def macroexpand_1(tree, module_name):
"""Expand the toplevel macro from `tree` once, in the context of
`module_name`."""
if isinstance(tree, HyExpression):
if tree == []:
return tree
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote"):
return tree
ntree = HyExpression(tree[:])
ntree.replace(tree)
if isinstance(fn, HyString):
m = _hy_macros[module_name].get(fn)
if m is None:
m = _hy_macros[None].get(fn)
if m is not None:
try:
obj = wrap_value(m(*ntree[1:]))
except HyTypeError as e:
if e.expression is None:
e.expression = tree
raise
except Exception as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': " + repr(e)
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
return obj
return ntree
return tree
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace, module_name):
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
if not isinstance(module_name, string_types):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Module name must be a string")
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
if not isinstance(namespace, dict):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Globals must be a dictionary")
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def __compile_code(self, code_string):
hytree = hy.lex.tokenize(code_string)
module_name = '__main__'
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
if not isinstance(module_name, string_types):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Module name must be a string")
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
return _ast, expr
def macroexpand_1(tree, module_name):
"""Expand the toplevel macro from `tree` once, in the context of
`module_name`."""
if isinstance(tree, HyExpression):
if tree == []:
return tree
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote"):
return tree
ntree = HyExpression(tree[:])
ntree.replace(tree)
if isinstance(fn, HyString):
m = _hy_macros[module_name].get(fn)
if m is None:
m = _hy_macros[None].get(fn)
if m is not None:
try:
obj = wrap_value(m(*ntree[1:]))
except HyTypeError as e:
if e.expression is None:
e.expression = tree
raise
except Exception as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': " + repr(e)
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
return obj
return ntree
return tree
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace, module_name, ast_callback=None):
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
if not isinstance(module_name, string_types):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Module name must be a string")
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
if ast_callback:
ast_callback(_ast, expr)
if not isinstance(namespace, dict):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Globals must be a dictionary")
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def replace(self, other):
if self.car is not None:
replace_hy_obj(self.car, other)
if self.cdr is not None:
replace_hy_obj(self.cdr, other)
HyObject.replace(self, other)
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace=None, module_name=None, ast_callback=None):
"""``eval`` evaluates a quoted expression and returns the value. The optional
second and third arguments specify the dictionary of globals to use and the
module name. The globals dictionary defaults to ``(local)`` and the module
name defaults to the name of the current module.
=> (eval '(print "Hello World"))
"Hello World"
If you want to evaluate a string, use ``read-str`` to convert it to a
form first:
=> (eval (read-str "(+ 1 1)"))
2"""
if namespace is None:
frame = inspect.stack()[1][0]
namespace = inspect.getargvalues(frame).locals
if module_name is None:
m = inspect.getmodule(inspect.stack()[1][0])
module_name = '__eval__' if m is None else m.__name__
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
if not isinstance(module_name, string_types):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Module name must be a string")
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
if ast_callback:
ast_callback(_ast, expr)
if not isinstance(namespace, dict):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Globals must be a dictionary")
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace=None, module_name=None, ast_callback=None):
"""``eval`` evaluates a quoted expression and returns the value. The optional
second and third arguments specify the dictionary of globals to use and the
module name. The globals dictionary defaults to ``(local)`` and the module
name defaults to the name of the current module.
=> (eval '(print "Hello World"))
"Hello World"
If you want to evaluate a string, use ``read-str`` to convert it to a
form first:
=> (eval (read-str "(+ 1 1)"))
2"""
if namespace is None:
frame = inspect.stack()[1][0]
namespace = inspect.getargvalues(frame).locals
if module_name is None:
m = inspect.getmodule(inspect.stack()[1][0])
module_name = '__eval__' if m is None else m.__name__
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
if not isinstance(module_name, string_types):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Module name must be a string")
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
if ast_callback:
ast_callback(_ast, expr)
if not isinstance(namespace, dict):
raise HyTypeError(foo, "Globals must be a dictionary")
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def macroexpand_1(tree, compiler):
"""Expand the toplevel macro from `tree` once, in the context of
`module_name`."""
if isinstance(tree, HyExpression):
if tree == []:
return tree
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote"):
return tree
ntree = HyExpression(tree[:])
ntree.replace(tree)
opts = {}
if isinstance(fn, HySymbol):
fn = mangle(str_type(fn))
m = _hy_macros[compiler.module_name].get(fn)
if m is None:
m = _hy_macros[None].get(fn)
if m is not None:
if m._hy_macro_pass_compiler:
opts['compiler'] = compiler
try:
m_copy = make_empty_fn_copy(m)
m_copy(compiler.module_name, *ntree[1:], **opts)
except TypeError as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': "
msg += str(e).replace("<lambda>()", "", 1).strip()
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
try:
obj = m(compiler.module_name, *ntree[1:], **opts)
except HyTypeError as e:
if e.expression is None:
e.expression = tree
raise
except Exception as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': " + repr(e)
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
return obj
return ntree
return tree
def reader_macroexpand(char, tree, module_name):
"""Expand the reader macro "char" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(module_name)
reader_macro = _hy_reader[module_name].get(char)
if reader_macro is None:
try:
reader_macro = _hy_reader[None][char]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(char, "`{0}' is not a defined reader macro.".format(char))
expr = reader_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(wrap_value(expr), tree)
def macroexpand(tree, compiler, once=False):
"""Expand the toplevel macros for the `tree`.
Load the macros from the given `compiler.module_name`, then expand the
(top-level) macros in `tree` until we no longer can.
"""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
while True:
if not isinstance(tree, HyExpression) or tree == []:
break
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote") or not isinstance(fn, HySymbol):
break
fn = mangle(fn)
m = _hy_macros[compiler.module_name].get(fn) or _hy_macros[None].get(
fn)
if not m:
break
opts = {}
if m._hy_macro_pass_compiler:
opts['compiler'] = compiler
try:
m_copy = make_empty_fn_copy(m)
m_copy(compiler.module_name, *tree[1:], **opts)
except TypeError as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': "
msg += str(e).replace("<lambda>()", "", 1).strip()
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
try:
obj = m(compiler.module_name, *tree[1:], **opts)
except HyTypeError as e:
if e.expression is None:
e.expression = tree
raise
except Exception as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': " + repr(e)
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
tree = replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
if once:
break
tree = wrap_value(tree)
return tree
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace, module_name):
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def tag_macroexpand(tag, tree, compiler):
"""Expand the tag macro "tag" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
tag_macro = _hy_tag[compiler.module_name].get(tag)
if tag_macro is None:
try:
tag_macro = _hy_tag[None][tag]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(tag,
"`{0}' is not a defined tag macro.".format(tag))
expr = tag_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(expr, tree)
def sharp_macroexpand(char, tree, compiler):
"""Expand the sharp macro "char" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
sharp_macro = _hy_sharp[compiler.module_name].get(char)
if sharp_macro is None:
try:
sharp_macro = _hy_sharp[None][char]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(
char, "`{0}' is not a defined sharp macro.".format(char))
expr = sharp_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(wrap_value(expr), tree)
def hy_eval(hytree, namespace, module_name):
foo = HyObject()
foo.start_line = 0
foo.end_line = 0
foo.start_column = 0
foo.end_column = 0
replace_hy_obj(hytree, foo)
_ast, expr = hy_compile(hytree, module_name, get_expr=True)
# Spoof the positions in the generated ast...
for node in ast.walk(_ast):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
for node in ast.walk(expr):
node.lineno = 1
node.col_offset = 1
# Two-step eval: eval() the body of the exec call
eval(ast_compile(_ast, "<eval_body>", "exec"), namespace)
# Then eval the expression context and return that
return eval(ast_compile(expr, "<eval>", "eval"), namespace)
def reader_macroexpand(char, tree, module_name):
"""Expand the reader macro "char" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(module_name)
reader_macro = _hy_reader[module_name].get(char)
if reader_macro is None:
try:
reader_macro = _hy_reader[None][char]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(
char, "`{0}' is not a defined reader macro.".format(char))
expr = reader_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(wrap_value(expr), tree)
def macroexpand(tree, compiler, once=False):
"""Expand the toplevel macros for the `tree`.
Load the macros from the given `module_name`, then expand the (top-level)
macros in `tree` until we no longer can.
"""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
while True:
if not isinstance(tree, HyExpression) or tree == []:
break
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote") or not isinstance(fn, HySymbol):
break
fn = mangle(fn)
m = _hy_macros[compiler.module_name].get(fn) or _hy_macros[None].get(fn)
if not m:
break
opts = {}
if m._hy_macro_pass_compiler:
opts['compiler'] = compiler
try:
m_copy = make_empty_fn_copy(m)
m_copy(compiler.module_name, *tree[1:], **opts)
except TypeError as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': "
msg += str(e).replace("<lambda>()", "", 1).strip()
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
try:
obj = m(compiler.module_name, *tree[1:], **opts)
except HyTypeError as e:
if e.expression is None:
e.expression = tree
raise
except Exception as e:
msg = "expanding `" + str(tree[0]) + "': " + repr(e)
raise HyMacroExpansionError(tree, msg)
tree = replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
if once:
break
tree = wrap_value(tree)
return tree
def sharp_macroexpand(char, tree, compiler):
"""Expand the sharp macro "char" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
sharp_macro = _hy_sharp[compiler.module_name].get(char)
if sharp_macro is None:
try:
sharp_macro = _hy_sharp[None][char]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(
char,
"`{0}' is not a defined sharp macro.".format(char)
)
expr = sharp_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(wrap_value(expr), tree)
def tag_macroexpand(tag, tree, compiler):
"""Expand the tag macro "tag" with argument `tree`."""
load_macros(compiler.module_name)
tag_macro = _hy_tag[compiler.module_name].get(tag)
if tag_macro is None:
try:
tag_macro = _hy_tag[None][tag]
except KeyError:
raise HyTypeError(
tag,
"`{0}' is not a defined tag macro.".format(tag)
)
expr = tag_macro(tree)
return replace_hy_obj(expr, tree)
def tag_macroexpand(tag, tree, module):
"""Expand the tag macro `tag` with argument `tree`."""
if not inspect.ismodule(module):
module = importlib.import_module(module)
expr_modules = (([] if not hasattr(tree, 'module') else [tree.module]) +
[module])
# Choose the first namespace with the macro.
tag_macro = next((mod.__tags__[tag]
for mod in expr_modules if tag in mod.__tags__), None)
if tag_macro is None:
raise HyTypeError(tag, "'{0}' is not a defined tag macro.".format(tag))
expr = tag_macro(tree)
if isinstance(expr, HyExpression):
expr.module = inspect.getmodule(tag_macro)
return replace_hy_obj(expr, tree)
def tag_macroexpand(tag, tree, module):
"""Expand the tag macro `tag` with argument `tree`."""
if not inspect.ismodule(module):
module = importlib.import_module(module)
expr_modules = (([] if not hasattr(tree, 'module') else [tree.module])
+ [module])
# Choose the first namespace with the macro.
tag_macro = next((mod.__tags__[tag]
for mod in expr_modules
if tag in mod.__tags__),
None)
if tag_macro is None:
raise HyTypeError("`{0}' is not a defined tag macro.".format(tag),
None, tag, None)
expr = tag_macro(tree)
if isinstance(expr, HyExpression):
expr.module = inspect.getmodule(tag_macro)
return replace_hy_obj(expr, tree)
def macroexpand(tree, module, compiler=None, once=False):
"""Expand the toplevel macros for the given Hy AST tree.
Load the macros from the given `module`, then expand the (top-level) macros
in `tree` until we no longer can.
`HyExpression` resulting from macro expansions are assigned the module in
which the macro function is defined (determined using `inspect.getmodule`).
If the resulting `HyExpression` is itself macro expanded, then the
namespace of the assigned module is checked first for a macro corresponding
to the expression's head/car symbol. If the head/car symbol of such a
`HyExpression` is not found among the macros of its assigned module's
namespace, the outer-most namespace--e.g. the one given by the `module`
parameter--is used as a fallback.
Parameters
----------
tree: HyObject or list
Hy AST tree.
module: str or types.ModuleType
Module used to determine the local namespace for macros.
compiler: HyASTCompiler, optional
The compiler object passed to expanded macros.
once: boolean, optional
Only expand the first macro in `tree`.
Returns
------
out: HyObject
Returns a mutated tree with macros expanded.
"""
if not inspect.ismodule(module):
module = importlib.import_module(module)
assert not compiler or compiler.module == module
while isinstance(tree, HyExpression) and tree:
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote") or not isinstance(fn, HySymbol):
break
fn = mangle(fn)
expr_modules = (
([] if not hasattr(tree, 'module') else [tree.module]) + [module])
# Choose the first namespace with the macro.
m = next((mod.__macros__[fn]
for mod in expr_modules if fn in mod.__macros__), None)
if not m:
break
opts = {}
if m._hy_macro_pass_compiler:
if compiler is None:
from hy.compiler import HyASTCompiler
compiler = HyASTCompiler(module)
opts['compiler'] = compiler
with macro_exceptions(module, tree, compiler):
obj = m(module.__name__, *tree[1:], **opts)
if isinstance(obj, HyExpression):
obj.module = inspect.getmodule(m)
tree = replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
if once:
break
tree = wrap_value(tree)
return tree
def test_replace_tuple():
""" Test replacing tuples."""
replaced = replace_hy_obj((0, ), HyInteger(13))
assert type(replaced) == HyList
assert type(replaced[0]) == HyInteger
assert replaced == HyList([HyInteger(0)])
def test_replace_string_type():
"""Test replacing python string"""
replaced = replace_hy_obj("foo", HyString("bar"))
assert replaced == HyString("foo")
def test_replace_int():
""" Test replacing integers."""
replaced = replace_hy_obj(0, HyInteger(13))
assert replaced == HyInteger(0)
def test_replace_tuple():
replaced = replace_hy_obj((0, ), Integer(13))
assert type(replaced) == List
assert type(replaced[0]) == Integer
assert replaced == List([Integer(0)])
def replace(self, other):
for x in self:
replace_hy_obj(x, other)
HyObject.replace(self, other)
return self
def macroexpand(tree, module, compiler=None, once=False, result_ok=True):
"""Expand the toplevel macros for the given Hy AST tree.
Load the macros from the given `module`, then expand the (top-level) macros
in `tree` until we no longer can.
`Expression` resulting from macro expansions are assigned the module in
which the macro function is defined (determined using `inspect.getmodule`).
If the resulting `Expression` is itself macro expanded, then the namespace
of the assigned module is checked first for a macro corresponding to the
expression's head/car symbol. If the head/car symbol of such a `Expression`
is not found among the macros of its assigned module's namespace, the
outer-most namespace--e.g. the one given by the `module` parameter--is used
as a fallback.
Args:
tree (Union[Object, list]): Hy AST tree.
module (Union[str, ModuleType]): Module used to determine the local
namespace for macros.
compiler (Optional[HyASTCompiler] ): The compiler object passed to
expanded macros. Defaults to None
once (bool): Only expand the first macro in `tree`. Defaults to False
result_ok (bool): Whether or not it's okay to return a compiler `Result` instance.
Defaults to True.
Returns:
Union[Object, Result]: A mutated tree with macros expanded.
"""
if not inspect.ismodule(module):
module = importlib.import_module(module)
assert not compiler or compiler.module == module
while isinstance(tree, Expression) and tree:
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote") or not isinstance(fn, Symbol):
break
fn = mangle(fn)
expr_modules = ([] if not hasattr(tree, "module") else [tree.module
]) + [module]
expr_modules.append(builtins)
# Choose the first namespace with the macro.
m = next(
(mod.__macros__[fn]
for mod in expr_modules if fn in getattr(mod, "__macros__", ())),
None,
)
if not m:
break
with MacroExceptions(module, tree, compiler):
if compiler:
compiler.this = tree
obj = m(compiler, *tree[1:])
if isinstance(obj, (hy.compiler.Result, AST)):
return obj if result_ok else tree
if isinstance(obj, Expression):
obj.module = inspect.getmodule(m)
tree = replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
if once:
break
tree = as_model(tree)
return tree
def test_replace_int():
replaced = replace_hy_obj(0, Integer(13))
assert replaced == Integer(0)
def test_replace_string_type():
"""Test replacing python string"""
replaced = replace_hy_obj(str_type("foo"), HyString("bar"))
assert replaced == HyString("foo")
def test_replace_str():
replaced = replace_hy_obj("foo", String("bar"))
assert replaced == String("foo")
def test_replace_long_type():
""" Test replacing integers."""
replaced = replace_hy_obj(long_type(0), HyInteger(13))
assert replaced == HyInteger(0)
def test_replace_long_type():
""" Test replacing integers."""
replaced = replace_hy_obj(long_type(0), HyInteger(13))
assert replaced == HyInteger(0)
def test_replace_tuple():
""" Test replacing tuples."""
replaced = replace_hy_obj((long_type(0), ), HyInteger(13))
assert type(replaced) == HyList
assert type(replaced[0]) == HyInteger
assert replaced == HyList([HyInteger(0)])
def macroexpand(tree, module, compiler=None, once=False):
"""Expand the toplevel macros for the given Hy AST tree.
Load the macros from the given `module`, then expand the (top-level) macros
in `tree` until we no longer can.
`HyExpression` resulting from macro expansions are assigned the module in
which the macro function is defined (determined using `inspect.getmodule`).
If the resulting `HyExpression` is itself macro expanded, then the
namespace of the assigned module is checked first for a macro corresponding
to the expression's head/car symbol. If the head/car symbol of such a
`HyExpression` is not found among the macros of its assigned module's
namespace, the outer-most namespace--e.g. the one given by the `module`
parameter--is used as a fallback.
Parameters
----------
tree: HyObject or list
Hy AST tree.
module: str or types.ModuleType
Module used to determine the local namespace for macros.
compiler: HyASTCompiler, optional
The compiler object passed to expanded macros.
once: boolean, optional
Only expand the first macro in `tree`.
Returns
------
out: HyObject
Returns a mutated tree with macros expanded.
"""
if not inspect.ismodule(module):
module = importlib.import_module(module)
assert not compiler or compiler.module == module
while True:
if not isinstance(tree, HyExpression) or tree == []:
break
fn = tree[0]
if fn in ("quote", "quasiquote") or not isinstance(fn, HySymbol):
break
fn = mangle(fn)
expr_modules = (([] if not hasattr(tree, 'module') else [tree.module])
+ [module])
# Choose the first namespace with the macro.
m = next((mod.__macros__[fn]
for mod in expr_modules
if fn in mod.__macros__),
None)
if not m:
break
opts = {}
if m._hy_macro_pass_compiler:
if compiler is None:
from hy.compiler import HyASTCompiler
compiler = HyASTCompiler(module)
opts['compiler'] = compiler
with macro_exceptions(module, tree, compiler):
obj = m(module.__name__, *tree[1:], **opts)
if isinstance(obj, HyExpression):
obj.module = inspect.getmodule(m)
tree = replace_hy_obj(obj, tree)
if once:
break
tree = wrap_value(tree)
return tree
