def create_key_and_extra_args(self, X, Y, category=None, base=ZZ,
check=True):
"""
Create a key that uniquely determines the Hom-set.
INPUT:
- ``X`` -- a scheme. The domain of the morphisms.
- ``Y`` -- a scheme. The codomain of the morphisms.
- ``category`` -- a category for the Hom-sets (default: schemes over
given base).
- ``base`` -- a scheme or a ring. The base scheme of domain
and codomain schemes. If a ring is specified, the spectrum
of that ring will be used as base scheme.
- ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``).
EXAMPLES::
sage: A2 = AffineSpace(QQ,2)
sage: A3 = AffineSpace(QQ,3)
sage: A3.Hom(A2) # indirect doctest
Set of morphisms
From: Affine Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
To: Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: from sage.schemes.generic.homset import SchemeHomsetFactory
sage: SHOMfactory = SchemeHomsetFactory('test')
sage: key, extra = SHOMfactory.create_key_and_extra_args(A3,A2,check=False)
sage: key
(..., ..., Category of schemes over Integer Ring)
sage: extra
{'Y': Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field,
'X': Affine Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field,
'base_ring': Integer Ring, 'check': False}
"""
if not is_Scheme(X) and is_CommutativeRing(X):
X = Spec(X)
if not is_Scheme(Y) and is_CommutativeRing(Y):
Y = Spec(Y)
if is_Spec(base):
base_spec = base
base_ring = base.coordinate_ring()
elif is_CommutativeRing(base):
base_spec = Spec(base)
base_ring = base
else:
raise ValueError(
'The base must be a commutative ring or its spectrum.')
if not category:
from sage.categories.schemes import Schemes
category = Schemes(base_spec)
key = tuple([id(X), id(Y), category])
extra = {'X':X, 'Y':Y, 'base_ring':base_ring, 'check':check}
return key, extra
def create_key_and_extra_args(self, X, Y, category=None, base=ZZ,
check=True):
"""
Create a key that uniquely determines the Hom-set.
INPUT:
- ``X`` -- a scheme. The domain of the morphisms.
- ``Y`` -- a scheme. The codomain of the morphisms.
- ``category`` -- a category for the Hom-sets (default: schemes over
given base).
- ``base`` -- a scheme or a ring. The base scheme of domain
and codomain schemes. If a ring is specified, the spectrum
of that ring will be used as base scheme.
- ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``).
EXAMPLES::
sage: A2 = AffineSpace(QQ,2)
sage: A3 = AffineSpace(QQ,3)
sage: A3.Hom(A2) # indirect doctest
Set of morphisms
From: Affine Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
To: Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: from sage.schemes.generic.homset import SchemeHomsetFactory
sage: SHOMfactory = SchemeHomsetFactory('test')
sage: key, extra = SHOMfactory.create_key_and_extra_args(A3,A2,check=False)
sage: key
(..., ..., Category of schemes over Integer Ring)
sage: extra
{'Y': Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field,
'X': Affine Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field,
'base_ring': Integer Ring, 'check': False}
"""
if not is_Scheme(X) and is_CommutativeRing(X):
X = Spec(X)
if not is_Scheme(Y) and is_CommutativeRing(Y):
Y = Spec(Y)
if is_Spec(base):
base_spec = base
base_ring = base.coordinate_ring()
elif is_CommutativeRing(base):
base_spec = Spec(base)
base_ring = base
else:
raise ValueError(
'The base must be a commutative ring or its spectrum.')
if not category:
from sage.categories.schemes import Schemes
category = Schemes(base_spec)
key = tuple([id(X), id(Y), category])
extra = {'X':X, 'Y':Y, 'base_ring':base_ring, 'check':check}
return key, extra
def _call_(self, x):
"""
Construct a scheme from the data in ``x``
EXAMPLES:
Let us first construct the category of schemes::
sage: S = Schemes(); S
Category of Schemes
We create a scheme from a ring::
sage: X = S(ZZ); X # indirect doctest
Spectrum of Integer Ring
We create a scheme from a scheme (do nothing)::
sage: S(X)
Spectrum of Integer Ring
We create a scheme morphism from a ring homomorphism.x::
\
sage: phi = ZZ.hom(QQ); phi
Ring Coercion morphism:
From: Integer Ring
To: Rational Field
sage: f = S(phi); f # indirect doctest
Affine Scheme morphism:
From: Spectrum of Rational Field
To: Spectrum of Integer Ring
Defn: Ring Coercion morphism:
From: Integer Ring
To: Rational Field
sage: f.domain()
Spectrum of Rational Field
sage: f.codomain()
Spectrum of Integer Ring
sage: S(f) # indirect doctest
Affine Scheme morphism:
From: Spectrum of Rational Field
To: Spectrum of Integer Ring
Defn: Ring Coercion morphism:
From: Integer Ring
To: Rational Field
"""
from sage.rings.all import is_CommutativeRing, is_RingHomomorphism
from sage.schemes.all import is_Scheme, Spec, is_SchemeMorphism
if is_Scheme(x) or is_SchemeMorphism(x):
return x
elif is_CommutativeRing(x):
return Spec(x)
elif is_RingHomomorphism(x):
A = Spec(x.codomain())
return A.hom(x)
else:
raise TypeError, "No way to create an object or morphism in %s from %s"%(self, x)
def __init__(self,
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(1),
weight = 2,
sign = 0,
base_ring = rings.QQ,
character = None):
"""
Space of boundary symbols for a congruence subgroup of SL_2(Z).
This class is an abstract base class, so only derived classes
should be instantiated.
INPUT:
- ``weight`` - int, the weight
- ``group`` - arithgroup.congroup_generic.CongruenceSubgroup, a congruence
subgroup.
- ``sign`` - int, either -1, 0, or 1
- ``base_ring`` - rings.Ring (defaults to the
rational numbers)
EXAMPLES::
sage: B = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2).boundary_space()
sage: isinstance(B, sage.modular.modsym.boundary.BoundarySpace)
True
sage: B == loads(dumps(B))
True
"""
weight = int(weight)
if weight <= 1:
raise ArithmeticError, "weight must be at least 2"
if not arithgroup.is_CongruenceSubgroup(group):
raise TypeError, "group must be a congruence subgroup"
sign = int(sign)
if not isinstance(base_ring, rings.Ring) and rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError, "base_ring must be a commutative ring"
if character == None and arithgroup.is_Gamma0(group):
character = dirichlet.TrivialCharacter(group.level(), base_ring)
(self.__group, self.__weight, self.__character,
self.__sign, self.__base_ring) = (group, weight,
character, sign, base_ring)
self._known_gens = []
self._known_gens_repr = []
self._is_zero = []
hecke.HeckeModule_generic.__init__(self, base_ring, group.level())
def canonical_parameters(group, weight, sign, base_ring):
"""
Return the canonically normalized parameters associated to a choice
of group, weight, sign, and base_ring. That is, normalize each of
these to be of the correct type, perform all appropriate type
checking, etc.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p1 = sage.modular.modsym.modsym.canonical_parameters(5,int(2),1,QQ) ; p1
(Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 2, 1, Rational Field)
sage: p2 = sage.modular.modsym.modsym.canonical_parameters(Gamma0(5),2,1,QQ) ; p2
(Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 2, 1, Rational Field)
sage: p1 == p2
True
sage: type(p1[1])
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
sign = rings.Integer(sign)
if not (sign in [-1, 0, 1]):
raise ValueError, "sign must be -1, 0, or 1"
weight = rings.Integer(weight)
if weight <= 1:
raise ValueError, "the weight must be at least 2"
if isinstance(group, (int, rings.Integer)):
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(group)
elif isinstance(group, dirichlet.DirichletCharacter):
try:
eps = group.minimize_base_ring()
except NotImplementedError:
# TODO -- implement minimize_base_ring over finite fields
eps = group
G = eps.parent()
if eps.is_trivial():
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(eps.modulus())
else:
group = (eps, G)
if base_ring is None: base_ring = eps.base_ring()
if base_ring is None: base_ring = rational_field.RationalField()
if not rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError, "base_ring (=%s) must be a commutative ring" % base_ring
if not base_ring.is_field():
raise TypeError, "(currently) base_ring (=%s) must be a field" % base_ring
return group, weight, sign, base_ring
def canonical_parameters(group, weight, sign, base_ring):
"""
Return the canonically normalized parameters associated to a choice
of group, weight, sign, and base_ring. That is, normalize each of
these to be of the correct type, perform all appropriate type
checking, etc.
EXAMPLES::
sage: p1 = sage.modular.modsym.modsym.canonical_parameters(5,int(2),1,QQ) ; p1
(Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 2, 1, Rational Field)
sage: p2 = sage.modular.modsym.modsym.canonical_parameters(Gamma0(5),2,1,QQ) ; p2
(Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 2, 1, Rational Field)
sage: p1 == p2
True
sage: type(p1[1])
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
"""
sign = rings.Integer(sign)
if not (sign in [-1,0,1]):
raise ValueError, "sign must be -1, 0, or 1"
weight = rings.Integer(weight)
if weight <= 1:
raise ValueError, "the weight must be at least 2"
if isinstance(group, (int, rings.Integer)):
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(group)
elif isinstance(group, dirichlet.DirichletCharacter):
try:
eps = group.minimize_base_ring()
except NotImplementedError:
# TODO -- implement minimize_base_ring over finite fields
eps = group
G = eps.parent()
if eps.is_trivial():
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(eps.modulus())
else:
group = (eps, G)
if base_ring is None: base_ring = eps.base_ring()
if base_ring is None: base_ring = rational_field.RationalField()
if not rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError, "base_ring (=%s) must be a commutative ring"%base_ring
if not base_ring.is_field():
raise TypeError, "(currently) base_ring (=%s) must be a field"%base_ring
return group, weight, sign, base_ring
def __init__(self,
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(1),
weight = 2,
sign = 0,
base_ring = rings.QQ,
character = None):
"""
Space of boundary symbols for a congruence subgroup of SL_2(Z).
This class is an abstract base class, so only derived classes
should be instantiated.
INPUT:
- ``weight`` - int, the weight
- ``group`` - arithgroup.congroup_generic.CongruenceSubgroup, a congruence
subgroup.
- ``sign`` - int, either -1, 0, or 1
- ``base_ring`` - rings.Ring (defaults to the
rational numbers)
EXAMPLES::
sage: B = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(11),2).boundary_space()
sage: isinstance(B, sage.modular.modsym.boundary.BoundarySpace)
True
sage: B == loads(dumps(B))
True
"""
weight = int(weight)
if weight <= 1:
raise ArithmeticError("weight must be at least 2")
if not arithgroup.is_CongruenceSubgroup(group):
raise TypeError("group must be a congruence subgroup")
sign = int(sign)
if not isinstance(base_ring, rings.Ring) and rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError("base_ring must be a commutative ring")
if character is None and arithgroup.is_Gamma0(group):
character = dirichlet.TrivialCharacter(group.level(), base_ring)
(self.__group, self.__weight, self.__character,
self.__sign, self.__base_ring) = (group, weight,
character, sign, base_ring)
self._known_gens = []
self._known_gens_repr = []
self._is_zero = []
hecke.HeckeModule_generic.__init__(self, base_ring, group.level())
def __init__(self, n, R=ZZ):
"""
TEST::
sage: from sage.schemes.generic.ambient_space import AmbientSpace
sage: A = AmbientSpace(5, ZZ)
sage: TestSuite(A).run() # not tested (abstract scheme with no elements?)
"""
if not is_CommutativeRing(R):
raise TypeError, "R (=%s) must be a commutative ring"%R
n = Integer(n)
if n < 0:
raise ValueError, "n (=%s) must be nonnegative"%n
self._dimension_relative = n
Scheme.__init__(self, R)
def __init__(self, n, R=ZZ):
"""
TEST::
sage: from sage.schemes.generic.ambient_space import AmbientSpace
sage: A = AmbientSpace(5, ZZ)
sage: TestSuite(A).run() # not tested (abstract scheme with no elements?)
"""
if not is_CommutativeRing(R):
raise TypeError, "R (=%s) must be a commutative ring" % R
n = Integer(n)
if n < 0:
raise ValueError, "n (=%s) must be nonnegative" % n
self._dimension_relative = n
Scheme.__init__(self, R)
def __init__(self, X=None, category=None):
"""
Construct a scheme.
TESTS::
sage: R.<x, y> = QQ[]
sage: I = (x^2 - y^2)*R
sage: RmodI = R.quotient(I)
sage: X = Spec(RmodI)
sage: TestSuite(X).run(skip = ["_test_an_element", "_test_elements",
... "_test_some_elements", "_test_category"]) # See #7946
"""
from sage.schemes.generic.spec import is_Spec
from sage.schemes.generic.morphism import is_SchemeMorphism
if X is None:
try:
from sage.schemes.generic.spec import SpecZ
self._base_scheme = SpecZ
except ImportError: # we are currently constructing SpecZ
self._base_ring = ZZ
elif is_Scheme(X):
self._base_scheme = X
elif is_SchemeMorphism(X):
self._base_morphism = X
elif is_CommutativeRing(X):
self._base_ring = X
elif is_RingHomomorphism(X):
self._base_ring = X.codomain()
else:
raise ValueError('The base must be define by a scheme, '
'scheme morphism, or commutative ring.')
from sage.categories.schemes import Schemes
if not X:
default_category = Schemes()
else:
default_category = Schemes(self.base_scheme())
if category is None:
category = default_category
else:
assert category.is_subcategory(default_category), \
"%s is not a subcategory of %s"%(category, default_category)
Parent.__init__(self, self.base_ring(), category = category)
def __init__(self, X=None, category=None):
"""
Construct a scheme.
TESTS::
sage: R.<x, y> = QQ[]
sage: I = (x^2 - y^2)*R
sage: RmodI = R.quotient(I)
sage: X = Spec(RmodI)
sage: TestSuite(X).run(skip = ["_test_an_element", "_test_elements",
... "_test_some_elements", "_test_category"]) # See #7946
"""
from sage.schemes.generic.spec import is_Spec
from sage.schemes.generic.morphism import is_SchemeMorphism
if X is None:
try:
from sage.schemes.generic.spec import SpecZ
self._base_scheme = SpecZ
except ImportError: # we are currently constructing SpecZ
self._base_ring = ZZ
elif is_Scheme(X):
self._base_scheme = X
elif is_SchemeMorphism(X):
self._base_morphism = X
elif is_CommutativeRing(X):
self._base_ring = X
elif is_RingHomomorphism(X):
self._base_ring = X.codomain()
else:
raise ValueError('The base must be define by a scheme, '
'scheme morphism, or commutative ring.')
from sage.categories.schemes import Schemes
if not X:
default_category = Schemes()
else:
default_category = Schemes(self.base_scheme())
if category is None:
category = default_category
else:
assert category.is_subcategory(default_category), \
"%s is not a subcategory of %s"%(category, default_category)
Parent.__init__(self, self.base_ring(), category=category)
def __init__(self, n, R=ZZ):
"""
TEST::
sage: from sage.schemes.generic.ambient_space import AmbientSpace
sage: A = AmbientSpace(5, ZZ)
sage: TestSuite(A).run() # not tested (abstract scheme with no elements?)
"""
if not is_CommutativeRing(R):
raise TypeError, "R (=%s) must be a commutative ring" % R
n = Integer(n)
if n < 0:
raise ValueError, "n (=%s) must be nonnegative" % n
self.__n = n
self._base_ring = R
# NT: this seems to set improperly self._base_scheme to X instead of Spec(X)????
# scheme.Scheme.__init__(self, R)
# This should be cleaned up by someone who knows about schemes (not me!)
from sage.categories.schemes import Schemes
Parent.__init__(self, R, category=Schemes(self.base_scheme()))
def base_extend(self, R):
"""
Return the natural extension of ``self`` over ``R``.
INPUT:
- ``R`` -- a commutative ring, such that there is a natural map from
the base ring of self to ``R``.
OUTPUT:
- an ambient space over ``R`` of the same structure as ``self``.
.. NOTE::
A ``ValueError`` is raised if there is no such natural map. If
you need to drop this condition, use ``self.change_ring(R)``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: P.<x, y, z> = ProjectiveSpace(2, ZZ)
sage: PQ = P.base_extend(QQ); PQ
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: PQ.base_extend(GF(5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no natural map from the base ring (=Rational Field)
to R (=Finite Field of size 5)!
"""
if is_CommutativeRing(R):
if self.base_ring() == R:
return self
if not R.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
raise ValueError(
"no natural map from the base ring (=%s) to R (=%s)!"
% (self.base_ring(), R))
return self.change_ring(R)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"extension of spaces over %s to %s is not implemented!"
% (self.base_ring(), R))
def base_extend(self, R):
"""
Return the natural extension of ``self`` over ``R``.
INPUT:
- ``R`` -- a commutative ring, such that there is a natural map from
the base ring of self to ``R``.
OUTPUT:
- an ambient space over ``R`` of the same structure as ``self``.
.. NOTE::
A ``ValueError`` is raised if there is no such natural map. If
you need to drop this condition, use ``self.change_ring(R)``.
EXAMPLES::
sage: P.<x, y, z> = ProjectiveSpace(2, ZZ)
sage: PQ = P.base_extend(QQ); PQ
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: PQ.base_extend(GF(5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no natural map from the base ring (=Rational Field)
to R (=Finite Field of size 5)!
"""
if is_CommutativeRing(R):
if self.base_ring() == R:
return self
if not R.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
raise ValueError(
"no natural map from the base ring (=%s) to R (=%s)!" %
(self.base_ring(), R))
return self.change_ring(R)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"extension of spaces over %s to %s is not implemented!" %
(self.base_ring(), R))
def __init__(self, abvar, base):
"""
This is an abstract base class, so it is called implicitly in the
following examples.
EXAMPLES::
sage: H = J0(43).integral_homology()
sage: type(H)
<class 'sage.modular.abvar.homology.IntegralHomology_with_category'>
TESTS::
sage: H = J0(43).integral_homology()
sage: loads(dumps(H)) == H
True
"""
if not is_CommutativeRing(base):
raise TypeError, "base ring must be a commutative ring"
HeckeModule_free_module.__init__(self, base, abvar.level(), weight=2)
self.__abvar = abvar
def __init__(self, abvar, base):
"""
This is an abstract base class, so it is called implicitly in the
following examples.
EXAMPLES::
sage: H = J0(43).integral_homology()
sage: type(H)
<class 'sage.modular.abvar.homology.IntegralHomology_with_category'>
TESTS::
sage: H = J0(43).integral_homology()
sage: loads(dumps(H)) == H
True
"""
if not is_CommutativeRing(base):
raise TypeError, "base ring must be a commutative ring"
HeckeModule_free_module.__init__(self, base, abvar.level(), weight=2)
self.__abvar = abvar
def _get_action_(self, other, op, self_is_left):
"""
Register actions with the coercion model.
The monoid actions are Minkowski sum and cartesian product. In
addition, we want multiplication by a scalar to be dilation
and addition by a vector to be translation. This is
implemented as an action in the coercion model.
INPUT:
- ``other`` -- a scalar or a vector.
- ``op`` -- the operator.
- ``self_is_left`` -- boolean. Whether ``self`` is on the left
of the operator.
OUTPUT:
An action that is used by the coercion model.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent import Polyhedra
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action(ZZ) # indirect doctest
Right action by Integer Ring on Polyhedra in ZZ^2
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action(QQ)
Right action by Rational Field on Polyhedra in QQ^2
with precomposition on left by Conversion map:
From: Polyhedra in ZZ^2
To: Polyhedra in QQ^2
with precomposition on right by Identity endomorphism of Rational Field
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).get_action(ZZ)
Right action by Integer Ring on Polyhedra in QQ^2
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).get_action(QQ)
Right action by Rational Field on Polyhedra in QQ^2
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element() * 2
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element() * (2/3)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element() * 2
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element() * (2/3)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: 2 * Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: (2/3) * Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: 2 * Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: (2/3) * Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent import Polyhedra
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action( ZZ^2, op=operator.add)
Right action by Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal
domain Integer Ring on Polyhedra in ZZ^2
with precomposition on left by Identity endomorphism of Polyhedra in ZZ^2
with precomposition on right by Free module morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 1]
Domain: Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
Codomain: Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
"""
import operator
from sage.structure.coerce_actions import ActedUponAction
from sage.categories.action import PrecomposedAction
if op is operator.add and is_FreeModule(other):
base_ring = self._coerce_base_ring(other)
extended_self = self.base_extend(base_ring)
extended_other = other.base_extend(base_ring)
action = ActedUponAction(extended_other, extended_self, not self_is_left)
if self_is_left:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended_self.coerce_map_from(self),
extended_other.coerce_map_from(other))
else:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended_other.coerce_map_from(other),
extended_self.coerce_map_from(self))
return action
if op is operator.mul and is_CommutativeRing(other):
ring = self._coerce_base_ring(other)
if ring is self.base_ring():
return ActedUponAction(other, self, not self_is_left)
extended = self.base_extend(ring)
action = ActedUponAction(ring, extended, not self_is_left)
if self_is_left:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended.coerce_map_from(self),
ring.coerce_map_from(other))
else:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
ring.coerce_map_from(other),
extended.coerce_map_from(self))
return action
def __call__(self, *args):
"""
If S is a ring or scheme, return the set `X(S)` of
`S`-valued points on `X`. If `S` is a list
or tuple or just the coordinates, return a point in `X(T)`,
where `T` is the base scheme of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = AffineSpace(2, QQ)
We create some point sets::
sage: A(QQ)
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: A(RR)
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
::
sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: A(NumberField(x^2+1, 'a'))
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
sage: A(GF(7))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no natural map from the base ring (=Rational Field) to R (=Finite Field of size 7)!
We create some points::
sage: A(QQ)([1,0])
(1, 0)
We create the same point by giving the coordinates of the point
directly.
::
sage: A( 1,0 )
(1, 0)
"""
if len(args) == 0:
raise TypeError, "0-dimensional affine space has no points"
S = args[0]
if is_CommutativeRing(S):
return self.point_homset(S)
elif is_Scheme(S):
return S.Hom(self)
elif isinstance(S, (list, tuple)):
args = S
elif isinstance(S, morphism.SchemeMorphism_coordinates):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
# TODO: fix circular import resulting from non-multiple inheritance
from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point import EllipticCurvePoint_field
if isinstance(S, EllipticCurvePoint_field):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
return self.point(S)
return self.point(args)
def _get_action_(self, other, op, self_is_left):
"""
Register actions with the coercion model.
The monoid actions are Minkowski sum and cartesian product. In
addition, we want multiplication by a scalar to be dilation
and addition by a vector to be translation. This is
implemented as an action in the coercion model.
INPUT:
- ``other`` -- a scalar or a vector.
- ``op`` -- the operator.
- ``self_is_left`` -- boolean. Whether ``self`` is on the left
of the operator.
OUTPUT:
An action that is used by the coercion model.
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent import Polyhedra
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action(ZZ) # indirect doctest
Right action by Integer Ring on Polyhedra in ZZ^2
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action(QQ)
Right action by Rational Field on Polyhedra in QQ^2
with precomposition on left by Conversion map:
From: Polyhedra in ZZ^2
To: Polyhedra in QQ^2
with precomposition on right by Identity endomorphism of Rational Field
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).get_action(ZZ)
Right action by Integer Ring on Polyhedra in QQ^2
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).get_action(QQ)
Right action by Rational Field on Polyhedra in QQ^2
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element() * 2
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element() * (2/3)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element() * 2
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element() * (2/3)
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: 2 * Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: (2/3) * Polyhedra(ZZ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: 2 * Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: (2/3) * Polyhedra(QQ,2).an_element()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices
sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.parent import Polyhedra
sage: Polyhedra(ZZ,2).get_action( ZZ^2, op=operator.add)
Right action by Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal
domain Integer Ring on Polyhedra in ZZ^2
with precomposition on left by Identity endomorphism of Polyhedra in ZZ^2
with precomposition on right by Free module morphism defined by the matrix
[1 0]
[0 1]
Domain: Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
Codomain: Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
"""
import operator
from sage.structure.coerce_actions import ActedUponAction
from sage.categories.action import PrecomposedAction
if op is operator.add and is_FreeModule(other):
base_ring = self._coerce_base_ring(other)
extended_self = self.base_extend(base_ring)
extended_other = other.base_extend(base_ring)
action = ActedUponAction(extended_other, extended_self, not self_is_left)
if self_is_left:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended_self.coerce_map_from(self),
extended_other.coerce_map_from(other))
else:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended_other.coerce_map_from(other),
extended_self.coerce_map_from(self))
return action
if op is operator.mul and is_CommutativeRing(other):
ring = self._coerce_base_ring(other)
if ring is self.base_ring():
return ActedUponAction(other, self, not self_is_left)
extended = self.base_extend(ring)
action = ActedUponAction(ring, extended, not self_is_left)
if self_is_left:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
extended.coerce_map_from(self),
ring.coerce_map_from(other))
else:
action = PrecomposedAction(action,
ring.coerce_map_from(other),
extended.coerce_map_from(self))
return action
def __call__(self, *args):
"""
Call syntax for schemes.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
The arguments must be one of the following:
- a ring or a scheme `S`. Output will be the set `X(S)` of
`S`-valued points on `X`.
- If `S` is a list or tuple or just the coordinates, return a
point in `X(T)`, where `T` is the base scheme of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = AffineSpace(2, QQ)
We create some point sets::
sage: A(QQ)
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: A(RR)
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Real Field
with 53 bits of precision
Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field::
sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: A(NumberField(x^2+1, 'a'))
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Number Field
in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
sage: A(GF(7))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: There must be a natural map S --> R, but
S = Rational Field and R = Finite Field of size 7
We create some points::
sage: A(QQ)([1,0])
(1, 0)
We create the same point by giving the coordinates of the point
directly::
sage: A( 1,0 )
(1, 0)
"""
if len(args) == 0:
raise TypeError('You need to specify at least one argument.')
S = args[0]
if is_CommutativeRing(S):
return self.point_homset(S)
if is_Scheme(S):
return S.Hom(self)
from sage.schemes.generic.morphism import SchemeMorphism_point
if isinstance(S, (list, tuple)):
args = S
elif isinstance(S, SchemeMorphism_point):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
# TODO: fix circular import resulting from non-multiple inheritance
from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point import EllipticCurvePoint_field
if isinstance(S, EllipticCurvePoint_field):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
return self.point(S)
return self.point(args)
def canonical_parameters(group, level, weight, base_ring):
"""
Given a group, level, weight, and base_ring as input by the user,
return a canonicalized version of them, where level is a Sage
integer, group really is a group, weight is a Sage integer, and
base_ring a Sage ring. Note that we can't just get the level from
the group, because we have the convention that the character for
Gamma1(N) is None (which makes good sense).
INPUT:
- ``group`` - int, long, Sage integer, group,
dirichlet character, or
- ``level`` - int, long, Sage integer, or group
- ``weight`` - coercible to Sage integer
- ``base_ring`` - commutative Sage ring
OUTPUT:
- ``level`` - Sage integer
- ``group`` - congruence subgroup
- ``weight`` - Sage integer
- ``ring`` - commutative Sage ring
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.modular.modform.constructor import canonical_parameters
sage: v = canonical_parameters(5, 5, int(7), ZZ); v
(5, Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 7, Integer Ring)
sage: type(v[0]), type(v[1]), type(v[2]), type(v[3])
(<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>,
<class 'sage.modular.arithgroup.congroup_gamma0.Gamma0_class_with_category'>,
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>,
<type 'sage.rings.integer_ring.IntegerRing_class'>)
sage: canonical_parameters( 5, 7, 7, ZZ )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: group and level do not match.
"""
weight = rings.Integer(weight)
if weight <= 0:
raise NotImplementedError, "weight must be at least 1"
if isinstance(group, dirichlet.DirichletCharacter):
if ( group.level() != rings.Integer(level) ):
raise ValueError, "group.level() and level do not match."
group = group.minimize_base_ring()
level = rings.Integer(level)
elif arithgroup.is_CongruenceSubgroup(group):
if ( rings.Integer(level) != group.level() ):
raise ValueError, "group.level() and level do not match."
# normalize the case of SL2Z
if arithgroup.is_SL2Z(group) or \
arithgroup.is_Gamma1(group) and group.level() == rings.Integer(1):
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(rings.Integer(1))
elif group is None:
pass
else:
try:
m = rings.Integer(group)
except TypeError:
raise TypeError, "group of unknown type."
level = rings.Integer(level)
if ( m != level ):
raise ValueError, "group and level do not match."
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(m)
if not rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError, "base_ring (=%s) must be a commutative ring"%base_ring
# it is *very* important to include the level as part of the data
# that defines the key, since dirichlet characters of different
# levels can compare equal, but define much different modular
# forms spaces.
return level, group, weight, base_ring
def __call__(self, *args):
"""
If S is a ring or scheme, return the set `X(S)` of
`S`-valued points on `X`. If `S` is a list
or tuple or just the coordinates, return a point in `X(T)`,
where `T` is the base scheme of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = AffineSpace(2, QQ)
We create some point sets::
sage: A(QQ)
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: A(RR)
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
::
sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: A(NumberField(x^2+1, 'a'))
Set of Rational Points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
sage: A(GF(7))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no natural map from the base ring (=Rational Field) to R (=Finite Field of size 7)!
We create some points::
sage: A(QQ)([1,0])
(1, 0)
We create the same point by giving the coordinates of the point
directly.
::
sage: A( 1,0 )
(1, 0)
"""
if len(args) == 0:
raise TypeError, "0-dimensional affine space has no points"
S = args[0]
if is_CommutativeRing(S):
return self.point_homset(S)
elif is_Scheme(S):
return S.Hom(self)
elif isinstance(S, (list, tuple)):
args = S
elif isinstance(S, morphism.SchemeMorphism_coordinates):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
# TODO: fix circular import resulting from non-multiple inheritance
from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point import EllipticCurvePoint_field
if isinstance(S, EllipticCurvePoint_field):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
return self.point(S)
return self.point(args)
def __call__(self, *args):
"""
Call syntax for schemes.
INPUT/OUTPUT:
The arguments must be one of the following:
- a ring or a scheme `S`. Output will be the set `X(S)` of
`S`-valued points on `X`.
- If `S` is a list or tuple or just the coordinates, return a
point in `X(T)`, where `T` is the base scheme of self.
EXAMPLES::
sage: A = AffineSpace(2, QQ)
We create some point sets::
sage: A(QQ)
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: A(RR)
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Real Field
with 53 bits of precision
Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field::
sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: A(NumberField(x^2+1, 'a'))
Set of rational points of Affine Space of dimension 2 over Number Field
in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
sage: A(GF(7))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: There must be a natural map S --> R, but
S = Rational Field and R = Finite Field of size 7
We create some points::
sage: A(QQ)([1,0])
(1, 0)
We create the same point by giving the coordinates of the point
directly::
sage: A( 1,0 )
(1, 0)
"""
if len(args) == 0:
raise TypeError('You need to specify at least one argument.')
S = args[0]
if is_CommutativeRing(S):
return self.point_homset(S)
if is_Scheme(S):
return S.Hom(self)
from sage.schemes.generic.morphism import SchemeMorphism_point
if isinstance(S, (list, tuple)):
args = S
elif isinstance(S, SchemeMorphism_point):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
# TODO: fix circular import resulting from non-multiple inheritance
from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point import EllipticCurvePoint_field
if isinstance(S, EllipticCurvePoint_field):
if S.codomain() == self:
return S
else:
return self.point(S)
return self.point(args)
def ProjectiveSpace(n, R=None, names='x'):
r"""
Return projective space of dimension `n` over the ring `R`.
EXAMPLES: The dimension and ring can be given in either order.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(3, QQ)
Projective Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5, QQ)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Rational Field
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(2, QQ, names='XYZ'); P
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: P.coordinate_ring()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in X, Y, Z over Rational Field
The divide operator does base extension.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5)/GF(17)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Finite Field of size 17
The default base ring is `\ZZ`.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Integer Ring
There is also an projective space associated each polynomial ring.
::
sage: R = GF(7)['x,y,z']
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(R); P
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
sage: P.coordinate_ring()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field of size 7
sage: P.coordinate_ring() is R
True
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(3, Zp(5), 'y')
Projective Space of dimension 3 over 5-adic Ring with capped relative precision 20
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(2,QQ,'x,y,z')
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
::
sage: PS.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(1,CC)
sage: PS
Projective Space of dimension 1 over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
Projective spaces are not cached, i.e., there can be several with
the same base ring and dimension (to facilitate gluing
constructions).
"""
if is_MPolynomialRing(n) and R is None:
A = ProjectiveSpace(n.ngens() - 1, n.base_ring())
A._coordinate_ring = n
return A
if isinstance(R, (int, long, Integer)):
n, R = R, n
if R is None:
R = ZZ # default is the integers
if R in _Fields:
if is_FiniteField(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_finite_field(n, R, names)
if is_RationalField(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_rational_field(n, R, names)
else:
return ProjectiveSpace_field(n, R, names)
elif is_CommutativeRing(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_ring(n, R, names)
else:
raise TypeError, "R (=%s) must be a commutative ring" % R
def ProjectiveSpace(n, R=None, names='x'):
r"""
Return projective space of dimension `n` over the ring `R`.
EXAMPLES: The dimension and ring can be given in either order.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(3, QQ)
Projective Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5, QQ)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Rational Field
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(2, QQ, names='XYZ'); P
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
sage: P.coordinate_ring()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in X, Y, Z over Rational Field
The divide operator does base extension.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5)/GF(17)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Finite Field of size 17
The default base ring is `\ZZ`.
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(5)
Projective Space of dimension 5 over Integer Ring
There is also an projective space associated each polynomial ring.
::
sage: R = GF(7)['x,y,z']
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(R); P
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
sage: P.coordinate_ring()
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Finite Field of size 7
sage: P.coordinate_ring() is R
True
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(3, Zp(5), 'y')
Projective Space of dimension 3 over 5-adic Ring with capped relative precision 20
::
sage: ProjectiveSpace(2,QQ,'x,y,z')
Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
::
sage: PS.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(1,CC)
sage: PS
Projective Space of dimension 1 over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
Projective spaces are not cached, i.e., there can be several with
the same base ring and dimension (to facilitate gluing
constructions).
"""
if is_MPolynomialRing(n) and R is None:
A = ProjectiveSpace(n.ngens()-1, n.base_ring())
A._coordinate_ring = n
return A
if isinstance(R, (int, long, Integer)):
n, R = R, n
if R is None:
R = ZZ # default is the integers
if R in _Fields:
if is_FiniteField(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_finite_field(n, R, names)
if is_RationalField(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_rational_field(n, R, names)
else:
return ProjectiveSpace_field(n, R, names)
elif is_CommutativeRing(R):
return ProjectiveSpace_ring(n, R, names)
else:
raise TypeError("R (=%s) must be a commutative ring"%R)
def canonical_parameters(group, level, weight, base_ring):
"""
Given a group, level, weight, and base_ring as input by the user,
return a canonicalized version of them, where level is a Sage
integer, group really is a group, weight is a Sage integer, and
base_ring a Sage ring. Note that we can't just get the level from
the group, because we have the convention that the character for
Gamma1(N) is None (which makes good sense).
INPUT:
- ``group`` - int, long, Sage integer, group,
dirichlet character, or
- ``level`` - int, long, Sage integer, or group
- ``weight`` - coercible to Sage integer
- ``base_ring`` - commutative Sage ring
OUTPUT:
- ``level`` - Sage integer
- ``group`` - congruence subgroup
- ``weight`` - Sage integer
- ``ring`` - commutative Sage ring
EXAMPLES::
sage: from sage.modular.modform.constructor import canonical_parameters
sage: v = canonical_parameters(5, 5, int(7), ZZ); v
(5, Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(5), 7, Integer Ring)
sage: type(v[0]), type(v[1]), type(v[2]), type(v[3])
(<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>,
<class 'sage.modular.arithgroup.congroup_gamma0.Gamma0_class_with_category'>,
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>,
<type 'sage.rings.integer_ring.IntegerRing_class'>)
sage: canonical_parameters( 5, 7, 7, ZZ )
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: group and level do not match.
"""
weight = rings.Integer(weight)
if weight <= 0:
raise NotImplementedError, "weight must be at least 1"
if isinstance(group, dirichlet.DirichletCharacter):
if ( group.level() != rings.Integer(level) ):
raise ValueError, "group.level() and level do not match."
group = group.minimize_base_ring()
level = rings.Integer(level)
elif arithgroup.is_CongruenceSubgroup(group):
if ( rings.Integer(level) != group.level() ):
raise ValueError, "group.level() and level do not match."
# normalize the case of SL2Z
if arithgroup.is_SL2Z(group) or \
arithgroup.is_Gamma1(group) and group.level() == rings.Integer(1):
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(rings.Integer(1))
elif group is None:
pass
else:
try:
m = rings.Integer(group)
except TypeError:
raise TypeError, "group of unknown type."
level = rings.Integer(level)
if ( m != level ):
raise ValueError, "group and level do not match."
group = arithgroup.Gamma0(m)
if not rings.is_CommutativeRing(base_ring):
raise TypeError, "base_ring (=%s) must be a commutative ring"%base_ring
# it is *very* important to include the level as part of the data
# that defines the key, since dirichlet characters of different
# levels can compare equal, but define much different modular
# forms spaces.
return level, group, weight, base_ring