def apply(self):
"""
Apply patches to found opaque branch
:return: None
"""
for src, dst in self._flow_patches_map.items():
ir_block: IRBlock = self._ir_cfg.get_block(src)
asm_instr = ir_block.assignblks[ir_block.dst_linenb].instr
if asm_instr.name not in conditional_branch:
log(f"Unsupported asm pattern at {hex(src)}", code='!')
continue
patch_addr = asm_instr.offset
opcode1 = ida_bytes.get_byte(patch_addr)
# Fast and Furious
if opcode1 == 0x0F:
ida_bytes.patch_bytes(
patch_addr,
b"\xe9" + pack("<I",
(dst - (patch_addr + 5)) & (2**32 - 1)))
elif ((opcode1 & 0xe0) == 0xe0) or ((opcode1 & 0x70) == 0x70):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(patch_addr, 0xeb)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(patch_addr + 1,
(dst - (patch_addr + 2)) & 0xFF)
else:
log(f"Unknown first part of opcode at {hex(patch_addr)}",
code='!')
continue
log(f"Apply patch JCC -> JMP at {hex(patch_addr)}")
def write_segment(va_start, va_end, segm_name, data):
ida_segment.add_segm(0, va_start, va_end, segm_name, None, 0xe)
va = va_start
for b in data:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(va, ord(b))
va += 1
print("wrote 0x%x bytes to 0x%x [%s]" % (len(data), va_start, segm_name))
def references(function_location, decoding_str):
"""decodes all decoded strings by a given function by applying decoding_str
to every byte.
decoding_str should contain encoded_byte, for example:
decode.references(0x401000, "(encoded_byte ^ 0xA2) + 0x21")"""
for xref in idautils.XrefsTo(function_location):
ea = xref.frm
# The function needs to be defined for get_arg_addrs to work
args = idaapi.get_arg_addrs(ea)
encoded = idc.get_operand_value(args[0], 0)
decoded = idc.get_operand_value(args[1], 0)
decoded_str = ""
i = 0
encoded_byte = ida_bytes.get_wide_byte(encoded)
while encoded_byte != 0:
decoded_byte = eval(decoding_str)
decoded_str += chr(decoded_byte)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(decoded + i, decoded_byte)
i += 1
encoded_byte = ida_bytes.get_wide_byte(encoded + i)
ida_bytes.create_strlit(decoded, i, STRTYPE_C)
idc.set_cmt(ea, f"Decoded: {decoded_str}", 0)
print(f"##At {hex(ea)} decoded: {decoded_str}")
def patch():
ea = idc.find_binary(0,
idc.SEARCH_NEXT | idc.SEARCH_DOWN | idc.SEARCH_CASE,
PATTERN)
start_addr = None
pattern_len = _pattern_len(PATTERN)
while not (ea == ida_idaapi.BADADDR or idc.get_segm_name(ea) != '.text'):
# If we don't have start address saved, save it and search for the next pattern match
if not start_addr:
start_addr = ea
# If start address was saved before, we got end address. It's time to patch
else:
# Remove marker patterns to prevent re-encryption on the next script run
fill_with_nops(start_addr, start_addr + pattern_len)
fill_with_nops(ea, ea + pattern_len)
# Decrypt the code between markers
for addr in range(start_addr + pattern_len, ea):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(addr, ~idc.get_wide_byte(addr))
print('[0x%08X..0x%08X] Region patched' %
(start_addr, ea + pattern_len))
start_addr = None
ea = idc.find_binary(
ea, idc.SEARCH_NEXT | idc.SEARCH_DOWN | idc.SEARCH_CASE, PATTERN)
print('[PATCHING FINISHED]')
def __setitem__(self, item, value):
value_bytes = iterbytes_ord(value)
for ea_start, ea_end in self._get_ea_range(item):
for ea in range(ea_start, ea_end):
try:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, next(value_bytes))
except StopIteration:
return
def nop():
"""Nops-out the current instruction and advance the cursor to the next instruction."""
ea = idaapi.get_screen_ea()
num_bytes = idc.get_item_size(ea)
for i in range(num_bytes):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, 0x90)
ea += 1
ida_kernwin.refresh_idaview_anyway()
ida_kernwin.jumpto(ea)
def nop_region(ea, size):
"""replace the given range with NOPs"""
logger.debug("nopping region from 0x%x size 0x%x", ea, size)
for i in range(ea, ea + size):
ida_bytes.del_items(i)
for i in range(ea, ea + size):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(i, 0x90)
ida_auto.auto_make_code(ea)
def patch_word(ea, value, wordsize=WORD_SIZE):
"""Patch the word at the given address.
Words are patched using PatchByte(), PatchWord(), PatchDword(), or PatchQword(), as
appropriate.
"""
if wordsize == 1:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, value)
elif wordsize == 2:
ida_bytes.patch_word(ea, value)
elif wordsize == 4:
ida_bytes.patch_dword(ea, value)
elif wordsize == 8:
ida_bytes.patch_qword(ea, value)
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid argument: wordsize={}'.format(wordsize))
def main():
print("[*] Start patching to XOR encoded blocks")
ea = ida_kernwin.ask_addr(BADADDR, "What address is encoded block by xor?")
xor_key = ida_kernwin.ask_long(0x00, "Waht is key for xor?(0-255)")
valid_check(ea, xor_key)
print hex(ea)
print hex(xor_key)
while True:
b = ida_bytes.get_byte(ea)
if b == 0:
break
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, b ^ xor_key)
ea += 1
print("[*] Finished patching to XOR encoded blocks")
def set_byte(ea, value):
"""
Static method allowing to set the value of one byte at an address.
:param ea: The address at which changing the value.
:param value: The value to set at the address.
:raise RuntimeError: If it was not possible to change the value.
"""
if not ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to set value {} at {}".format(ea, value))
def resolve_opaque_push_retn():
PATTERNS = ["68 ?? ?? ?? ?? C3"]
count_patched = 0
for pattern in PATTERNS:
ea = 0
while ea != BADADDR:
ea = ida_search.find_binary(
ea, BADADDR, pattern, 16,
SEARCH_NEXT | SEARCH_DOWN | SEARCH_CASE)
'''
pattern: 68 ?? ?? ?? ?? C3
.text:00406922 68 B2 6A 00 10 push 0x10006ab2
.text:00406927 C3 retn
patched:
.text:00406922 E9 B2 6A 00 10 jmp 0x10006ab2
.text:00406927 90 nop
'''
if ea_in_bounds(ea):
j_pos = ea
pos_jmp = idc.get_wide_dword(j_pos + 1) # absolute address
offset = pos_jmp - 5 - j_pos
# Patch the push and retn instructions with NOPs (6 bytes)
for i in range(0, 6):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_pos + i, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_pos, 0xE9)
ida_bytes.patch_dword(j_pos + 0x1, offset)
idc.create_insn(ea)
count_patched += 1
print("\tPatched resolve_opaque_push_retn: {0}".format(count_patched))
def resolve_obf_calls(ea):
next_instr_addr = idc.get_wide_dword(ea + 1)
first_jmp_target = (ea + idc.get_wide_dword(ea + 0x7) + 0xB) & 0xFFFFFFFF
second_jmp_target = (ea + idc.get_wide_dword(ea + 0xD) + 0x11) & 0xFFFFFFFF
if first_jmp_target != second_jmp_target:
return
call_param = (first_jmp_target - ea - 5) & 0xFFFFFFFF
# Now we can replace all code till next instruction's address with NOPs
fill_with_nops(ea, next_instr_addr)
# Insert CALL
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, 0xE8) # CALL
ida_bytes.patch_dword(ea + 1, call_param)
idc.create_insn(ea)
return True
def bytes(self, value):
"""
Setter allowing to change the bytes value of the element.
.. warning::
No check is made on the size of the array of the setter and
it can rewrite more than the size of the element,
:param value: A list of int corresponding to the bytes to change.
"""
if isinstance(value, bytes):
ida_bytes.patch_bytes(self.ea, value)
elif isinstance(value, list):
i = 0
for e in value:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(self.ea + i, e)
i += 1
else:
raise TypeError(
"Invalid arg {} for BipElt.bytes setter".format(value))
def set_bytes(ea, byt):
"""
Static method allowing to set the value of one byte at an address.
:param int ea: The address at which changing the value.
:param bytes byt: The buffer of bytes to set at the address. If a
string is provided in python3 it will be decoded as ``latin-1``.
:raise RuntimeError: If it was not possible to change one of the value.
"""
if is_py3() and isinstance(byt, str):
byt = bytearray(byt, 'latin-1')
else:
byt = bytearray(byt)
for i in range(len(byt)):
value = byt[i]
if not ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + i, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to set value {} at {}".format(ea, value))
def value(self, value):
"""
Property setter which allow to set the value of this object.
This property works only if the :meth:`~BipData.is_numerable`
property returned True. If this object has no data
(:meth:`~BipData.has_data` property return False) or is unknown
(:meth:`~BipData.is_unknwon` return True) the value set is
considered to be on 1 byte.
For setting non numerical value or value on more than 8 bytes use
the :meth:`~BipElt.bytes` property setter.
This property is link to the type defined or guessed by IDA and
it is a good idea to assure you have the proper type before using
it.
:param int value: An integer to which set the value of the
current data element.
:raise RuntimeError: If the setting of the value failed or if
the value could not be set because of an unknown type.
"""
if self.value == value: # case where we are setting at the same value
return
if (not self.has_data) or self.is_unknown or self.is_byte:
if not ida_bytes.patch_byte(self.ea, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to patch value: {}".format(self))
elif self.is_word:
if not ida_bytes.patch_word(self.ea, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to patch value: {}".format(self))
elif self.is_dword:
if not ida_bytes.patch_dword(self.ea, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to patch value: {}".format(self))
elif self.is_qword:
if not ida_bytes.patch_qword(self.ea, value):
raise RuntimeError("Unable to patch value: {}".format(self))
else:
raise RuntimeError("Unable to patch value: {}".format(self))
def resolve_opaque_jnz_jz():
PATTERNS = [
"0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ?? 0F 85 ?? ?? ?? ??", # jz + jnz
"0F 85 ?? ?? ?? ?? 0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ??", # jnz + jz
"74 ?? 0F 85 ?? ?? ?? ??", # jz short + jnz
"0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ?? 75 ??", # jz + jnz short
"75 ?? 0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ??", # jnz short + jz
"0F 85 ?? ?? ?? ?? 74 ??", # jnz + jz short
"74 ?? 75 ??", # jz short + jnz short
"75 ?? 74 ??" # jnz short + jz short
]
count_patched = 0
count_not_patched = 0
for pattern in PATTERNS:
ea = 0
while ea != BADADDR:
ea = ida_search.find_binary(
ea, BADADDR, pattern, 16,
SEARCH_NEXT | SEARCH_DOWN | SEARCH_CASE)
'''
pattern: 0F 85 ?? ?? ?? ?? 0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ??
.text:0040690E 66 21 CF and di, cx
.text:00406911 0F 85 AE F4 FF FF jnz loc_405DC5 <- j_1_pos
.text:00406917 0F 84 A8 F4 FF FF jz loc_405DC5 <- j_2_pos
patched:
.text:0040690E 66 21 CF and di, cx
.text:00406911 E9 A9 F4 FF FF jmp loc_405DC5
.text:00406916 90 nop
.text:00406917 90 nop
.text:00406918 90 nop
.text:00406919 90 nop
.text:0040691a 90 nop
.text:0040691b 90 nop
.text:0040691c 90 nop
'''
if ea_in_bounds(ea):
# .text:00406911 0F 85 AE F4 FF FF jnz loc_405DC5 <- j_1_pos
# AE F4 FF FF <- j_1_value Relative offset value
j_1_pos = ea
j_1_value, j_1_size = get_j_val(j_1_pos)
j_2_pos = ea + j_1_size
j_2_value, j_2_size = get_j_val(j_2_pos)
pos_jmp = j_1_pos + j_1_value + j_1_size
if j_1_value - j_2_value == j_2_size:
# Patch the jz and jnz instructions with NOPs
for i in range(0, j_1_size + j_2_size):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_1_pos + i, 0x90)
if j_1_size == 2: # jz short or jnz short
# Patch with a relative short jmp (size = 2) in the position of the first conditional jmp
addr_to_jmp = j_1_value
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_1_pos, 0xEB)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_1_pos + 0x1, addr_to_jmp)
else: # jz or jnz
# Patch with a relative jmp (size = 5) in the position of the first conditional jmp
addr_to_jmp = j_1_value + 1
ida_bytes.patch_byte(j_1_pos, 0xE9)
ida_bytes.patch_dword(j_1_pos + 0x1, addr_to_jmp)
idc.create_insn(ea)
count_patched += 1
else:
count_not_patched += 1
print("\tPatched resolve_opaque_jnz_jz: {0}".format(count_patched))
print("\tNot Patched resolve_opaque_jnz_jz: {0}".format(count_not_patched))
def MemCopy( dest, src, length ) :
for i in xrange(0, length):
#if (i < 20):
# print "set byte at %#x to %#x" % (dest+i, idc.Byte(src+i))
ida_bytes.patch_byte(dest+i,ida_bytes.get_byte(src+i))
def patch_bytes(ea, buf):
for i, b in enumerate(buf):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + i, b)
def range_xor(start_addr, end_addr, xor_num):
for the_addr in range(start_addr, end_addr + 1):
the_byte = get_byte(the_addr)
patch_byte(the_addr, the_byte ^ xor_num)
def patch_encrypted_buffer(encrypted_buffer_address, decrypted_buffer): if (encrypted_buffer_address not in patched_addresses): for index in range(0, len(decrypted_buffer)): ida_bytes.patch_byte(encrypted_buffer_address + index, decrypted_buffer[index]) MakeStr(encrypted_buffer_address, encrypted_buffer_address + len(decrypted_buffer)) patched_addresses.append(encrypted_buffer_address)
def __call__(self):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(self.ea, self.value)
def fill_with_nops(start, stop):
for p in range(start, stop):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(p, 0x90)
idc.create_insn(p)
idc.create_insn(stop)
def revert_patch(self):
for b in self.bytes:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(b.ea, b.original)
def apply_patch(self):
for b in self.bytes:
ida_bytes.patch_byte(b.ea, b.patched)
def resolve_fs30():
PATTERNS = ["64 ?? 30 00 00 00", "64 ?? ?? 30 00 00 00"]
count_patched = 0
count_not_patched = 0
for pattern in PATTERNS:
ea = 0
while ea != BADADDR:
'''
pattern: 64 ?? 30 00 00 00
.text:00407644 64 A1 30 00 00 00 mov eax, large fs:30h
.text:0040764A 50 push eax
.text:0040764B 80 ED AD sub ch, 0ADh
.text:0040764E B5 32 mov ch, 32h
.text:00407650 66 21 D7 and di, dx
.text:00407653 5A pop edx
.text:00407654 8A 72 02 mov dh, [edx+2]
.text:00407657 84 F6 test dh, dh
.text:00407659 74 11 jz short loc_40766C
pattern: 64 ?? ?? 30 00 00 00
.text:00406E42 64 8B 15 30 00 00 00 mov edx, large fs:30h
.text:00406E49 52 push edx
.text:00406E4A 66 35 3D 1B xor ax, 1B3Dh
.text:00406E4E 20 CD and ch, cl
.text:00406E50 28 D1 sub cl, dl
.text:00406E52 59 pop ecx
.text:00406E53 8A 51 02 mov dl, [ecx+2]
.text:00406E56 84 D2 test dl, dl
.text:00406E58 74 11 jz short loc_406E6B
patched:
.text:00406E42 64 8B 15 30 00 00 00 mov edx, large fs:30h
.text:00406E49 52 push edx
.text:00406E4A 66 35 3D 1B xor ax, 1B3Dh
.text:00406E4E 20 CD and ch, cl
.text:00406E50 28 D1 sub cl, dl
.text:00406E52 59 pop ecx
.text:00406E53 8A 51 02 mov dl, [ecx+2]
.text:00406E56 84 D2 test dl, dl
.text:00406E58 EB 11 jmp short loc_406E6B <-----
'''
ea = ida_search.find_binary(
ea, BADADDR, pattern, 16,
SEARCH_NEXT | SEARCH_DOWN | SEARCH_CASE)
if ea_in_bounds(ea):
instr = ida_ua.decode_insn(ea)
if instr:
# while not jmp related instruction found
while ((instr.itype <= idaapi.NN_ja)
or (instr.itype >= idaapi.NN_jmpshort)):
# move to next instr
ea = ea + instr.size
instr = ida_ua.decode_insn(ea)
# ea contains conditional jmp instruction
# Patch with relative unconditional jmp
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, 0xEB)
idc.create_insn(ea)
count_patched += 1
else:
count_not_patched += 1
print("\tPatched resolve_fs30: {0}".format(count_patched))
print("\tNot Patched resolve_fs30: {0}".format(count_not_patched))
def resolve_loops():
PATTERNS = ["81 FB ?? ?? ?? ?? 75"]
count_patched = 0
count_not_patched = 0
for pattern in PATTERNS:
ea = 0
while ea != BADADDR:
'''
pattern: 81 FB ?? ?? ?? ?? 75
.text:00406AA0 01 C7 add edi, eax
.text:00406AA2 66 41 inc cx
.text:00406AA4 43 inc ebx
.text:00406AA5 81 FB A6 01 00 00 cmp ebx, 1A6h
.text:00406AAB 75 F3 jnz short loc_406AA0
patched:
.text:00406AA0 01 C7 add edi, eax
.text:00406AA2 66 41 inc cx
.text:00406AA4 43 inc ebx
.text:00406AA5 90 nop
.text:00406AA6 90 nop
.text:00406AA7 90 nop
.text:00406AA8 90 nop
.text:00406AA9 90 nop
.text:00406AAA 90 nop
.text:00406AAB 90 nop
.text:00406AAC 90 nop
'''
ea = ida_search.find_binary(
ea, BADADDR, pattern, 16,
SEARCH_NEXT | SEARCH_DOWN | SEARCH_CASE)
if ea_in_bounds(ea):
# Patch CMP and conditional jmp instructions in order to remove the loop
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 0, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 1, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 2, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 3, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 4, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 5, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 6, 0x90)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 7, 0x90)
idc.create_insn(ea)
count_patched += 1
print("\tPatched resolve_loops: {0}".format(count_patched))
print("\tNot Patched resolve_loops: {0}".format(count_not_patched))
def resolve_opaque_mov_push():
PATTERNS = [
"BB 00 00 00 00", "BB 01 00 00 00", "BB 02 00 00 00", "BB 03 00 00 00",
"BB 04 00 00 00", "BB 05 00 00 00", "BB 06 00 00 00", "BB 07 00 00 00",
"BB 08 00 00 00", "BB 09 00 00 00", "6A ?? 5B"
]
count_patched = 0
count_not_patched = 0
for pattern in PATTERNS:
ea = 0
print(pattern)
while ea != BADADDR:
ea = ida_search.find_binary(
ea, BADADDR, pattern, 16,
SEARCH_NEXT | SEARCH_DOWN | SEARCH_CASE)
''' pattern: BB 00 00 00 00
.text:00406A83 BB 00 00 00 00 mov ebx, 0
.text:00406A88 66 01 D0 add ax, dx
.text:00406A8B 81 F1 B5 15 00 00 xor ecx, 15B5h
.text:00406A91 66 35 7A 13 xor ax, 137Ah
.text:00406A95 85 DB test ebx, ebx
.text:00406A97 74 14 jz short loc_406AAD
Patched EBX > 0
pattern: BB 09 00 00 00
.text:00406BE3 BB 09 00 00 00 mov ebx, 9
.text:00406BE8 20 D1 and cl, dl
.text:00406BEA 66 09 D6 or si, dx
.text:00406BED 66 89 D6 mov si, dx
.text:00406BF0 85 DB test ebx, ebx
.text:00406BF2 74 02 jz short loc_406BF6
Patched EBX == 0
.text:00406A83 90 nop
.text:00406A84 90 nop
.text:00406A85 90 nop
.text:00406A86 90 nop
.text:00406A87 90 nop
.text:00406A88 90 nop
.text:00406A89 90 nop
.text:00406A8A 90 nop
.text:00406A8B 90 nop
.text:00406A8C 90 nop
.text:00406A8D 90 nop
.text:00406A8E 90 nop
.text:00406A8F 90 nop
.text:00406A90 90 nop
.text:00406A91 90 nop
.text:00406A92 90 nop
.text:00406A93 90 nop
.text:00406A94 90 nop
.text:00406A95 90 nop
.text:00406A96 90 nop
.text:00406A97 EB 14 jmp short loc_406AAD
'''
if ea_in_bounds(ea):
'''
.text:00406A83 BB 00 00 00 00 mov ebx, <0-9> <- ebx_value
.text:00406A88 66 01 D0 add ax, dx
.text:00406A8B 81 F1 B5 15 00 00 xor ecx, 15B5h
.text:00406A91 66 35 7A 13 xor ax, 137Ah
.text:00406A95 85 DB test ebx, ebx
.text:00406A97 74 14 jz short loc_406AAD
'''
original_ea = ea
ebx_value = Byte(ea + 1)
instr = ida_ua.decode_insn(ea)
if instr:
has_test = False
# while not jmp related instruction found
while ((instr.itype <= idaapi.NN_ja)
or (instr.itype >= idaapi.NN_jmpshort)):
# move to next instr
ea = ea + instr.size
instr = ida_ua.decode_insn(ea)
# Check in order to validate that has test func and is candidate to be patched
if instr.itype == idaapi.NN_test:
has_test = True
# at this point "ea" variable contains the last instruction address
# that is the conditional jump found
if has_test:
if instr.itype == idaapi.NN_jz:
# ebx_value > 0 and NN_jz -> Patch with NOPs
if ebx_value > 0:
'''
.text:00406BE3 BB 09 00 00 00 mov ebx, 9
.text:00406BE8 20 D1 and cl, dl
.text:00406BEA 66 09 D6 or si, dx
.text:00406BED 66 89 D6 mov si, dx
.text:00406BF0 85 DB test ebx, ebx
.text:00406BF2 74 02 jz short loc_406BF6
'''
relative_offset = ea - original_ea
# Patch the complete function
number_nops = ea - original_ea + instr.size
for i in range(0, number_nops):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(original_ea + i, 0x90)
idc.create_insn(ea)
# ebx_value = 0 and NN_jz -> Patch with JMP
else:
'''
.text:00406A83 BB 00 00 00 00 mov ebx, 0
.text:00406A88 66 01 D0 add ax, dx
.text:00406A8B 81 F1 B5 15 00 00 xor ecx, 15B5h
.text:00406A91 66 35 7A 13 xor ax, 137Ah
.text:00406A95 85 DB test ebx, ebx
.text:00406A97 74 14 jz short loc_406AAD
'''
# ea contains the conditional jmp address
relative_offset = Byte(ea + 1)
# NOP
number_nops = ea - original_ea + instr.size
for i in range(0, number_nops):
ida_bytes.patch_byte(original_ea + i, 0x90)
# Patch the conditional jmp to unconditional jmp
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea, 0xEB)
ida_bytes.patch_byte(ea + 1, relative_offset)
idc.create_insn(ea)
count_patched += 1
else:
count_not_patched += 1
print("\tPatched resolve_opaque_mov_push: {0}".format(count_patched))
print(
"\tNot Patched resolve_opaque_mov_push: {0}".format(count_not_patched))
