def predict():
if request.method == 'POST':
try:
if (float(request.form['OverallQuality']) >= 1 and float(request.form['OverallQuality']) <= 10 ):
OverallQuality = float(request.form['OverallQuality'])
OverallQuality_T = boxcox1p(OverallQuality , 0.15)
else:
OverallQuality_T = ""
if (float(request.form['LivingArea']) <= 5600 and float(request.form['LivingArea']) >= 400):
LivingArea = float(request.form['LivingArea'])
LivingArea_T = boxcox1p(LivingArea , 0.15)
else:
LivingArea_T = ""
if (float(request.form['GarageCars']) <= 4 and float(request.form['GarageCars']) >= 0 ):
GarageCars = float(request.form['GarageCars'])
GarageCars_T = boxcox1p(GarageCars, 0.15)
else:
GarageCars_T = ""
with open('lgb_model.pkl', 'rb') as f:
ml_model = pickle.load(f)
pred_args = [OverallQuality_T, LivingArea_T, GarageCars_T]
pred_args_arr = np.array(pred_args).reshape(1,-1)
model_prediction = ml_model.predict(pred_args_arr)
model_prediction = np.expm1(model_prediction)
model_prediction = round(float(model_prediction), 2)
except ValueError:
return "Please check if the values are in the range!"
return render_template('predict.html', prediction = model_prediction)
def adjust_skewness(df: pd.DataFrame, specific: str = None) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Adjusts the skewness of all columns by finding highly skewed columns
and performing a boxcox transformation
:param df: pandas DataFrame to adjust skewed columns in
:return: pandas DataFrame with skew adjusted columns
"""
numerics = list(x[0] for x in (
filter(lambda x: x[1].name != 'object' and x[1].name != 'category',
zip(df.columns, df.dtypes))))
skewed_feats = df[numerics].apply(lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(
ascending=False)
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_feats})
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.7]
skewed_features = skewness.index
if specific:
skewed_features = [specific]
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
boxcot_trans = boxcox1p(df[feat], lam)
if not boxcot_trans.isnull().any():
df[feat] = boxcox1p(df[feat], lam)
return df
def _transform_skewed_features(self, numerical_vars: np.ndarray) -> None:
"""
Private method for transforming features with high skew.
:param numerical_vars: Set of all originally numerical variables.
"""
logging.info(
f'#{self._index()} - Determine and transform skewed features...')
# check the skew of all numerical features
skewed_features = self.X[numerical_vars].apply(
lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
logging.info("Skew in numerical features: \n")
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_features})
logging.info(skewness)
# transform skewed features
skewed_features = skewness[abs(skewness.Skew) > 0.75].index
logging.info(f"There are {skewed_features.size} skewed features")
for feature in skewed_features:
self.X[feature] = boxcox1p(self.X[feature], box_cox_lambda)
self.X_test[feature] = boxcox1p(self.X_test[feature],
box_cox_lambda)
# check the skew of all numerical features again
skewed_features = self.X[numerical_vars].apply(
lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
logging.info("Skew in numerical features: \n")
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_features})
logging.info(skewness)
logging.info(f'#{self._step_index} - DONE!')
def transform_numerical_features(df_train, df_test):
"""
TODO currently deals with positive skewed features, not negative. Analyse this.
:param df_train:
:param df_test:
:return:
"""
# apply log, scaling features
# SalePrice. Check log against log(1+x), log1p
df_train['SalePrice'] = np.log1p(df_train['SalePrice'])
# Check for skewed features
features_skewness = []
for k in df_train.columns:
if k == 'SalePrice':
pass
elif df_train.dtypes[k] != object:
features_skewness.append([k, np.float(stats.skew(df_train[k]))])
features_skewness_df = pd.DataFrame(features_skewness,
columns=['F', 'S']).sort_values(by='S')
left_skewed_features = features_skewness_df[
features_skewness_df['S'] > 0.5]['F']
right_skewed_features = features_skewness_df[
features_skewness_df['S'] < -0.5]['F']
# Apply log for right-skewed features (skewness<-0.5)
# Apply boxcox1p for left-skewed features (skewness>0.5)
# boxcox1p(x,lmbda):
# y = log(1+x) if lmbda==0
# y = ((1+x)**lmbda - 1) / lmbda if lmbda != 0
# the Box-Cox Power transformation only works if all the data is positive and greater than 0
for f in left_skewed_features:
box_cox_coef = stats.boxcox_normmax(df_train[f] + 1)
df_train[f] = special.boxcox1p(df_train[f], box_cox_coef)
df_test[f] = special.boxcox1p(df_test[f], box_cox_coef)
def hello():
story = str(request.form['story'])
area = request.form['area']
street = request.form['street']
utilities = request.form['utilities']
neighbor = request.form['neighbor']
bldgtype = request.form['bldgtype']
housestyle = request.form['housestyle']
quality = request.form['quality']
condition = str(request.form['condition'])
year = request.form['year']
foundation = request.form['foundation']
garage = request.form['garage']
pool = request.form['pool']
pkl_file = open('Encoder.pkl', 'rb')
lbl = pickle.load(pkl_file)
pkl_file.close()
test = [street,condition,pool,street]
print(test)
x = lbl.transform(test)
street = x[0]
condition = x[1]
pool = x[2]
street = x[3]
area = boxcox1p(float(area), 0.15) + 1
story = boxcox1p(float(story), 0.15) + 1
condition = boxcox1p(float(condition), 0.15) + 1
quality = boxcox1p(float(quality), 0.15) + 1
year = boxcox1p(float(year), 0.15) + 1
test_data = np.asarray([[area,bldgtype,foundation,garage,housestyle,neighbor,story,condition,quality,pool,street,year]])
labelencoder_dict = joblib.load('labelencoder_dict.joblib')
onehotencoder_dict = joblib.load('onehotencoder_dict.joblib')
model = joblib.load('xgboost_model.joblib')
encoded_data = None
for i in range(0,test_data.shape[1]):
if i in [1,2,3,4,5]:
label_encoder = labelencoder_dict[i]
feature = label_encoder.transform(test_data[:,i])
feature = feature.reshape(test_data.shape[0], 1)
onehot_encoder = onehotencoder_dict[i]
feature = onehot_encoder.transform(feature)
else:
feature = test_data[:,i].reshape(test_data.shape[0], 1)
if encoded_data is None:
encoded_data = feature
else:
encoded_data = np.concatenate((encoded_data, feature), axis=1)
price = np.expm1(model.predict(encoded_data))
print(price[0]) #This is your answer
variable = price[0];
return render_template("result.html", result = variable)
def test_boxcox1p_nonfinite():
# x < -1 => y = nan
x = np.array([-2, -2, -1.5])
y = boxcox1p(x, [0.5, 2.0, -1.5])
yield assert_equal, y, np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
# x = -1 and lambda <= 0 => y = -inf
x = -1
y = boxcox1p(x, [-2.5, 0])
yield assert_equal, y, np.array([-np.inf, -np.inf])
def test_boxcox1p_nonfinite():
# x < -1 => y = nan
x = np.array([-2, -2, -1.5])
y = boxcox1p(x, [0.5, 2.0, -1.5])
yield assert_equal, y, np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
# x = -1 and lambda <= 0 => y = -inf
x = -1
y = boxcox1p(x, [-2.5, 0])
yield assert_equal, y, np.array([-np.inf, -np.inf])
def transform_continuous_by_boxcox(df, columns_to_treat=[], lambda_value=0.15, skewness_threshold=0.75): # For highly skewed features
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
from KUtils.stat import statil
if len(columns_to_treat)==0: # Find columns yourself
skewed_feet_df = statil.analyse_skew(df)
skewed_feet_df = skewed_feet_df.loc[abs(skewed_feet_df['Skew']) > 0.75]
skewness_to_treat = list(skewed_feet_df.index)
for a_col in skewness_to_treat:
print('Transforming {0} using boxcox1p'.format(a_col))
df[a_col] = boxcox1p(df[a_col], lambda_value)
else:
for a_col in columns_to_treat:
df[a_col] = boxcox1p(df[a_col], lambda_value)
def numeric_transform(self, df):
numeric_feats = [
col for col in df.columns
if col != self.coly and df[col].dtypes != 'O' and col != 'train'
]
# Check the skew of all numerical features
skewed_feats = df[numeric_feats].apply(
lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
print("\nSkew in numerical features: \n")
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_feats})
skewness.head(10)
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.75]
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".
format(skewness.shape[0]))
skewed_features = skewness.index
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
# all_data[feat] += 1
df[feat] = boxcox1p(df[feat], lam)
# df[skewed_features] = np.log1p(df[skewed_features])
return df
def dampenSkew(df, num_features):
skew_matrix = df[num_features].apply(
lambda column: skew(column)).sort_values(ascending=False)
skewed_features = skew_matrix[(abs(skew_matrix) > 1.0)].index
for feature in skewed_features:
df[feature] = boxcox1p(df[feature], boxcox_normmax(df[feature] + 1))
return df
def transform(self, X, y=None):
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
from scipy.stats import boxcox_normmax
feature_select = X.columns.to_list()
skewed_selected = list(set(self.numerical_features) & set(feature_select))
further = list(set(self.further_skewed) & set(feature_select))
special = list(set(self.special_skewed) & set(feature_select))
for feature in skewed_selected:
X[feature] = boxcox1p(X[feature], 0.70)
for feature in further:
X[feature] = np.log1p(X[feature])
for feature in special:
X[feature] = (X[feature])**2
return X
def __autoTransform(self, df, col):
methods = ['log1p', 'sqrt', 'boxcox', 'boxcox1p']
# boxcox can work on positive value only
if df[col].min() > 0:
transformed = [
np.log1p(df[col]),
np.sqrt(df[col]),
boxcox(df[col])[0],
boxcox1p(df[col], 0.15)
]
# exclude boxcox transform if negative value present
else:
transformed = [np.log1p(df[col]), np.sqrt(df[col])]
# calculate the skewness on each column
skewness = list(map(lambda x: skew(x), transformed))
max_skew_idx = np.argmax(skewness)
# check and record the skewness for each column
if skewness[max_skew_idx] < self.skew_transform_[col]['after']:
self.skew_transform_[col]['after'] = skewness[max_skew_idx]
self.skew_transform_[col]['method'] = methods[max_skew_idx]
return transformed[max_skew_idx]
return df[col]
def trans_skewed(X, thresh=0.75, lmbda = 0):
'''
Power or log transformation
y = ((1+x)**lmbda - 1) / lmbda if lmbda != 0
log(1+x) if lmbda == 0
parameter:
X : feature matrix
thresh: threshold for skewness
'''
start_time = time.time()
skewness= find_skewness(X)
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > thresh]
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(skewness.shape[0]))
skewed_features = skewness.index
for feat in skewed_features:
#all_data[feat] += 1
X[feat] = boxcox1p(X[feat], lmbda)
time_end =time.time() - start_time
f = open(mlresult_dir +str(project_identifier) +"_log_feature_transformation.csv","a")
f.write(sttime + '\n')
f.write("\n Time taken to execute the 'transform skewed fetures' function is "+ str(time_end) + "\n" )
f.close()
print("\n Time taken to execute the function is "+ str(time_end) + "\n" + "Feature having skewness more than threshold value are" + str(skewed_features)+ '\n')
return X
def predict_dataset(data_frame, city, columns):
"""
Predicts prices of listings from a dataset
:params data_frame dataframe:
:params city str:
:params columns list:
:returns predictions array:
"""
x_var, y_var = cm.to_matrix(data_frame, columns)
x_var = boxcox1p(x_var, 0.15) + 1
price_length = len(y_var)
#imports models
regressor_a = joblib.load(DATA_DIR + '/' + city + c.MODEL_1_SUFFIX)
regressor_b = joblib.load(DATA_DIR + '/' + city + c.MODEL_2_SUFFIX)
outlier_boundary = min(do.detect_outlier(y_var))
inbound = (y_var < outlier_boundary)
outbound = (y_var >= outlier_boundary)
#populates predictions depending on current price
predictions = np.zeros(price_length)
predictions[inbound] = np.expm1(regressor_b.predict(x_var[inbound]))
predictions[outbound] = np.expm1(regressor_a.predict(x_var[outbound]))
return predictions
def resolve_skewness(complete_df, numeric_features):
# %% ~~~~~ Resolve skewness ~~~~ TODO camuffa codice
from scipy.stats import skew
skew_features = complete_df[numeric_features].apply(
lambda x: skew(x)).sort_values(ascending=False)
skews = pd.DataFrame({'skew': skew_features})
print()
print('--------- SKEW OF FEATURES ----------')
print(skew_features)
print()
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
from scipy.stats import boxcox_normmax
high_skew = skew_features[skew_features > 0.5]
high_skew = high_skew
skew_index = high_skew.index
for i in skew_index:
complete_df[i] = boxcox1p(complete_df[i],
boxcox_normmax(complete_df[i] + 1))
# Check it is adjusted
skew_features2 = complete_df[numeric_features].apply(
lambda x: skew(x)).sort_values(ascending=False)
skews2 = pd.DataFrame({'skew': skew_features2})
print()
print('--------- SKEW OF FEATURES AFTER NORMALIZATION ----------')
print(skew_features2)
print()
return complete_df
def get_process_skew_numeric_feature(data):
numeric_feats = data.dtypes[data.dtypes != "object"].index
# Check the skew of all numerical features
skewed_feats = data[numeric_feats].apply(
lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
print("\nSkew in numerical features: \n")
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_feats})
skewness.head(10)
# 将处理skew的特征
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.75]
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(
skewness.shape[0]))
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
skewed_features = skewness.index
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
# data[feat] += 1
data[feat] = boxcox1p(data[feat], lam)
# data[skewed_features] = np.log1p(data[skewed_features])
return data
def skew_features(self, df, verbose=False):
numeric_feats = df.dtypes[df.dtypes != "object"].index
skewed_feats = df[numeric_feats].apply(
lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
skewness = pd.DataFrame({'Skew': skewed_feats})
if verbose:
print("\nSkew in numerical features: \n")
print(skewness.head(10))
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.75]
if verbose:
print(
"There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".
format(skewness.shape[0]))
skewed_features = skewness.index
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
#df[feat] += 1
df[feat] = boxcox1p(df[feat], lam)
#df[skewed_features] = np.log1p(all_data[skewed_features])
return df
def features_engineer(X):
X["TotalSF"] = X["GrLivArea"] + X["TotalBsmtSF"]
X["TotalPorchSF"] = X["OpenPorchSF"] + X["EnclosedPorch"] + X[
"3SsnPorch"] + X["ScreenPorch"]
X["TotalBath"] = X["FullBath"] + X["BsmtFullBath"] + 0.5 * (
X["BsmtHalfBath"] + X["HalfBath"])
cols = ["MSSubClass", "YrSold"]
X[cols] = X[cols].astype("category")
X["SinMoSold"] = np.sin(2 * np.pi * X["MoSold"] / 12)
X["CosMoSold"] = np.cos(2 * np.pi * X["MoSold"] / 12)
X = X.drop("MoSold", axis=1)
skew = X.skew(numeric_only=True).abs()
cols = skew[skew > 1].index
for col in cols:
X[col] = boxcox1p(X[col], boxcox_normmax(X[col] + 1))
cols = X.select_dtypes(np.number).columns
X[cols] = RobustScaler().fit_transform(X[cols])
X = pd.get_dummies(X)
X_train = X.loc[train.index]
X_test = X.loc[test.index]
return X_train, X_test
def boxcox_transform(self, X, y=None):
X['AveRooms'] = X['AveRooms'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['AveBedrms'] = X['AveBedrms'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['HouseAge'] = X['HouseAge'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['Population'] = X['Population'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['AveOccup'] = X['AveOccup'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['Latitude'] = X['Latitude'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
X['MedInc'] = X['MedInc'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
# an offset is needed becouse the data is negative
X['Longitude'] = X['Longitude'].apply(
lambda x: boxcox1p(x + 125, 0.25))
X['Target'] = X['Target'].apply(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, 0.25))
return X
def do_transform(self, X, y = None):
df = X.copy()
transformable = self.skewness_df[abs(self.skewness_df.Skew) > self.transform_treshold].index
logger.debug("There are |%d| skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform. These are: |%s|", transformable.shape[0], str(transformable))
for col in transformable:
df[col] = boxcox1p(df[col], self.lamda)
return df
def replace_skew(self, df):
with open(SKEWED_HANDLING_COLUMNS, 'rb') as f:
columns = pickle.load(f)
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
for c in columns:
df["{}_skewed_fix".format(c)] = boxcox1p(df[c], 0.15)
df.drop(c, axis=1, inplace=True)
return df
def boxCoxTransform(train):
# get numeric features
numeric_feats = train.dtypes[train.dtypes != "object"].index
# check skew
skewed_feats = train[numeric_feats].apply(lambda x: skew(x.dropna())).sort_values(ascending=False)
for feat in skewed_feats.index:
train[feat] = boxcox1p(train[feat], lda)
return train
def box_cox_map(self, col_need, gamma=1.0, col_replace=True):
"""
y = ((1+x)**gamma - 1) / gamma if gamma != 0
log(1+x) if gamma == 0
ref: http://onlinestatbook.com/2/transformations/box-cox.html
:param col_need:
:param gamma:
:param col_replace:
:return:
"""
df_need = self.df[col_need]
if col_replace:
self.df[col_need] = df_need.applymap(lambda x: boxcox1p(x, gamma))
else:
col_need_extend = [col + "_boxCox" for col in col_need]
self.df[col_need_extend] = df_need.applymap(
lambda x: boxcox1p(x, gamma))
def apply_boxcox(data, skew, lam = 0.15, debug = False):
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
skew = skew[abs(skew) > 0.75]
if(debug == True):
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(skew.shape[0]))
skewed_features = skew.index
for feat in skewed_features:
data[feat] = boxcox1p(data[feat], lam)
def transform(self, df):
df_copy = df.copy()
skewed_features = self.columns_to_transform
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
# all_data[feat] += 1
df_copy[feat] = boxcox1p(df_copy[feat], lam)
return df_copy
def setUp(self):
column_c1 = np.array([0, 2, np.nan, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0])
column_c2 = np.array([0, 1, np.nan, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6, np.nan])
column_c3 = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, np.nan])
column_c4 = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, np.nan])
self.df = pd.DataFrame(
OrderedDict((("column_c1", column_c1), ("column_c2", column_c2),
("column_c3", column_c3), ("column_c4", column_c4))))
columns_to_transform = ["column_c1", "column_c3"]
self.boxCoxTransformer = BoxCoxTransformer(columns_to_transform)
lam = 0.15
column_c1 = boxcox1p(column_c1, lam)
column_c3 = boxcox1p(column_c3, lam)
self.filled_df = pd.DataFrame(
OrderedDict((("column_c1", column_c1), ("column_c2", column_c2),
("column_c3", column_c3), ("column_c4", column_c4))))
def box_cox(datacol, lam_min, lam_max, grain):
lam_range = np.linspace(lam_min, lam_max, grain)
llf = np.zeros(lam_range.shape, dtype=float)
for i, lam in enumerate(lam_range):
llf[i] = stats.boxcox_llf(lam, datacol)
lam_best = lam_range[llf.argmax()]
y = special.boxcox1p(datacol, lam_best)
#return the transformed y and the best lamda
return y, lam_best
def apply_box_cox_transform(dataset, column_names):
"""Apply a box-cox transgormation to every feature in column_names of dataset."""
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
for column_name in column_names:
transform = np.asarray(dataset[column_name].values)
dataset[column_name] = boxcox1p(transform, 0)
return dataset
def boxcox_transformation(skew_value,lam,dataset):
skewness=skewness[abs(skewness)>0.75].dropna()
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(skewness.shape[0]))
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
skewed_features = skewnessvalue.index
for feat in skewed_features:
dataset[feat] = boxcox1p(dataset[feat], lam)
print('......')
print('transform finished')
return 0
def test_boxcox1p_basic():
x = np.array([-0.25, -1e-20, 0, 1e-20, 0.25, 1, 3])
# lambda = 0 => y = log(1+x)
y = boxcox1p(x, 0)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, np.log1p(x)
# lambda = 1 => y = x
y = boxcox1p(x, 1)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, x
# lambda = 2 => y = 0.5*((1+x)**2 - 1) = 0.5*x*(2 + x)
y = boxcox1p(x, 2)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, 0.5*x*(2 + x)
# x = -1 and lambda > 0 => y = -1 / lambda
lam = np.array([0.5, 1, 2])
y = boxcox1p(-1, lam)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, -1.0 / lam
def test_boxcox1p_basic():
x = np.array([-0.25, -1e-20, 0, 1e-20, 0.25, 1, 3])
# lambda = 0 => y = log(1+x)
y = boxcox1p(x, 0)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, np.log1p(x)
# lambda = 1 => y = x
y = boxcox1p(x, 1)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, x
# lambda = 2 => y = 0.5*((1+x)**2 - 1) = 0.5*x*(2 + x)
y = boxcox1p(x, 2)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, 0.5*x*(2 + x)
# x = -1 and lambda > 0 => y = -1 / lambda
lam = np.array([0.5, 1, 2])
y = boxcox1p(-1, lam)
yield assert_almost_equal, y, -1.0 / lam
def fixing_skewness(data):
## Getting all the data that are not of "object" type.
numeric_feats = data.dtypes[data.dtypes != "object"].index
# Check the skew of all numerical features
skewed_feats = data[numeric_feats].apply(lambda x: skew(x)).sort_values(
ascending=False)
high_skew = skewed_feats[abs(skewed_feats) > 0.5]
skewed_features = high_skew.index
for feat in skewed_features:
data[feat] = boxcox1p(data[feat], boxcox_normmax(data[feat] + 1))
def test_inv_boxcox():
x = np.array([0., 1., 2.])
lam = np.array([0., 1., 2.])
y = boxcox(x, lam)
x2 = inv_boxcox(y, lam)
assert_almost_equal(x, x2)
x = np.array([0., 1., 2.])
lam = np.array([0., 1., 2.])
y = boxcox1p(x, lam)
x2 = inv_boxcox1p(y, lam)
assert_almost_equal(x, x2)
def test_boxcox1p_underflow():
x = np.array([1e-15, 1e-306])
lmbda = np.array([1e-306, 1e-18])
y = boxcox1p(x, lmbda)
assert_allclose(y, np.log1p(x), rtol=1e-14)
print(skewness.head(10))
# Box Cox Transformation of (highly) skewed features
# We use the scipy function boxcox1p which computes the Box-Cox transformation of 1+x .
# Note that setting λ=0 is equivalent to log1p used above for the target variable.
skewness = skewness[abs(skewness) > 0.75]
print("There are {} skewed numerical features to Box Cox transform".format(
skewness.shape[0]))
from scipy.special import boxcox1p
skewed_features = skewness.index
lam = 0.15
for feat in skewed_features:
# all_data[feat] += 1
all_data[feat] = boxcox1p(all_data[feat], lam)
# Getting dummy categorical features
all_data = pd.get_dummies(all_data)
print(all_data.shape)
# Getting the new train and test sets.
train = all_data[:ntrain]
test = all_data[ntrain:]
#Validation function
n_folds = 5
def rmsle_cv(model):
kf = KFold(
n_folds, shuffle=True, random_state=42).get_n_splits(train.values)
rmse = np.sqrt(-cross_val_score(