 rdf_row[variable] = self.jsonToNode(
                     json_row[str(variable)])
             else:
                 rdf_row[variable] = None
         bindings.append(rdf_row)
     res["bindings"] = bindings
     return SPARQLResult(res)
コード例 #19
0
ファイル: vstore.py プロジェクト: quntian/virtuoso-python
    def _sparql_select(self, q, cursor, must_close):
        log.debug("_sparql_select")
        results = cursor.execute(q)
        vars = [Variable(col[0]) for col in results.description]
        var_dict = VirtuosoResultRow.prepare_var_dict(vars)

        def f():
            try:
                for r in results:
                    try:
                        yield VirtuosoResultRow(
                            [resolve(cursor, x) for x in r], var_dict)
                    except Exception as e:
                        log.debug("skip row, because of %s", e)
                        pass
            finally:
                if must_close:
                    cursor.close()

        e = EagerIterator(f())
        e.vars = vars
        e.selectionF = e.vars
        return e
コード例 #20
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def testN3Store(store="default", configString=None):
    g = ConjunctiveGraph(store=store)
    if configString:
        g.destroy(configString)
        g.open(configString)
    g.parse(data=testN3, format="n3")
    print g.store
    try:
        for s, p, o in g.triples((None, implies, None)):
            formulaA = s
            formulaB = o

        assert type(formulaA) == QuotedGraph and type(formulaB) == QuotedGraph
        a = URIRef('http://test/a')
        b = URIRef('http://test/b')
        c = URIRef('http://test/c')
        d = URIRef('http://test/d')
        v = Variable('y')

        universe = ConjunctiveGraph(g.store)

        #test formula as terms
        assert len(list(universe.triples((formulaA, implies, formulaB)))) == 1

        #test variable as term and variable roundtrip
        assert len(list(formulaB.triples((None, None, v)))) == 1
        for s, p, o in formulaB.triples((None, d, None)):
            if o != c:
                assert isinstance(o, Variable)
                assert o == v
        s = list(universe.subjects(RDF.type, RDFS.Class))[0]
        assert isinstance(s, BNode)
        assert len(list(universe.triples((None, implies, None)))) == 1
        assert len(list(universe.triples((None, RDF.type, None)))) == 1
        assert len(list(formulaA.triples((None, RDF.type, None)))) == 1
        assert len(list(formulaA.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2
        assert len(list(formulaB.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2
        assert len(list(universe.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
        assert len(
            list(formulaB.triples((None, URIRef('http://test/d'), None)))) == 2
        assert len(
            list(universe.triples((None, URIRef('http://test/d'), None)))) == 1

        #context tests
        #test contexts with triple argument
        assert len(list(universe.contexts((a, d, c)))) == 1

        #Remove test cases
        universe.remove((None, implies, None))
        assert len(list(universe.triples((None, implies, None)))) == 0
        assert len(list(formulaA.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2
        assert len(list(formulaB.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2

        formulaA.remove((None, b, None))
        assert len(list(formulaA.triples((None, None, None)))) == 1
        formulaA.remove((None, RDF.type, None))
        assert len(list(formulaA.triples((None, None, None)))) == 0

        universe.remove((None, RDF.type, RDFS.Class))

        #remove_context tests
        universe.remove_context(formulaB)
        assert len(list(universe.triples((None, RDF.type, None)))) == 0
        assert len(universe) == 1
        assert len(formulaB) == 0

        universe.remove((None, None, None))
        assert len(universe) == 0

        g.store.destroy(configString)
    except:
        g.store.destroy(configString)
        raise
コード例 #21
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 def ask_member(self, c_id, m_id):
     if not isinstance(m_id, list):
         m_id = [m_id]
     ids = [self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(c_id)+"/member/"+encoder.encode(m)) for m in m_id]
     result = self.sparql.find(ids,self.RDA.ns.Member)
     return float(result.bindings.pop().get(Variable('size')))/len(m_id)
コード例 #22
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 def __term_to_string(sparql_row): 
     return [
         str(sparql_row[Variable("subject")]),
         str(sparql_row[Variable("predicate")]),
         str(sparql_row[Variable("object")])
     ]
コード例 #23
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 def ask_collection(self, c_id):
     if not isinstance(c_id, list):
         c_id = [c_id]
     ids = [self.marmotta.ldp(encoder.encode(id)) for id in c_id]
     result = self.sparql.find(ids,self.RDA.ns.Collection)
     return float(result.bindings.pop().get(Variable('size')))/len(c_id)
コード例 #24
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ファイル: n3proc.py プロジェクト: msaelices/django-rdflib
 def univar(self, label, sic=False):
     if not sic:
         self.counter += 1
         label += str(self.counter)
     return Variable(label)
コード例 #25
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ファイル: tests.py プロジェクト: msaelices/django-rdflib
    def test_rdflib_mysql_test(self):
        """
        test taken from rdflib/test/test_mysql.py
        """
        implies = URIRef("http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#implies")
        testN3="""
        @prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
        @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
        @prefix : <http://test/> .
        {:a :b :c;a :foo} => {:a :d :c,?y}.
        _:foo a rdfs:Class.
        :a :d :c."""


        #Thorough test suite for formula-aware store
        g = self.rdflib_graph
        g.parse(data=testN3, format="n3")
        #print g.store
        for s,p,o in g.triples((None,implies,None)):
            formulaA = s
            formulaB = o

        self.assertTrue(type(formulaA)==QuotedGraph and type(formulaB)==QuotedGraph)
        a = URIRef('http://test/a')
        b = URIRef('http://test/b')
        c = URIRef('http://test/c')
        d = URIRef('http://test/d')
        v = Variable('y')

        universe = ConjunctiveGraph(g.store)

        #test formula as terms
        self.assertTrue(len(list(universe.triples((formulaA,implies,formulaB))))==1)

        #test variable as term and variable roundtrip
        self.assertTrue(len(list(formulaB.triples((None,None,v))))==1)
        for s,p,o in formulaB.triples((None,d,None)):
            if o != c:
                self.assertTrue(isinstance(o,Variable))
                self.assertTrue(o == v)
        s = list(universe.subjects(RDF.type, RDFS.Class))[0]
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(s,BNode))
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,implies,None)))) == 1)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,RDF.type,None)))) ==1)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaA.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==1)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaA.triples((None,None,None))))==2)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaB.triples((None,None,None))))==2)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,None,None))))==3)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaB.triples((None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None))))==2)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None))))==1)

        #context tests
        #test contexts with triple argument
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.contexts((a,d,c))))==1)

        #Remove test cases
        universe.remove((None,implies,None))
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,implies,None))))==0)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaA.triples((None,None,None))))==2)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaB.triples((None,None,None))))==2)

        formulaA.remove((None,b,None))
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaA.triples((None,None,None))))==1)
        formulaA.remove((None,RDF.type,None))
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaA.triples((None,None,None))))==0)

        universe.remove((None,RDF.type,RDFS.Class))


        #remove_context tests
        universe.remove_context(formulaB)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(universe.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==0)
        self.assertTrue( len(universe)==1)
        self.assertTrue( len(list(formulaB.triples((None,None,None))))==0)

        universe.remove((None,None,None))
        self.assertTrue( len(universe)==0)
コード例 #26
0
ファイル: graph.py プロジェクト: lahorichargha/omnidator
                "illegal argument, pattern must be a tuple of 3 or 4 element, got %s"
                % len(tupl))
        if len(tupl) == 3:
            (s, p, o) = tupl
            f = None
        else:
            (s, p, o, f) = tupl
        final = []
        for c in (s, p, o):
            if isinstance(c, Variable):
                if not c in self.unbounds:
                    self.unbounds.append(c)
                final.append(c)
            elif isinstance(c, BNode):
                #Do nothing - BNode name management is handled by SPARQL parser
                final.append(c)
            else:
                final.append(_createResource(c))
        final.append(f)
        return tuple(final)

    def fetchTerminalExpression(self):
        yield self


if __name__ == '__main__':
    v1 = Variable("a")
    g = BasicGraphPattern([("a", "?b", 24), ("?r", "?c", 12345),
                           (v1, "?c", 3333)])
    print g
コード例 #27
0
ファイル: test_parser.py プロジェクト: pavan046/pubsubsemhub
import pyparsing

match_definitions = [
    (parser.BaseDecl,
      [
        ('BASE <s:ex>', URIRef('s:ex')),
        ('BASE <>', URIRef('')),
      ]),
    (parser.PrefixDecl,
      [
        ('PREFIX s: <s:ex>', components.PrefixDeclaration(
                               's:', 's:ex')),
      ]),
    (parser.Var,
      [
        ('?foo', Variable('foo')),
        ('$bar', Variable('bar')),
      ]),
    (parser.IRIref,
      [
        ('pre:local', components.QName('pre:local')),
        ('<s:ex>', URIRef('s:ex')),
      ]),
    (parser.RDFLiteral,
      [
        ('"foo"', Literal("foo")),
        ('"foo"@en-US', Literal("foo", lang='en-US')),
        ("'bar'^^pre:type", components.ParsedDatatypedLiteral(
          "bar", components.QName('pre:type'))),
        ("'bar'^^<s:type>", components.ParsedDatatypedLiteral(
          "bar", URIRef('s:type'))),