class StompRequestHandler(BaseRequestHandler, StompConnection):
"""
Class that will be instantiated to handle STOMP connections.
This class will be instantiated once per connection to the server. In a multi-threaded
context, that means that instances of this class are scoped to a single thread. It should
be noted that while the L{coilmq.engine.StompEngine} instance will be thread-local, the
storage containers configured into the engine are not thread-local (and hence must be
thread-safe).
@ivar buffer: A StompBuffer instance which buffers received data (to ensure we deal with
complete STOMP messages.
@type buffer: C{stompclient.util.FrameBuffer}
@ivar engine: The STOMP protocol engine.
@type engine: L{coilmq.engine.StompEngine}
@ivar debug: Whether to enable extra-verbose debug logging. (Will be logged at debug level.)
@type debug: C{bool}
"""
def setup(self):
if self.server.timeout is not None:
self.request.settimeout(self.server.timeout)
self.debug = False
self.log = logging.getLogger('%s.%s' % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.buffer = FrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=self.server.authenticator,
queue_manager=self.server.queue_manager,
topic_manager=self.server.topic_manager)
def handle(self):
"""
Handle a new socket connection.
"""
# self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client
try:
while not self.server._shutdown_request_event.is_set():
try:
data = self.request.recv(8192)
if not data:
break
if self.debug:
self.log.debug("RECV: %r" % data)
self.buffer.append(data)
for frame in self.buffer:
self.log.debug("Processing frame: %s" % frame)
self.engine.process_frame(frame)
if not self.engine.connected:
raise ClientDisconnected()
except socket.timeout:
pass
except ClientDisconnected:
self.log.debug("Client disconnected, discontinuing read loop.")
except Exception, e:
self.log.error("Error receiving data (unbinding): %s" % e)
self.engine.unbind()
raise
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None)
def setup(self):
self.debug = False
self.log = logging.getLogger(
'%s.%s' % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=self.server.authenticator,
queue_manager=self.server.queue_manager,
topic_manager=self.server.topic_manager)
class StompProtocol(Protocol, StompConnection):
"""
Subclass of C{twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol} for handling STOMP communications.
An instance of this class will be created for each connecting client.
@ivar buffer: A StompBuffer instance which buffers received data (to ensure we deal with
complete STOMP messages.
@type buffer: C{stomper.stompbuffer.StompBuffer}
@ivar engine: The STOMP protocol engine.
@type engine: L{coilmq.engine.StompEngine}
"""
def __init__(self, queue_manager, topic_manager):
self.log = logging.getLogger(
'%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.log.debug("Initializing StompProtocol.")
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(
connection=self,
authenticator=None, # FIXME: Add the authenticator
queue_manager=queue_manager,
topic_manager=topic_manager)
def connectionLost(self, reason):
Protocol.connectionLost(self, reason)
self.log.debug("Connection lost.")
self.engine.unbind()
def connectionMade(self):
self.log.debug("Connection made.")
def dataReceived(self, data):
""" Twisted calls this method when data is received.
Note: The data may not be not be a complete frame or may be more than
one frame.
"""
self.log.debug("Data received: %s" % data)
self.buffer.append(data)
# print '%r' % self.buffer
for frame in self.buffer:
self.log.debug("Processing frame: %s" % frame)
self.engine.process_frame(frame)
def send_frame(self, frame):
""" Sends a frame to connected socket client.
(Sorry, Twisted, our code is PEP-8.)
@param frame: The frame to send.
@type frame: L{coilmq.frame.StompFrame}
"""
self.transport.write(frame.pack())
def __init__(self, queue_manager, topic_manager):
self.log = logging.getLogger(
'%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.log.debug("Initializing StompProtocol.")
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(
connection=self,
authenticator=None, # FIXME: Add the authenticator
queue_manager=queue_manager,
topic_manager=topic_manager)
class StompProtocol(Protocol, StompConnection):
"""
Subclass of C{twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol} for handling STOMP communications.
An instance of this class will be created for each connecting client.
@ivar buffer: A StompBuffer instance which buffers received data (to ensure we deal with
complete STOMP messages.
@type buffer: C{stomper.stompbuffer.StompBuffer}
@ivar engine: The STOMP protocol engine.
@type engine: L{coilmq.engine.StompEngine}
"""
def __init__(self, queue_manager, topic_manager):
self.log = logging.getLogger('%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.log.debug("Initializing StompProtocol.")
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=None, # FIXME: Add the authenticator
queue_manager=queue_manager,
topic_manager=topic_manager)
def connectionLost(self, reason):
Protocol.connectionLost(self, reason)
self.log.debug("Connection lost.")
self.engine.unbind()
def connectionMade(self):
self.log.debug("Connection made.")
def dataReceived(self, data):
""" Twisted calls this method when data is received.
Note: The data may not be not be a complete frame or may be more than
one frame.
"""
self.log.debug("Data received: %s" % data)
self.buffer.append(data)
# print '%r' % self.buffer
for frame in self.buffer:
self.log.debug("Processing frame: %s" % frame)
self.engine.process_frame(frame)
def send_frame(self, frame):
""" Sends a frame to connected socket client.
(Sorry, Twisted, our code is PEP-8.)
@param frame: The frame to send.
@type frame: L{coilmq.frame.StompFrame}
"""
self.transport.write(frame.pack())
def setup(self):
if self.server.timeout is not None:
self.request.settimeout(self.server.timeout)
self.debug = False
self.log = logging.getLogger(
'%s.%s' % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.buffer = FrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=self.server.authenticator,
queue_manager=self.server.queue_manager,
topic_manager=self.server.topic_manager,
protocol=self.server.protocol)
def setup(self):
self.debug = False
self.log = logging.getLogger('%s.%s' % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=self.server.authenticator,
queue_manager=self.server.queue_manager,
topic_manager=self.server.topic_manager)
def __init__(self, queue_manager, topic_manager):
self.log = logging.getLogger('%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.log.debug("Initializing StompProtocol.")
self.buffer = StompFrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=None, # FIXME: Add the authenticator
queue_manager=queue_manager,
topic_manager=topic_manager)
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None)
def setup(self):
if self.server.timeout is not None:
self.request.settimeout(self.server.timeout)
self.debug = False
self.log = logging.getLogger('%s.%s' % (self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
self.buffer = FrameBuffer()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self,
authenticator=self.server.authenticator,
queue_manager=self.server.queue_manager,
topic_manager=self.server.topic_manager,
protocol=self.server.protocol)
class ProtocolBaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def get_protocol(self):
return STOMP12
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None,
protocol=self.get_protocol())
def feed_frame(self, cmd, headers=None, body=''):
self.engine.process_frame(Frame(cmd, headers or {}, body))
return self.conn.frames[-1]
def tearDown(self):
self.conn.reset()
class ProtocolBaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def get_protocol(self):
return STOMP12
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None,
protocol=self.get_protocol())
def feed_frame(self, cmd, headers=None, body=''):
self.engine.process_frame(Frame(cmd, headers or {}, body))
return self.conn.frames[-1]
def tearDown(self):
self.conn.reset()
class EngineTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None)
def tearDown(self):
self.conn.reset()
def _connect(self):
""" Call the engine connect() method so that we have a valid 'session'. """
self.engine.connect(Frame('CONNECT'))
def assertErrorFrame(self, frame, msgsub):
""" Assert that the passed in frame is an error frame and that message contains specified
string.
"""
assert frame.command == 'ERROR'
assert msgsub.lower() in frame.headers['message'].lower()
def test_connect_no_auth(self):
""" Test the CONNECT command with no auth required. """
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('CONNECT'))
assert self.engine.connected == True
def test_connect_auth(self):
""" Test the CONNECT command when auth is required. """
self.engine.authenticator = self.auth
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('CONNECT'))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'Auth')
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('CONNECT',
headers={
'login': MockAuthenticator.LOGIN,
'passcode': MockAuthenticator.PASSCODE
}))
assert self.engine.connected == True
def test_subscribe_noack(self):
""" Test subscribing to topics and queues w/ no ACK. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/foo/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.tm.topics['/foo/bar']
def test_send(self):
""" Test sending to a topic and queue. """
self._connect()
msg = Frame('SEND',
headers={'destination': '/queue/foo'},
body='QUEUEMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
assert msg == self.qm.messages[-1]
msg = Frame('SEND',
headers={'destination': '/topic/foo'},
body='TOPICMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
assert msg == self.tm.messages[-1]
msg = Frame('SEND', headers={}, body='TOPICMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'Missing destination')
def test_receipt(self):
""" Test pushing frames with a receipt specified. """
self._connect()
receipt_id = 'FOOBAR'
msg = Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/queue/foo',
'receipt': receipt_id
},
body='QUEUEMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
rframe = self.conn.frames[-1]
assert isinstance(rframe, ReceiptFrame)
assert receipt_id == rframe.receipt_id
receipt_id = 'FOOBAR2'
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SUBSCRIBE',
headers={
'destination': '/queue/bar',
'receipt': receipt_id
}))
rframe = self.conn.frames[-1]
assert isinstance(rframe, ReceiptFrame)
assert receipt_id == rframe.receipt_id
def test_subscribe_ack(self):
""" Test subscribing to a queue with ack=true """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SUBSCRIBE',
headers={
'destination': '/queue/bar',
'ack': 'client'
}))
assert self.conn.reliable_subscriber == True
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
def test_unsubscribe(self):
""" Test the UNSUBSCRIBE command. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
print self.conn.frames
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('UNSUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn not in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
print self.conn.frames
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('UNSUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/invalid'}))
print self.conn.frames[-1]
def test_begin(self):
""" Test transaction BEGIN. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
assert 'abc' in self.engine.transactions
assert len(self.engine.transactions['abc']) == 0
def test_commit(self):
""" Test transaction COMMIT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': 'abc'
},
body='ASDF'))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': 'abc'
},
body='ASDF'))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': '123'
},
body='ASDF'))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
print self.conn.frames
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 2
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 1
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 3
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 0
def test_commit_invalid(self):
""" Test invalid states for transaction COMMIT. """
self._connect()
# Send a message with invalid transaction
f = Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': '123'
},
body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f)
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
# Attempt to commit invalid transaction
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
# Attempt to commit already-committed transaction
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': 'abc'
},
body='FOO'))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
def test_abort(self):
""" Test transaction ABORT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
f1 = Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': 'abc'
},
body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f1)
f2 = Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': 'abc'
},
body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f2)
f3 = Frame('SEND',
headers={
'destination': '/dest',
'transaction': '123'
},
body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f3)
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 1
def test_abort_invalid(self):
""" Test invalid states for transaction ABORT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(
Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc2'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
class EngineTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.qm = MockQueueManager()
self.tm = MockTopicManager()
self.conn = MockConnection()
self.auth = MockAuthenticator()
self.engine = StompEngine(connection=self.conn,
queue_manager=self.qm,
topic_manager=self.tm,
authenticator=None)
def tearDown(self):
self.conn.reset()
def _connect(self):
""" Call the engine connect() method so that we have a valid 'session'. """
self.engine.connect(Frame('CONNECT'))
def assertErrorFrame(self, frame, msgsub):
""" Assert that the passed in frame is an error frame and that message contains specified
string.
"""
assert frame.command == 'ERROR'
assert msgsub.lower() in frame.headers['message'].lower()
def test_connect_no_auth(self):
""" Test the CONNECT command with no auth required. """
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('CONNECT'))
assert self.engine.connected == True
def test_connect_auth(self):
""" Test the CONNECT command when auth is required. """
self.engine.authenticator = self.auth
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('CONNECT'))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'Auth')
assert self.engine.connected == False
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('CONNECT', headers={'login': MockAuthenticator.LOGIN,
'passcode': MockAuthenticator.PASSCODE}))
assert self.engine.connected == True
def test_subscribe_noack(self):
""" Test subscribing to topics and queues w/ no ACK. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/foo/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.tm.topics['/foo/bar']
def test_send(self):
""" Test sending to a topic and queue. """
self._connect()
msg = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/queue/foo'}, body='QUEUEMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
assert msg == self.qm.messages[-1]
msg = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/topic/foo'}, body='TOPICMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
assert msg == self.tm.messages[-1]
msg = Frame('SEND', headers={}, body='TOPICMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'Missing destination')
def test_receipt(self):
""" Test pushing frames with a receipt specified. """
self._connect()
receipt_id = 'FOOBAR'
msg = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/queue/foo', 'receipt': receipt_id}, body='QUEUEMSG-BODY')
self.engine.process_frame(msg)
rframe = self.conn.frames[-1]
assert isinstance(rframe, ReceiptFrame)
assert receipt_id == rframe.receipt_id
receipt_id = 'FOOBAR2'
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar', 'receipt': receipt_id}))
rframe = self.conn.frames[-1]
assert isinstance(rframe, ReceiptFrame)
assert receipt_id == rframe.receipt_id
def test_subscribe_ack(self):
""" Test subscribing to a queue with ack=true """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar',
'ack': 'client'}))
assert self.conn.reliable_subscriber == True
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
def test_unsubscribe(self):
""" Test the UNSUBSCRIBE command. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
print self.conn.frames
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('UNSUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/queue/bar'}))
assert self.conn not in self.qm.queues['/queue/bar']
print self.conn.frames
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('UNSUBSCRIBE', headers={'destination': '/invalid'}))
print self.conn.frames[-1]
def test_begin(self):
""" Test transaction BEGIN. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
assert 'abc' in self.engine.transactions
assert len(self.engine.transactions['abc']) == 0
def test_commit(self):
""" Test transaction COMMIT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': 'abc'}, body='ASDF'))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': 'abc'}, body='ASDF'))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': '123'}, body='ASDF'))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
print self.conn.frames
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 2
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 1
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 3
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 0
def test_commit_invalid(self):
""" Test invalid states for transaction COMMIT. """
self._connect()
# Send a message with invalid transaction
f = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': '123'}, body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f)
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
# Attempt to commit invalid transaction
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
# Attempt to commit already-committed transaction
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': 'abc'}, body='FOO'))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('COMMIT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
def test_abort(self):
""" Test transaction ABORT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': '123'}))
f1 = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': 'abc'}, body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f1)
f2 = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': 'abc'}, body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f2)
f3 = Frame('SEND', headers={'destination': '/dest', 'transaction': '123'}, body='ASDF')
self.engine.process_frame(f3)
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
assert len(self.tm.messages) == 0
assert len(self.engine.transactions) == 1
def test_abort_invalid(self):
""" Test invalid states for transaction ABORT. """
self._connect()
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('BEGIN', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc'}))
self.engine.process_frame(Frame('ABORT', headers={'transaction': 'abc2'}))
self.assertErrorFrame(self.conn.frames[-1], 'invalid transaction')