예제 #1
0
    lowers[i] = (1-w) * reputations[i]
    uppers[i] = (1-w) * reputations[i] + w

# approximate the scenario as common support, differing
# normal distributions
support = [lowers[0], uppers[-1]]
bajari_params = []

for i in np.arange(n):
    location = lowers[i] + w / 2
    scale = w / 4
    bajari_params.append({'location': location, 'scale': scale})

# compute approximations
dm_bids, dm_costs = dm.solve(w, reputations)
bajari_bids, bajari_costs = bajari.solve(support, bajari_params)

# ensure costs are monotonically increasing
dm_costs, dm_bids = util.ensure_monotonicity(dm_costs, dm_bids)
bajari_costs, bajari_bids = util.ensure_monotonicity(bajari_costs, bajari_bids)

# interpolate bidding functions and their inverses
dm_bid_funcs     = []
bajari_bid_funcs = []
dm_inverses      = []
bajari_inverses  = []
for i in np.arange(n):
    # fit
    dm_bid_func     = util.csplinefit(dm_costs[i], dm_bids)
    dm_inverse      = util.csplinefit(dm_bids, dm_costs[i])
    dm_bid_funcs.append(dm_bid_func)
예제 #2
0
def compare(w, reputations):
    results = {w: {
        'reputations': reputations,
        'utilities': None,
        'prices': None
    }}

    try:
        n = reputations.size
    except AttributeError:
        reputations = np.array(reputations)
        n = reputations.size

    # load appropriate version of FSM method
    if n == 2:
        import dm.fsm.main as dm
    else:
        import dm.efsm.main as dm
        # estimate param
        param = estimate_param(w, reputations)
        if not param:
            return results

    # estimate lower and upper extremities
    lowers = np.empty(n, dtype=np.float)
    uppers = np.empty(n, dtype=np.float)
    for i in np.arange(n):
        lowers[i] = (1-w) * reputations[i]
        uppers[i] = (1-w) * reputations[i] + w

    # pick parameters for the common support case
    support = [lowers[0], uppers[-1]]
    bajari_params = []

    for i in np.arange(n):
        location = lowers[i] + w / 2
        scale = w / 4
        bajari_params.append({'location': location, 'scale': scale})

    # compute approximations
    if n == 2:
        dm_bids, dm_costs = dm.solve(w, reputations)
    else:
        dm_bids, dm_costs = dm.solve(w, reputations, param=param)

    bajari_bids, bajari_costs = bajari.solve(support, bajari_params)

    # ensure costs are monotonically increasing
    dm_costs, dm_bids = util.ensure_monotonicity(dm_costs, dm_bids)
    bajari_costs, bajari_bids = util.ensure_monotonicity(bajari_costs, bajari_bids)

    if n == 2:
        # precondition solutions: remove endpoints where fails
        # Lipschitz condition
        for c in dm_costs:
            diffs = list(map(lambda x,y: abs(x-y), c, dm_bids))
            for i in np.arange(len(diffs)):
                if diffs[i] <= 5e-5:
                    index = i
                    break

        try:
            dm_costs = np.array([c[:index] for c in dm_costs])
            dm_bids  = dm_bids[:index]
        except NameError:
            pass

    # interpolate bidding functions and their inverses
    dm_bid_funcs     = []
    bajari_bid_funcs = []
    dm_inverses      = []
    bajari_inverses  = []
    for i in np.arange(n):
        # fit
        dm_bid_func     = util.csplinefit(dm_costs[i], dm_bids)
        dm_inverse      = util.csplinefit(dm_bids, dm_costs[i])
        dm_bid_funcs.append(dm_bid_func)
        dm_inverses.append(dm_inverse)

        bajari_bid_func = util.csplinefit(bajari_costs[i], bajari_bids)
        bajari_inverse  = util.csplinefit(bajari_bids, bajari_costs[i])
        bajari_bid_funcs.append(bajari_bid_func)
        bajari_inverses.append(bajari_inverse)
        
    # compute ex-ante expected utilities
    params = [{'loc': lowers[i], 'scale': w} for i in np.arange(n)]
    cdfs   = [ss.uniform(**p) for p in params]

    dm_utils     = []
    bajari_utils = []
    common_costs = []
    for i in np.arange(n):
        # common costs
        costs = np.linspace(lowers[i], min(dm_costs[i][-1], bajari_costs[i][-1]), 1000)
        common_costs.append(costs)

        # derive expected utility functions
        js = [j for j in np.arange(n) if j != i]
        def dm_exp_util(x):
            bid   = dm_bid_funcs[i](x)
            probs = [(1 - cdfs[j].cdf(dm_inverses[j](bid))) for j in js]
            return (bid - x) * reduce(lambda x,y: x*y, probs)
        
        def bajari_exp_util(x):
            bid   = bajari_bid_funcs[i](x) 
            probs = [(1 - cdfs[j].cdf(bajari_inverses[j](bid))) for j in js]
            return (bid - x) * reduce(lambda x,y: x*y, probs)

        # compute ex-ante expected utilities
        dm_utilities     = np.array([dm_exp_util(x) * cdfs[i].pdf(x) for x in costs])
        bajari_utilities = np.array([bajari_exp_util(x) * cdfs[i].pdf(x) for x in costs])
        dm_util     = si.simps(dm_utilities, costs)
        bajari_util = si.simps(bajari_utilities, costs)
        dm_utils.append(dm_util)
        bajari_utils.append(bajari_util)

    # sample and generate prices for each auction
    size = 1000
    sampled_costs = []
    params = [{'loc': common_costs[i][0], 'scale': common_costs[i][-1]-common_costs[i][0]} for i in np.arange(n)]
    for p in params:
        loc   = p['loc']
        scale = p['scale']
        sampled_costs.append(ss.uniform.rvs(loc=loc, scale=scale, size=size))

    dm_prices = []
    for costs in zip(*sampled_costs):
        bids = [dm_bid_funcs[i](costs[i]) for i in np.arange(n)]
        dm_prices.append(min(bids))

    bajari_prices = []
    for costs in zip(*sampled_costs):
        bids = [bajari_bid_funcs[i](costs[i]) for i in np.arange(n)]
        bajari_prices.append(min(bids))

    results[w]['utilities'] = {'dm': dm_utils, 'cp': bajari_utils}
    results[w]['prices'] = {'dm': np.mean(dm_prices), 'cp': np.mean(bajari_prices)}

    return results