def _forward_alg(self, feats):
# Do the forward algorithm to compute the partition function
alphas = [[0.] * self.tagset_size]
alphas[0][self.tag2idx[START_TAG]] = 1
alphas = nd.array(alphas)
# Iterate through the sentence
for feat in feats:
alphas_t = [] # The forward variables at this timestep
for next_tag in range(self.tagset_size):
# broadcast the emission score: it is the same regardless of
# the previous tag
emit_score = feat[next_tag].reshape((1, -1))
# the ith entry of trans_score is the score of transitioning to
# next_tag from i
trans_score = self.transitions.data()[next_tag].reshape(
(1, -1))
# The ith entry of next_tag_var is the value for the
# edge (i -> next_tag) before we do log-sum-exp
next_tag_var = alphas * nd.exp(trans_score + emit_score)
# The forward variable for this tag is log-sum-exp of all the
# scores.
alphas_t.append(nsum(next_tag_var))
alphas = nd.concat(*alphas_t, dim=0).reshape((1, -1))
terminal_var = alphas * nd.exp(
self.transitions.data()[self.tag2idx[STOP_TAG]])
alpha = log_sum(terminal_var)
return alpha
def regression_student_grad(student_outputs, teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision):
student_mean = student_outputs[0]
student_var = student_outputs[1]
grad_mean = nd.exp(-student_var) * (student_mean - teacher_pred)
grad_var = (1 - nd.exp(-student_var) * (nd.square(student_mean - teacher_pred)
+ 1.0 / teacher_noise_precision)) / 2
return [grad_mean, grad_var]
def check_unary_func(x):
f_exp = lambda x: nd.exp(x)
f_exp_grad = lambda x: [nd.exp(x)]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_exp, grad_func=f_exp_grad)
f_half = lambda x: x/2
f_half_grad = lambda x: [nd.ones(x.shape) * 0.5]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_half, grad_func=f_half_grad)
f_square = lambda x: x**2
f_square_grad = lambda x: [2*x]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_square, grad_func=f_square_grad)
def check_unary_func(x):
f_exp = lambda x: nd.exp(x)
f_exp_grad = lambda x: [nd.exp(x)]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_exp, grad_func=f_exp_grad)
f_half = lambda x: x / 2
f_half_grad = lambda x: [nd.ones(x.shape) * 0.5]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_half, grad_func=f_half_grad)
f_square = lambda x: x**2
f_square_grad = lambda x: [2 * x]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_square, grad_func=f_square_grad)
def regression_student_grad(student_outputs, teacher_pred,
teacher_noise_precision):
student_mean = student_outputs[0]
student_var = student_outputs[1]
grad_mean = nd.exp(-student_var) * (student_mean - teacher_pred)
grad_var = (1 - nd.exp(-student_var) *
(nd.square(student_mean - teacher_pred) +
1.0 / teacher_noise_precision)) / 2
return [grad_mean, grad_var]
def test_unary_func():
x = nd.uniform(shape=(4, 5))
f_exp = lambda x: nd.exp(x)
f_exp_grad = lambda x: [nd.exp(x)]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_exp, grad_func=f_exp_grad)
f_half = lambda x: x/2
f_half_grad = lambda x: [nd.ones(x.shape) * 0.5]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_half, grad_func=f_half_grad)
f_square = lambda x: x**2
f_square_grad = lambda x: [2*x]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_square, grad_func=f_square_grad)
def test_unary_func():
x = nd.uniform(shape=(4, 5))
f_exp = lambda x: nd.exp(x)
f_exp_grad = lambda x: [nd.exp(x)]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_exp, grad_func=f_exp_grad)
f_half = lambda x: x/2
f_half_grad = lambda x: [nd.ones(x.shape) * 0.5]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_half, grad_func=f_half_grad)
f_square = lambda x: x**2
f_square_grad = lambda x: [2*x]
autograd_assert(x, func=f_square, grad_func=f_square_grad)
def regression_student_grad(student_outputs, teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision):
student_mean = student_outputs[0]
student_var = student_outputs[1]
grad_mean = nd.exp(-student_var) * (student_mean - teacher_pred)
grad_var = (1 - nd.exp(-student_var) * (nd.square(student_mean - teacher_pred)
+ 1.0 / teacher_noise_precision)) / 2
# print student_mean
# print teacher_pred
# print grad_mean.asnumpy(), grad_var.asnumpy()
# ch = raw_input()
return [grad_mean, grad_var]
def inference_g(self, observed_arr):
'''
Inference with generator.
Args:
observed_arr: `mxnet.ndarray` of observed data points.
Returns:
Tuple data.
- re-parametric data.
- encoded data points.
- re-encoded data points.
'''
encoded_arr = self.model.encoder(observed_arr)
decoded_arr = self.model.decoder(encoded_arr)
re_encoded_arr = self.re_encoder_model(decoded_arr)
anomaly_arr = nd.square(encoded_arr - re_encoded_arr)
anomaly_arr = nd.expand_dims(nd.exp(anomaly_arr.mean(axis=1)), axis=1)
mean_arr = nd.expand_dims(decoded_arr.mean(axis=1), axis=1)
gauss_arr = nd.random.normal_like(data=observed_arr, loc=0, scale=3.0)
re_param_arr = mean_arr + (gauss_arr * anomaly_arr)
kl_arr = -0.5 * (1 + nd.log(anomaly_arr) - mean_arr + anomaly_arr)
re_param_arr = re_param_arr + kl_arr
return re_param_arr, encoded_arr, re_encoded_arr
def my_loss(data, nc, ns, nq):
data = data.astype('float64')
cls_data = nd.reshape(data[0:nc * ns], (nc, ns, -1))
cls_center = nd.mean(cls_data, axis=1) + 1e-10
data_center_dis = nd.norm(data[nc * ns:].expand_dims(axis=1) -
cls_center.expand_dims(axis=0),
axis=2)**2
weight = nd.zeros((nc * nq, nc), ctx=data.context, dtype='float64')
for i in range(0, nc):
weight[i * nq:i * nq + nq, i] = 1
weight2 = 1 - weight
temp1 = nd.log_softmax(-data_center_dis, axis=1)
temp2 = nd.sum(temp1, axis=1)
temp3 = nd.sum(-temp2)
label = nd.argmin(data_center_dis, axis=1)
return temp3 / (nc * nq), label
loss1 = nd.sum(data_center_dis * weight)
temp = nd.sum(nd.exp(-data_center_dis), axis=1)
loss2 = nd.sum(nd.log(temp))
if loss1 is np.nan or loss2 is np.nan:
raise StopIteration
return (loss1 + loss2) / (nc * nq), label
def forward(self, signal: nd.NDArray, teacher_forcing_prob: float,
latent_space_override: nd.NDArray = None):
"""
Args:
signal: Sin signal (m, signal_length), m - num of signals (batch_size)
teacher_forcing_prob: The probability of activating the teacher forcing
latent_space_override: The override value for the latent space.
Returns:
"""
sig_embedding = self.encoder(signal) # (m,s), s - dim of the encoder embedding
# Posterior of the latent space
# Gaussian variance must be positive, therefore using log variance parametrization
ls_mean, ls_log_var = self.latent_space(sig_embedding).split(axis=1, num_outputs=2)
ls_std = nd.exp(ls_log_var * 0.5, axis=0)
# Sampling from the unit gaussian instead of sampling from the latent space posterior
# allow for gradient flow via latent_space_mean / latent_space_log_var parameters
# z = (x-mu)/std, thus: x = mu + z*std
normal_sample = nd.random_normal(0, 1, shape=ls_mean.shape)
ls_val = ls_mean + ls_std * normal_sample
if isinstance(latent_space_override, nd.NDArray):
ls_val = latent_space_override
length = signal.shape[1]
reconstructed_sig = self.decoder(ls_val, length, signal, teacher_forcing_prob) # (m,length)
return SinBAEOutput(ls_mean, ls_log_var, ls_val, reconstructed_sig)
def reparametrize(self, mu, logvar):
'''
mu is a number and logvar is a ndarray
'''
std = nd.exp(0.5 * logvar)
eps = nd.random_normal(loc=0, scale=1,
shape=std.shape).as_in_context(ctx)
return mu + eps * std
def softmax(X):
# X.shape = (256, 10)
exp = nd.exp(X)
# 假设exp是矩阵，这里对行进行求和，并要求保留axis 1，
# 就是返回 (nrows, 1) 形状的矩阵
# partition.shape = (256, 1)
partition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)
# a[i,j] = exp[i,j] / partition[i,1]
a = exp / partition
return a
def goodness_of_function_loss_function(self):
# 取指数使得所有值 > 0
self.__batch_y_hat_exp = nd.exp(self.__batch_y_hat)
# 求 partition 用于归一化概率
self.__batch_y_hat_partition = self.__batch_y_hat_exp.sum(
axis=1, keepdims=True)
self.__batch_y_hat_exp_divided_partition = self.__batch_y_hat_exp / self.__batch_y_hat_partition
return -nd.log(
nd.pick(self.__batch_y_hat_exp_divided_partition, self.__batch_y))
def test1():
x = nd.zeros((3, 4))
print(x)
print(nd.ones((4, 4)))
print(nd.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]))
tmp1 = nd.random_normal(0, 1, shape=(3, 4))
print(tmp1)
print(tmp1.shape)
print(tmp1.size)
print(x + tmp1)
print(nd.exp(tmp1))
def refine_anchor_generator(arm_anchor_boxes,arm_loc_preds):
'''
function:
input:
arm_anchor_boxes: shape (1,h*w*num_anchors[:layers],4)
arm_loc_preds: shape (batch,h*w*num_loc_pred[:layers])
'''
batch_size = arm_loc_preds.shape[0]
arm_anchor_boxes = nd.concat(*[arm_anchor_boxes]*batch_size,dim=0) #(batch,h*w*num_anchors[:layers],4)
arm_anchor_boxes_bs = nd.split(data=arm_anchor_boxes,axis=2,num_outputs=4)#(batch,all_anchors,1)*4
al = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[0] # left top x
at = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[1] # left top y
ar = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[2] # right below x
ab = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[3] # right below y
aw = ar - al
ah = ab - at
ax = (al+ar)/2.0
ay = (at+ab)/2.0
arm_loc_preds = nd.reshape(data=arm_loc_preds,shape=(0,-1,4)) #(batch,h*w*num_anchors[:layers],4)
arm_loc_preds_bs = nd.split(data=arm_loc_preds,axis=2,num_outputs=4)
ox_preds = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[0]
oy_preds = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[1]
ow_preds = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[2]
oh_preds = arm_anchor_boxes_bs[3]
## TODO: RCNN Paper object
ox = ox_preds * aw * 0.1 + ax
oy = oy_preds * ah * 0.1 + ay
ow = nd.exp(ow_preds * 0.2) * aw
oh = nd.exp(oh_preds * 0.2) * ah
out0 = ox - ow / 2.0
out1 = oy - oh / 2.0
out2 = ox + ow / 2.0
out3 = oy + oh / 2.0
refine_anchor = nd.concat(out0,out1,out2,out3,dim=2)
# refine_anchor = nd.split(data=refine_anchor,axis=0,num_outputs=batch_size)
return refine_anchor # (batch,h*w*num_anchors[:layers],4)
def cvt_output_for_predict(self,pred): #how to interprete net output according format_groundtruth()
predCls,predObj, XYWH = self.format_net_output(pred)
batchSize,height,width,boxNum,_= XYWH.shape
X,Y,W,H = XYWH.split(num_outputs=4, axis=-1)
#pdb.set_trace()
DY = nd.tile(nd.arange(0,height,repeat=width*boxNum, ctx=XYWH.context).reshape((1,height,width,boxNum,1)), (batchSize,1,1,1,1) )
DX = nd.tile(nd.arange(0,width,repeat=boxNum,ctx=XYWH.context).reshape((1,1,width,boxNum,1)),(batchSize,height,1,1,1))
X = (X + DX) / width
Y = (Y + DY) / height
#pdb.set_trace()
W = nd.exp(W) - 1
H = nd.exp(H) - 1
W = nd.clip(W,0,1)
H = nd.clip(H,0,1)
X = nd.clip(X,0,1)
Y = nd.clip(Y,0,1)
left = X
top = Y
right = nd.clip(left + W,0,1)
bottom = nd.clip(top + H, 0, 1)
corners = nd.concat(left,top,right,bottom,dim=-1) #nms requiring corner format
return predCls, predObj, corners
def _forward_alg(self, feats, lens_):
batch_size = feats.shape[0]
tagset_size = feats.shape[2]
length = feats.shape[1]
init_alphas = nd.full((self.tagset_size, ), -10000.)
init_alphas[self.tag_dictionary.get_idx_for_item(START_TAG)] = 0.
forward_var_list = [init_alphas.tile((feats.shape[0], 1))]
transitions = self.transitions.data().expand_dims(0).tile(
(feats.shape[0], 1, 1))
for i in range(feats.shape[1]):
emit_score = feats[:, i, :]
tag_var = \
emit_score.expand_dims(2).tile((1, 1, transitions.shape[2])) + \
transitions + \
forward_var_list[i].expand_dims(2).tile((1, 1, transitions.shape[2])).transpose([0, 2, 1])
max_tag_var = nd.max(tag_var, axis=2)
new_tag_var = tag_var - max_tag_var.expand_dims(2).tile(
(1, 1, transitions.shape[2]))
agg_ = nd.log(nd.sum(nd.exp(new_tag_var), axis=2))
forward_var_list.append(
nd.full((feats.shape[0], feats.shape[2]),
val=max_tag_var + agg_))
# cloned = forward_var.clone()
# forward_var[:, i + 1, :] = max_tag_var + agg_
# forward_var = cloned
forward_var = nd.stack(*forward_var_list)[
lens_,
nd.array(list(range(feats.shape[0])), dtype='int32'), :]
terminal_var = forward_var + \
self.transitions.data()[self.tag_dictionary.get_idx_for_item(STOP_TAG)].expand_dims(0).tile((
forward_var.shape[0], 1))
alpha = log_sum_exp_batch(terminal_var)
return alpha
def forward(self, is_train=False):
"""Run forward on the current executor."""
#self.curr_execgrp.forward(is_train=is_train)
self.get_each_gpu_label()
# l2-norm forward
self.weight_norm = nd.L2Normalization(self.weight, mode='instance')
# fc forward
no_bias = True
if no_bias:
nd.FullyConnected(data=self.data_batch,
weight=self.weight_norm,
no_bias=True,
num_hidden=self.classes,
out=self.fc_output)
else:
nd.FullyConnected(data=self.data_batch,
weight=self.weight_norm,
bias=self.bias,
num_hidden=self.classes,
out=self.fc_output)
# margin forward
self.get_each_gpu_label()
if self.data_of_cur_gpu.size > 0:
margin_temp = self.fc_output[self.data_of_cur_gpu,
self.label_of_cur_gpu]
self.pick_fc_of_cur_gpu = margin_temp.copy()
tem_data = self.margin_loss(self.pick_fc_of_cur_gpu)
self.fc_output[self.data_of_cur_gpu,
self.label_of_cur_gpu] = tem_data[:]
else:
self.pick_fc_of_cur_gpu = None
# softmax forward
# first allreduce sum
sum_fc = nd.sum(nd.exp(self.fc_output), axis=1)
sum_fc = self.allreduce('global_sum_fc', sum_fc)
assert len(sum_fc) > 0, "rank:{}, sum_fc".format(self.rank)
self.global_sum_fc[:] = sum_fc[:]
# second allreduce max
max_fc = nd.max(self.fc_output, axis=1)
max_fc = self.allreduce('global_max_fc',
max_fc,
op=perseus.PerseusOp.Max)
assert len(max_fc) > 0, "rank:{}, max_fc".format(self.rank)
self.global_max_fc[:] = max_fc[:]
def loss_function(recon_x, x, mu, logvar):
"""
recon_x: generating images
x: origin images
mu: latent mean
logvar: latent log variance
"""
BCE = reconstruction_function(recon_x, x) # mse loss
BCE = nd.sum(BCE)
# loss = 0.5 * sum(1 - log(sigma^2) + mu^2 + sigma^2)
KLD_element = (nd.power(mu, 2) + nd.exp(logvar)) * (-1) + 1 + logvar
KLD = nd.sum(KLD_element) * (-0.5)
# KLD_element = nd.exp(logvar) + nd.power(mu, 2) - logvar - 1
# KLD = nd.sum(KLD_element) * 0.5
# KL divergence
return BCE + KLD
def calc_loss(self, signal: nd.NDArray, teacher_forcing_prob: float) -> (float, float):
"""
Compute gradients of the loss function with respect of the model parameters.
Args:
signal: Sin signal: (m, signal_length), m - num of signals (batch_size)
teacher_forcing_prob: TODO
Returns: L2 Loss between input and decoded signals, KLD loss
"""
decoded_signal_output = self(signal, teacher_forcing_prob)
latent_space_mean = decoded_signal_output.latent_space_mean
latent_space_log_var = decoded_signal_output.latent_space_log_var
l2_loss = self.l2loss(signal, decoded_signal_output.decoded_signal)
negative_kld = 0.5 * nd.sum(
1 + latent_space_log_var - latent_space_mean ** 2 - nd.exp(latent_space_log_var), axis=1)
return l2_loss, -negative_kld
def rbf_kernels(self, x: NDArray, y: NDArray):
"""
Computes exp(-c ||x - y||^2).
||x - y||^2 = x . x + y . y - 2 x . y
Compute each term separately. x is are original features, y are features used for similarity
"""
cross_products = nd.dot(x, y)
x_products = nd.sum(sqr(x), axis=1, keepdims=True)
x_products = nd.broadcast_axis(x_products, axis=1, size=y.shape[1])
y_products = nd.sum(sqr(y), axis=0, keepdims=True)
y_products = nd.broadcast_axis(y_products, axis=0, size=x.shape[0])
sqr_difs = x_products + y_products - 2 * cross_products
print(nd.mean(x_products), nd.mean(y_products),
nd.mean(cross_products))
print(nd.mean(sqr_difs))
res = nd.exp(-0.05 * sqr_difs)
print(res.shape)
return res
def softplus(x):
return nd.log(1. + nd.exp(x))
def get_free_energy(self, v):
x = nd.dot(v, self.W) + self.hb
vt = nd.dot(v, self.vb)
ht = nd.sum(nd.log(1.0 + nd.exp(x)), axis=1)
fe = -ht - vt #free energy, how to prevent scale
return nd.mean(fe)
if i >= burn_in:
if 0 == i%thinning_interval:
if (i+1) % (total_iter_num/sample_num) == 0:
sgld_sample_list.append(copy_param(teacher_exe))
# print student_exe.grad_arrays
# print student_params
# print student_params_grad
# ch = raw_input()
X_student_batch = X_batch + numpy.random.normal(0, 0.05, X_batch.shape)
teacher_exe.arg_dict['data'][:] = X_student_batch
teacher_exe.forward(is_train=False)
teacher_exe.outputs[0].wait_to_read()
teacher_pred = teacher_exe.outputs[0]
student_exe.arg_dict['data'][:] = X_student_batch
student_exe.forward(is_train=True)
print numpy.hstack((X_batch*X_batch*X_batch, teacher_exe.outputs[0].asnumpy(), student_exe.outputs[0].asnumpy(), nd.exp(student_exe.outputs[1]).asnumpy()))
print 'Student Loss:', student_loss(student_exe.outputs[0], student_exe.outputs[1],
teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision)
student_exe.backward(student_grad(student_exe.outputs[0], student_exe.outputs[1],
teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision))
for k in student_params:
student_updater(k, student_params_grad[k], student_params[k])
distilled_sgld_mse, distilled_sgld_ret = \
pred_test(testing_data=testing_data, exe=student_exe, save_path='toy-1d-distilled-sgld.txt')
sgld_mse, sgld_ret = \
pred_test(testing_data=testing_data, exe=teacher_exe, param_list=sgld_sample_list,
save_path='toy-1d-sgld.txt')
def student_grad(student_mean, student_var, teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision):
grad_mean = nd.exp(-student_var) * (student_mean - teacher_pred)
grad_var = (1 - nd.exp(-student_var) * (nd.square(student_mean - teacher_pred)
+ 1 / teacher_noise_precision))/2
return [grad_mean, grad_var]
def student_loss(student_mean, student_var, teacher_pred, teacher_noise_precision):
return (0.5 * (student_var + nd.exp(-student_var) * (nd.square(teacher_pred - student_mean)
+ 1 / teacher_noise_precision))).asnumpy()[
0]
def log_sum_exp(vec):
max_score = nd.max(vec).asscalar()
return nd.log(nd.sum(nd.exp(vec - max_score))) + max_score
def softmax(X): # 通过Softmax函数将任意输入归一化称合法的概率值
exp = nd.exp(X) # 指数
# 对行求和
partition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True) # keepdims=True 保持其二维特性
return exp / partition
def forward(self, is_train, req, in_data, out_data, aux):
self.assign(out_data[0], req[0], 1.0 / (1.0 + nd.exp(- in_data[0])))
def softmax(x): # softmax的作用就是把一个输出转换为概率
exp = nd.exp(x) # exp函数将x当中的所有数据变更为正数
partition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True) # 对第一维的数据求和，即第一列数据
return exp / partition
def exp(input):
return nd.exp(input)
x = nd.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(x)
# 创建随机数组，每个元素的值都是随机采样而来，经常被用于初始化模型参数
y = nd.random_normal(0, 1, shape=(3, 4))
print(y)
print(y.shape)
print(y.size)
x = nd.random_normal(0, 1, shape=(3, 4))
print(x)
print(x + y)
print(x * y)
# 指数运算.
print(nd.exp(y))
# 转置
print(nd.dot(x, y.T))
# 广播
a = nd.arange(3).reshape((3, 1))
b = nd.arange(2).reshape((1, 2))
print('a:', a)
print('b:', b)
print('a+b:', a + b)
# 跟 Numpy 的转换
x = np.ones((2, 3))
y = nd.array(x)
z = y.asnumpy()
print([z, y])
def softmax(X):
exp = nd.exp(X)
partition = exp.sum(axis = 1, keepdims=True) # return (nrows, 1) matrix
return exp / partition
def softmax(X):
exp = nd.exp(X)
# 假设exp是矩阵，这里对行进行求和，并要求保留axis 1，
# 就是返回 (nrows, 1) 形状的矩阵
partition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)
return exp / partition
def logsigmoid(val):
max_elem = nd.maximum(0., -val)
z = nd.exp(-max_elem) + nd.exp(-val - max_elem)
return -(max_elem + nd.log(z))
def softmax(x):
exp = nd.exp(x)
pariition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdim=True)
return exp / partition
def softmax(X):
exp = nd.exp(X)
partition = exp.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)
return exp / partition
def evaluate_accuracy(data_iterator, net, W, b):
acc = 0.
for data, label in data_iterator:
output = net(data, W, b)
acc += accuracy(output, label)
return acc / len(data_iterator)
if __name__ == '__main__':
X = nd.random_normal(shape=(2, 5))
X_prob = softmax(X)
print(X)
print(X_prob)
print(nd.exp(X[0][0]) / (nd.exp(X[0][0]) + nd.exp(X[1][0])))
# 1. 数据
mnist_train = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=True,
transform=transform)
mnist_test = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=False,
transform=transform)
batch_size = 256
train_data = gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_data = gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False)
# 2. 模型（线性模型）W,b
num_inputs = 28 * 28
num_outputs = 10
W = nd.random_normal(shape=(num_inputs, num_outputs))
b = nd.random_normal(shape=num_outputs)
def forward(self, is_train, req, in_data, out_data, aux):
self.assign(out_data[0], req[0], 1.0 / (1.0 + nd.exp(- in_data[0])))
def softmax(X):
X_exp = nd.exp(X)
partition = X_exp.sum(axis=0, keepdims=True)
return X_exp / partition
