예제 #1
0
    def __init__(self):
        
        self.keyMap = {"left":0, "right":0, "forward":0, "cam-left":0, "cam-right":0}
        base.win.setClearColor(Vec4(0,0,0,1))

        # Post the instructions

        self.title = addTitle("Panda3D Tutorial: Roaming Ralph (Walking on Uneven Terrain)")
        self.inst1 = addInstructions(0.95, "[ESC]: Quit")
        self.inst2 = addInstructions(0.90, "[Left Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Left")
        self.inst3 = addInstructions(0.85, "[Right Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Right")
        self.inst4 = addInstructions(0.80, "[Up Arrow]: Run Ralph Forward")
        self.inst6 = addInstructions(0.70, "[A]: Rotate Camera Left")
        self.inst7 = addInstructions(0.65, "[S]: Rotate Camera Right")
        
        # Set up the environment
        #
        # This environment model contains collision meshes.  If you look
        # in the egg file, you will see the following:
        #
        #    <Collide> { Polyset keep descend }
        #
        # This tag causes the following mesh to be converted to a collision
        # mesh -- a mesh which is optimized for collision, not rendering.
        # It also keeps the original mesh, so there are now two copies ---
        # one optimized for rendering, one for collisions.  

        self.environ = loader.loadModel("models/samples/roaming_ralph/world")
        self.environ.reparentTo(render)
        self.environ.setPos(0,0,0)
        
        # Create the main character, Ralph

        ralphStartPos = self.environ.find("**/start_point").getPos()
        self.ralph = Actor("models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph",
            {"run":"models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_run",
             "walk":"models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_walk"})
        self.ralph.reparentTo(render)
        self.ralph.setScale(.2)
        self.ralph.setPos(ralphStartPos)

        # Create a floater object.  We use the "floater" as a temporary
        # variable in a variety of calculations.
        
        self.floater = NodePath(PandaNode("floater"))
        self.floater.reparentTo(render)

        # Accept the control keys for movement and rotation

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)
        self.accept("arrow_left", self.setKey, ["left",1])
        self.accept("arrow_right", self.setKey, ["right",1])
        self.accept("arrow_up", self.setKey, ["forward",1])
        self.accept("a", self.setKey, ["cam-left",1])
        self.accept("s", self.setKey, ["cam-right",1])
        self.accept("arrow_left-up", self.setKey, ["left",0])
        self.accept("arrow_right-up", self.setKey, ["right",0])
        self.accept("arrow_up-up", self.setKey, ["forward",0])
        self.accept("a-up", self.setKey, ["cam-left",0])
        self.accept("s-up", self.setKey, ["cam-right",0])

        taskMgr.add(self.move,"moveTask")

        # Game state variables
        self.isMoving = False

        # Set up the camera
        
        base.disableMouse()
        base.camera.setPos(self.ralph.getX(),self.ralph.getY()+10,2)
        
        # We will detect the height of the terrain by creating a collision
        # ray and casting it downward toward the terrain.  One ray will
        # start above ralph's head, and the other will start above the camera.
        # A ray may hit the terrain, or it may hit a rock or a tree.  If it
        # hits the terrain, we can detect the height.  If it hits anything
        # else, we rule that the move is illegal.

        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()

        self.ralphGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.ralphGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,1000)
        self.ralphGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1)
        self.ralphGroundCol = CollisionNode('ralphRay')
        self.ralphGroundCol.addSolid(self.ralphGroundRay)
        self.ralphGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ralphGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.ralphGroundColNp = self.ralph.attachNewNode(self.ralphGroundCol)
        self.ralphGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ralphGroundColNp, self.ralphGroundHandler)

        self.camGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.camGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,1000)
        self.camGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1)
        self.camGroundCol = CollisionNode('camRay')
        self.camGroundCol.addSolid(self.camGroundRay)
        self.camGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.camGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.camGroundColNp = base.camera.attachNewNode(self.camGroundCol)
        self.camGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.camGroundColNp, self.camGroundHandler)
예제 #2
0
    def __init__(self):
        #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
        self.title = OnscreenText(
            text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Collision Detection",
            style=1,
            fg=(1, 1, 1, 1),
            pos=(0.7, -0.95),
            scale=.07,
            font=font)
        self.instructions = OnscreenText(text="Mouse pointer tilts the board",
                                         pos=(-1.3, .95),
                                         fg=(1, 1, 1, 1),
                                         font=font,
                                         align=TextNode.ALeft,
                                         scale=.05)

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)  #Escape quits
        base.disableMouse()  #Disable mouse-based camera control
        camera.setPosHpr(0, 0, 25, 0, -90, 0)  #Place the camera

        #Load the maze and place it in the scene
        self.maze = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/maze")
        self.maze.reparentTo(render)

        #Most times, you want collisions to be tested against invisible geometry
        #rather than every polygon. This is because testing against every polygon
        #in the scene is usually too slow. You can have simplified or approximate
        #geometry for the solids and still get good results.
        #
        #Sometimes you'll want to create and position your own collision solids in
        #code, but it's often easier to have them built automatically. This can be
        #done by adding special tags into an egg file. Check maze.egg and ball.egg
        #and look for lines starting with <Collide>. The part is brackets tells
        #Panda exactly what to do. Polyset means to use the polygons in that group
        #as solids, while Sphere tells panda to make a collision sphere around them
        #Keep means to keep the polygons in the group as visable geometry (good
        #for the ball, not for the triggers), and descend means to make sure that
        #the settings are applied to any subgroups.
        #
        #Once we have the collision tags in the models, we can get to them using
        #NodePath's find command

        #Find the collision node named wall_collide
        self.walls = self.maze.find("**/wall_collide")

        #Collision objects are sorted using BitMasks. BitMasks are ordinary numbers
        #with extra methods for working with them as binary bits. Every collision
        #solid has both a from mask and an into mask. Before Panda tests two
        #objects, it checks to make sure that the from and into collision masks
        #have at least one bit in common. That way things that shouldn't interact
        #won't. Normal model nodes have collision masks as well. By default they
        #are set to bit 20. If you want to collide against actual visable polygons,
        #set a from collide mask to include bit 20
        #
        #For this example, we will make everything we want the ball to collide with
        #include bit 0
        self.walls.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        #CollisionNodes are usually invisible but can be shown. Uncomment the next
        #line to see the collision walls
        #self.walls.show()

        #We will now find the triggers for the holes and set their masks to 0 as
        #well. We also set their names to make them easier to identify during
        #collisions
        self.loseTriggers = []
        for i in range(6):
            trigger = self.maze.find("**/hole_collide" + str(i))
            trigger.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
            trigger.node().setName("loseTrigger")
            self.loseTriggers.append(trigger)
            #Uncomment this line to see the triggers
            #trigger.show()

        #Ground_collide is a single polygon on the same plane as the ground in the
        #maze. We will use a ray to collide with it so that we will know exactly
        #what height to put the ball at every frame. Since this is not something
        #that we want the ball itself to collide with, it has a different
        #bitmask.
        self.mazeGround = self.maze.find("**/ground_collide")
        self.mazeGround.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))

        #Load the ball and attach it to the scene
        #It is on a root dummy node so that we can rotate the ball itself without
        #rotating the ray that will be attached to it
        self.ballRoot = render.attachNewNode("ballRoot")
        self.ball = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/ball")
        self.ball.reparentTo(self.ballRoot)

        #Find the collison sphere for the ball which was created in the egg file
        #Notice that it has a from collision mask of bit 0, and an into collison
        #mask of no bits. This means that the ball can only cause collisions, not
        #be collided into
        self.ballSphere = self.ball.find("**/ball")
        self.ballSphere.node().setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ballSphere.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())

        #No we create a ray to start above the ball and cast down. This is to
        #Determine the height the ball should be at and the angle the floor is
        #tilting. We could have used the sphere around the ball itself, but it
        #would not be as reliable
        self.ballGroundRay = CollisionRay()  #Create the ray
        self.ballGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 10)  #Set its origin
        self.ballGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)  #And its direction
        #Collision solids go in CollisionNode
        self.ballGroundCol = CollisionNode(
            'groundRay')  #Create and name the node
        self.ballGroundCol.addSolid(self.ballGroundRay)  #Add the ray
        self.ballGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(
            BitMask32.bit(1))  #Set its bitmasks
        self.ballGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        #Attach the node to the ballRoot so that the ray is relative to the ball
        #(it will always be 10 feet over the ball and point down)
        self.ballGroundColNp = self.ballRoot.attachNewNode(self.ballGroundCol)
        #Uncomment this line to see the ray
        #self.ballGroundColNp.show()

        #Finally, we create a CollisionTraverser. CollisionTraversers are what
        #do the job of calculating collisions
        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()
        #Collision traverservs tell collision handlers about collisions, and then
        #the handler decides what to do with the information. We are using a
        #CollisionHandlerQueue, which simply creates a list of all of the
        #collisions in a given pass. There are more sophisticated handlers like
        #one that sends events and another that tries to keep collided objects
        #apart, but the results are often better with a simple queue
        self.cHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        #Now we add the collision nodes that can create a collision to the
        #traverser. The traverser will compare these to all others nodes in the
        #scene. There is a limit of 32 CollisionNodes per traverser
        #We add the collider, and the handler to use as a pair
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballSphere, self.cHandler)
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballGroundColNp, self.cHandler)

        #Collision traversers have a built in tool to help visualize collisions.
        #Uncomment the next line to see it.
        #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)

        #This section deals with lighting for the ball. Only the ball was lit
        #because the maze has static lighting pregenerated by the modeler
        lAttrib = LightAttrib.makeAllOff()
        ambientLight = AmbientLight("ambientLight")
        ambientLight.setColor(Vec4(.55, .55, .55, 1))
        lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight(ambientLight)
        directionalLight = DirectionalLight("directionalLight")
        directionalLight.setDirection(Vec3(0, 0, -1))
        directionalLight.setColor(Vec4(0.375, 0.375, 0.375, 1))
        directionalLight.setSpecularColor(Vec4(1, 1, 1, 1))
        lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight(directionalLight)
        self.ballRoot.node().setAttrib(lAttrib)

        #This section deals with adding a specular highlight to the ball to make
        #it look shiny
        m = Material()
        m.setSpecular(Vec4(1, 1, 1, 1))
        m.setShininess(96)
        self.ball.setMaterial(m, 1)

        #Finally, we call start for more initialization
        self.start()
예제 #3
0
class World(DirectObject):

    def __init__(self):
        
        self.keyMap = {"left":0, "right":0, "forward":0, "cam-left":0, "cam-right":0}
        base.win.setClearColor(Vec4(0,0,0,1))

        # Post the instructions

        self.title = addTitle("Panda3D Tutorial: Roaming Ralph (Walking on Uneven Terrain)")
        self.inst1 = addInstructions(0.95, "[ESC]: Quit")
        self.inst2 = addInstructions(0.90, "[Left Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Left")
        self.inst3 = addInstructions(0.85, "[Right Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Right")
        self.inst4 = addInstructions(0.80, "[Up Arrow]: Run Ralph Forward")
        self.inst6 = addInstructions(0.70, "[A]: Rotate Camera Left")
        self.inst7 = addInstructions(0.65, "[S]: Rotate Camera Right")
        
        # Set up the environment
        #
        # This environment model contains collision meshes.  If you look
        # in the egg file, you will see the following:
        #
        #    <Collide> { Polyset keep descend }
        #
        # This tag causes the following mesh to be converted to a collision
        # mesh -- a mesh which is optimized for collision, not rendering.
        # It also keeps the original mesh, so there are now two copies ---
        # one optimized for rendering, one for collisions.  

        self.environ = loader.loadModel("models/samples/roaming_ralph/world")
        self.environ.reparentTo(render)
        self.environ.setPos(0,0,0)
        
        # Create the main character, Ralph

        ralphStartPos = self.environ.find("**/start_point").getPos()
        self.ralph = Actor("models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph",
            {"run":"models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_run",
             "walk":"models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_walk"})
        self.ralph.reparentTo(render)
        self.ralph.setScale(.2)
        self.ralph.setPos(ralphStartPos)

        # Create a floater object.  We use the "floater" as a temporary
        # variable in a variety of calculations.
        
        self.floater = NodePath(PandaNode("floater"))
        self.floater.reparentTo(render)

        # Accept the control keys for movement and rotation

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)
        self.accept("arrow_left", self.setKey, ["left",1])
        self.accept("arrow_right", self.setKey, ["right",1])
        self.accept("arrow_up", self.setKey, ["forward",1])
        self.accept("a", self.setKey, ["cam-left",1])
        self.accept("s", self.setKey, ["cam-right",1])
        self.accept("arrow_left-up", self.setKey, ["left",0])
        self.accept("arrow_right-up", self.setKey, ["right",0])
        self.accept("arrow_up-up", self.setKey, ["forward",0])
        self.accept("a-up", self.setKey, ["cam-left",0])
        self.accept("s-up", self.setKey, ["cam-right",0])

        taskMgr.add(self.move,"moveTask")

        # Game state variables
        self.isMoving = False

        # Set up the camera
        
        base.disableMouse()
        base.camera.setPos(self.ralph.getX(),self.ralph.getY()+10,2)
        
        # We will detect the height of the terrain by creating a collision
        # ray and casting it downward toward the terrain.  One ray will
        # start above ralph's head, and the other will start above the camera.
        # A ray may hit the terrain, or it may hit a rock or a tree.  If it
        # hits the terrain, we can detect the height.  If it hits anything
        # else, we rule that the move is illegal.

        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()

        self.ralphGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.ralphGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,1000)
        self.ralphGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1)
        self.ralphGroundCol = CollisionNode('ralphRay')
        self.ralphGroundCol.addSolid(self.ralphGroundRay)
        self.ralphGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ralphGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.ralphGroundColNp = self.ralph.attachNewNode(self.ralphGroundCol)
        self.ralphGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ralphGroundColNp, self.ralphGroundHandler)

        self.camGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.camGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,1000)
        self.camGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1)
        self.camGroundCol = CollisionNode('camRay')
        self.camGroundCol.addSolid(self.camGroundRay)
        self.camGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.camGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.camGroundColNp = base.camera.attachNewNode(self.camGroundCol)
        self.camGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.camGroundColNp, self.camGroundHandler)

        # Uncomment this line to see the collision rays
        #self.ralphGroundColNp.show()
        #self.camGroundColNp.show()
       
        #Uncomment this line to show a visual representation of the 
        #collisions occuring
        #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)
       

    
    #Records the state of the arrow keys
    def setKey(self, key, value):
        self.keyMap[key] = value
    

    # Accepts arrow keys to move either the player or the menu cursor,
    # Also deals with grid checking and collision detection
    def move(self, task):

        # Get the time elapsed since last frame. We need this
        # for framerate-independent movement.
        elapsed = globalClock.getDt()

        # If the camera-left key is pressed, move camera left.
        # If the camera-right key is pressed, move camera right.

        base.camera.lookAt(self.ralph)
        if (self.keyMap["cam-left"]!=0):
            base.camera.setX(base.camera, -(elapsed*20))
        if (self.keyMap["cam-right"]!=0):
            base.camera.setX(base.camera, +(elapsed*20))

        # save ralph's initial position so that we can restore it,
        # in case he falls off the map or runs into something.

        startpos = self.ralph.getPos()

        # If a move-key is pressed, move ralph in the specified direction.

        if (self.keyMap["left"]!=0):
            self.ralph.setH(self.ralph.getH() + elapsed*300)
        if (self.keyMap["right"]!=0):
            self.ralph.setH(self.ralph.getH() - elapsed*300)
        if (self.keyMap["forward"]!=0):
            self.ralph.setY(self.ralph, -(elapsed*25))

        # If ralph is moving, loop the run animation.
        # If he is standing still, stop the animation.

        if (self.keyMap["forward"]!=0) or (self.keyMap["left"]!=0) or (self.keyMap["right"]!=0):
            if self.isMoving is False:
                self.ralph.loop("run")
                self.isMoving = True
        else:
            if self.isMoving:
                self.ralph.stop()
                self.ralph.pose("walk",5)
                self.isMoving = False

        # If the camera is too far from ralph, move it closer.
        # If the camera is too close to ralph, move it farther.

        camvec = self.ralph.getPos() - base.camera.getPos()
        camvec.setZ(0)
        camdist = camvec.length()
        camvec.normalize()
        if (camdist > 10.0):
            base.camera.setPos(base.camera.getPos() + camvec*(camdist-10))
            camdist = 10.0
        if (camdist < 5.0):
            base.camera.setPos(base.camera.getPos() - camvec*(5-camdist))
            camdist = 5.0

        # Now check for collisions.

        self.cTrav.traverse(render)

        # Adjust ralph's Z coordinate.  If ralph's ray hit terrain,
        # update his Z. If it hit anything else, or didn't hit anything, put
        # him back where he was last frame.

        entries = []
        for i in range(self.ralphGroundHandler.getNumEntries()):
            entry = self.ralphGroundHandler.getEntry(i)
            entries.append(entry)
        entries.sort(lambda x,y: cmp(y.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ(),
                                     x.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()))
        if (len(entries)>0) and (entries[0].getIntoNode().getName() == "terrain"):
            self.ralph.setZ(entries[0].getSurfacePoint(render).getZ())
        else:
            self.ralph.setPos(startpos)

        # Keep the camera at one foot above the terrain,
        # or two feet above ralph, whichever is greater.
        
        entries = []
        for i in range(self.camGroundHandler.getNumEntries()):
            entry = self.camGroundHandler.getEntry(i)
            entries.append(entry)
        entries.sort(lambda x,y: cmp(y.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ(),
                                     x.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()))
        if (len(entries)>0) and (entries[0].getIntoNode().getName() == "terrain"):
            base.camera.setZ(entries[0].getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()+1.0)
        if (base.camera.getZ() < self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0):
            base.camera.setZ(self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0)
            
        # The camera should look in ralph's direction,
        # but it should also try to stay horizontal, so look at
        # a floater which hovers above ralph's head.
        
        self.floater.setPos(self.ralph.getPos())
        self.floater.setZ(self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0)
        base.camera.lookAt(self.floater)

        return Task.cont
예제 #4
0
  def __init__(self):
    #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
    self.title = OnscreenText(text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Collision Detection",
                              style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1),
                              pos=(0.7,-0.95), scale = .07, font = font)
    self.instructions = OnscreenText(text="Mouse pointer tilts the board",
                                     pos = (-1.3, .95), fg=(1,1,1,1), font = font,
                                     align = TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)
    
    self.accept("escape", sys.exit)        #Escape quits
    base.disableMouse()                    #Disable mouse-based camera control
    camera.setPosHpr(0, 0, 25, 0, -90, 0)  #Place the camera

    #Load the maze and place it in the scene
    self.maze = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/maze")
    self.maze.reparentTo(render)

    #Most times, you want collisions to be tested against invisible geometry
    #rather than every polygon. This is because testing against every polygon
    #in the scene is usually too slow. You can have simplified or approximate
    #geometry for the solids and still get good results.
    #
    #Sometimes you'll want to create and position your own collision solids in
    #code, but it's often easier to have them built automatically. This can be
    #done by adding special tags into an egg file. Check maze.egg and ball.egg
    #and look for lines starting with <Collide>. The part is brackets tells
    #Panda exactly what to do. Polyset means to use the polygons in that group
    #as solids, while Sphere tells panda to make a collision sphere around them
    #Keep means to keep the polygons in the group as visable geometry (good
    #for the ball, not for the triggers), and descend means to make sure that
    #the settings are applied to any subgroups.
    #
    #Once we have the collision tags in the models, we can get to them using
    #NodePath's find command

    #Find the collision node named wall_collide
    self.walls = self.maze.find("**/wall_collide")

    #Collision objects are sorted using BitMasks. BitMasks are ordinary numbers
    #with extra methods for working with them as binary bits. Every collision
    #solid has both a from mask and an into mask. Before Panda tests two
    #objects, it checks to make sure that the from and into collision masks
    #have at least one bit in common. That way things that shouldn't interact
    #won't. Normal model nodes have collision masks as well. By default they
    #are set to bit 20. If you want to collide against actual visable polygons,
    #set a from collide mask to include bit 20
    #
    #For this example, we will make everything we want the ball to collide with
    #include bit 0
    self.walls.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
    #CollisionNodes are usually invisible but can be shown. Uncomment the next
    #line to see the collision walls
    #self.walls.show()

    #We will now find the triggers for the holes and set their masks to 0 as
    #well. We also set their names to make them easier to identify during
    #collisions
    self.loseTriggers = []
    for i in range(6):
      trigger = self.maze.find("**/hole_collide" + str(i))
      trigger.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
      trigger.node().setName("loseTrigger")
      self.loseTriggers.append(trigger)
      #Uncomment this line to see the triggers
      #trigger.show()

    #Ground_collide is a single polygon on the same plane as the ground in the
    #maze. We will use a ray to collide with it so that we will know exactly
    #what height to put the ball at every frame. Since this is not something
    #that we want the ball itself to collide with, it has a different
    #bitmask.
    self.mazeGround = self.maze.find("**/ground_collide")
    self.mazeGround.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))
    
    #Load the ball and attach it to the scene
    #It is on a root dummy node so that we can rotate the ball itself without
    #rotating the ray that will be attached to it
    self.ballRoot = render.attachNewNode("ballRoot")
    self.ball = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/ball")
    self.ball.reparentTo(self.ballRoot)

    #Find the collison sphere for the ball which was created in the egg file
    #Notice that it has a from collision mask of bit 0, and an into collison
    #mask of no bits. This means that the ball can only cause collisions, not
    #be collided into
    self.ballSphere = self.ball.find("**/ball")
    self.ballSphere.node().setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
    self.ballSphere.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())

    #No we create a ray to start above the ball and cast down. This is to
    #Determine the height the ball should be at and the angle the floor is
    #tilting. We could have used the sphere around the ball itself, but it
    #would not be as reliable
    self.ballGroundRay = CollisionRay()     #Create the ray
    self.ballGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,10)    #Set its origin
    self.ballGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1) #And its direction
    #Collision solids go in CollisionNode
    self.ballGroundCol = CollisionNode('groundRay') #Create and name the node
    self.ballGroundCol.addSolid(self.ballGroundRay) #Add the ray
    self.ballGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1)) #Set its bitmasks
    self.ballGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
    #Attach the node to the ballRoot so that the ray is relative to the ball
    #(it will always be 10 feet over the ball and point down)
    self.ballGroundColNp = self.ballRoot.attachNewNode(self.ballGroundCol)
    #Uncomment this line to see the ray
    #self.ballGroundColNp.show()

    #Finally, we create a CollisionTraverser. CollisionTraversers are what
    #do the job of calculating collisions
    self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()
    #Collision traverservs tell collision handlers about collisions, and then
    #the handler decides what to do with the information. We are using a
    #CollisionHandlerQueue, which simply creates a list of all of the
    #collisions in a given pass. There are more sophisticated handlers like
    #one that sends events and another that tries to keep collided objects
    #apart, but the results are often better with a simple queue
    self.cHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
    #Now we add the collision nodes that can create a collision to the
    #traverser. The traverser will compare these to all others nodes in the
    #scene. There is a limit of 32 CollisionNodes per traverser
    #We add the collider, and the handler to use as a pair
    self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballSphere, self.cHandler)
    self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballGroundColNp, self.cHandler)

    #Collision traversers have a built in tool to help visualize collisions.
    #Uncomment the next line to see it.
    #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)
    
    #This section deals with lighting for the ball. Only the ball was lit
    #because the maze has static lighting pregenerated by the modeler
    lAttrib = LightAttrib.makeAllOff()
    ambientLight = AmbientLight( "ambientLight" )
    ambientLight.setColor( Vec4(.55, .55, .55, 1) )
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( ambientLight )
    directionalLight = DirectionalLight( "directionalLight" )
    directionalLight.setDirection( Vec3( 0, 0, -1 ) )
    directionalLight.setColor( Vec4( 0.375, 0.375, 0.375, 1 ) )
    directionalLight.setSpecularColor(Vec4(1,1,1,1))
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( directionalLight )
    self.ballRoot.node().setAttrib( lAttrib )
    
    #This section deals with adding a specular highlight to the ball to make
    #it look shiny
    m = Material()
    m.setSpecular(Vec4(1,1,1,1))
    m.setShininess(96)
    self.ball.setMaterial(m, 1)

    #Finally, we call start for more initialization
    self.start()
예제 #5
0
class World(DirectObject):
    def __init__(self):
        #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
        self.title = OnscreenText(
            text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Collision Detection",
            style=1,
            fg=(1, 1, 1, 1),
            pos=(0.7, -0.95),
            scale=.07,
            font=font)
        self.instructions = OnscreenText(text="Mouse pointer tilts the board",
                                         pos=(-1.3, .95),
                                         fg=(1, 1, 1, 1),
                                         font=font,
                                         align=TextNode.ALeft,
                                         scale=.05)

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)  #Escape quits
        base.disableMouse()  #Disable mouse-based camera control
        camera.setPosHpr(0, 0, 25, 0, -90, 0)  #Place the camera

        #Load the maze and place it in the scene
        self.maze = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/maze")
        self.maze.reparentTo(render)

        #Most times, you want collisions to be tested against invisible geometry
        #rather than every polygon. This is because testing against every polygon
        #in the scene is usually too slow. You can have simplified or approximate
        #geometry for the solids and still get good results.
        #
        #Sometimes you'll want to create and position your own collision solids in
        #code, but it's often easier to have them built automatically. This can be
        #done by adding special tags into an egg file. Check maze.egg and ball.egg
        #and look for lines starting with <Collide>. The part is brackets tells
        #Panda exactly what to do. Polyset means to use the polygons in that group
        #as solids, while Sphere tells panda to make a collision sphere around them
        #Keep means to keep the polygons in the group as visable geometry (good
        #for the ball, not for the triggers), and descend means to make sure that
        #the settings are applied to any subgroups.
        #
        #Once we have the collision tags in the models, we can get to them using
        #NodePath's find command

        #Find the collision node named wall_collide
        self.walls = self.maze.find("**/wall_collide")

        #Collision objects are sorted using BitMasks. BitMasks are ordinary numbers
        #with extra methods for working with them as binary bits. Every collision
        #solid has both a from mask and an into mask. Before Panda tests two
        #objects, it checks to make sure that the from and into collision masks
        #have at least one bit in common. That way things that shouldn't interact
        #won't. Normal model nodes have collision masks as well. By default they
        #are set to bit 20. If you want to collide against actual visable polygons,
        #set a from collide mask to include bit 20
        #
        #For this example, we will make everything we want the ball to collide with
        #include bit 0
        self.walls.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        #CollisionNodes are usually invisible but can be shown. Uncomment the next
        #line to see the collision walls
        #self.walls.show()

        #We will now find the triggers for the holes and set their masks to 0 as
        #well. We also set their names to make them easier to identify during
        #collisions
        self.loseTriggers = []
        for i in range(6):
            trigger = self.maze.find("**/hole_collide" + str(i))
            trigger.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
            trigger.node().setName("loseTrigger")
            self.loseTriggers.append(trigger)
            #Uncomment this line to see the triggers
            #trigger.show()

        #Ground_collide is a single polygon on the same plane as the ground in the
        #maze. We will use a ray to collide with it so that we will know exactly
        #what height to put the ball at every frame. Since this is not something
        #that we want the ball itself to collide with, it has a different
        #bitmask.
        self.mazeGround = self.maze.find("**/ground_collide")
        self.mazeGround.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))

        #Load the ball and attach it to the scene
        #It is on a root dummy node so that we can rotate the ball itself without
        #rotating the ray that will be attached to it
        self.ballRoot = render.attachNewNode("ballRoot")
        self.ball = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/ball")
        self.ball.reparentTo(self.ballRoot)

        #Find the collison sphere for the ball which was created in the egg file
        #Notice that it has a from collision mask of bit 0, and an into collison
        #mask of no bits. This means that the ball can only cause collisions, not
        #be collided into
        self.ballSphere = self.ball.find("**/ball")
        self.ballSphere.node().setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ballSphere.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())

        #No we create a ray to start above the ball and cast down. This is to
        #Determine the height the ball should be at and the angle the floor is
        #tilting. We could have used the sphere around the ball itself, but it
        #would not be as reliable
        self.ballGroundRay = CollisionRay()  #Create the ray
        self.ballGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 10)  #Set its origin
        self.ballGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)  #And its direction
        #Collision solids go in CollisionNode
        self.ballGroundCol = CollisionNode(
            'groundRay')  #Create and name the node
        self.ballGroundCol.addSolid(self.ballGroundRay)  #Add the ray
        self.ballGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(
            BitMask32.bit(1))  #Set its bitmasks
        self.ballGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        #Attach the node to the ballRoot so that the ray is relative to the ball
        #(it will always be 10 feet over the ball and point down)
        self.ballGroundColNp = self.ballRoot.attachNewNode(self.ballGroundCol)
        #Uncomment this line to see the ray
        #self.ballGroundColNp.show()

        #Finally, we create a CollisionTraverser. CollisionTraversers are what
        #do the job of calculating collisions
        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()
        #Collision traverservs tell collision handlers about collisions, and then
        #the handler decides what to do with the information. We are using a
        #CollisionHandlerQueue, which simply creates a list of all of the
        #collisions in a given pass. There are more sophisticated handlers like
        #one that sends events and another that tries to keep collided objects
        #apart, but the results are often better with a simple queue
        self.cHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        #Now we add the collision nodes that can create a collision to the
        #traverser. The traverser will compare these to all others nodes in the
        #scene. There is a limit of 32 CollisionNodes per traverser
        #We add the collider, and the handler to use as a pair
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballSphere, self.cHandler)
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballGroundColNp, self.cHandler)

        #Collision traversers have a built in tool to help visualize collisions.
        #Uncomment the next line to see it.
        #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)

        #This section deals with lighting for the ball. Only the ball was lit
        #because the maze has static lighting pregenerated by the modeler
        lAttrib = LightAttrib.makeAllOff()
        ambientLight = AmbientLight("ambientLight")
        ambientLight.setColor(Vec4(.55, .55, .55, 1))
        lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight(ambientLight)
        directionalLight = DirectionalLight("directionalLight")
        directionalLight.setDirection(Vec3(0, 0, -1))
        directionalLight.setColor(Vec4(0.375, 0.375, 0.375, 1))
        directionalLight.setSpecularColor(Vec4(1, 1, 1, 1))
        lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight(directionalLight)
        self.ballRoot.node().setAttrib(lAttrib)

        #This section deals with adding a specular highlight to the ball to make
        #it look shiny
        m = Material()
        m.setSpecular(Vec4(1, 1, 1, 1))
        m.setShininess(96)
        self.ball.setMaterial(m, 1)

        #Finally, we call start for more initialization
        self.start()

    def start(self):
        #The maze model also has a locator in it for where to start the ball
        #To access it we use the find command
        startPos = self.maze.find("**/start").getPos()
        self.ballRoot.setPos(startPos)  #Set the ball in the starting position
        self.ballV = Vec3(0, 0, 0)  #Initial velocity is 0
        self.accelV = Vec3(0, 0, 0)  #Initial acceleration is 0

        #For a traverser to actually do collisions, you need to call
        #traverser.traverse() on a part of the scene. Fortunatly, base has a
        #task that does this for the entire scene once a frame. This sets up our
        #traverser as the one to be called automatically
        base.cTrav = self.cTrav

        #Create the movement task, but first make sure it is not already running
        taskMgr.remove("rollTask")
        self.mainLoop = taskMgr.add(self.rollTask, "rollTask")
        self.mainLoop.last = 0

    #This function handles the collision between the ray and the ground
    #Information about the interaction is passed in colEntry
    def groundCollideHandler(self, colEntry):
        #Set the ball to the appropriate Z value for it to be exactly on the ground
        newZ = colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()
        self.ballRoot.setZ(newZ + .4)

        #Find the acceleration direction. First the surface normal is crossed with
        #the up vector to get a vector perpendicular to the slope
        norm = colEntry.getSurfaceNormal(render)
        accelSide = norm.cross(UP)
        #Then that vector is crossed with the surface normal to get a vector that
        #points down the slope. By getting the acceleration in 3D like this rather
        #than in 2D, we reduce the amount of error per-frame, reducing jitter
        self.accelV = norm.cross(accelSide)

    #This function handles the collision between the ball and a wall
    def wallCollideHandler(self, colEntry):
        #First we calculate some numbers we need to do a reflection
        norm = colEntry.getSurfaceNormal(render) * -1  #The normal of the wall
        curSpeed = self.ballV.length()  #The current speed
        inVec = self.ballV / curSpeed  #The direction of travel
        velAngle = norm.dot(inVec)  #Angle of incidance
        hitDir = colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render) - self.ballRoot.getPos()
        hitDir.normalize()
        hitAngle = norm.dot(hitDir)  #The angle between the ball and the normal

        #Ignore the collision if the ball is either moving away from the wall
        #already (so that we don't accidentally send it back into the wall)
        #and ignore it if the collision isn't dead-on (to avoid getting caught on
        #corners)
        if velAngle > 0 and hitAngle > .995:
            #Standard reflection equation
            reflectVec = (norm * norm.dot(inVec * -1) * 2) + inVec

            #This makes the velocity half of what it was if the hit was dead-on
            #and nearly exactly what it was if this is a glancing blow
            self.ballV = reflectVec * (curSpeed * (((1 - velAngle) * .5) + .5))
            #Since we have a collision, the ball is already a little bit buried in
            #the wall. This calculates a vector needed to move it so that it is
            #exactly touching the wall
            disp = (colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render) -
                    colEntry.getInteriorPoint(render))
            newPos = self.ballRoot.getPos() + disp
            self.ballRoot.setPos(newPos)

    #This is the task that deals with making everything interactive
    def rollTask(self, task):
        #Standard technique for finding the amount of time since the last frame
        dt = task.time - task.last
        task.last = task.time

        #If dt is large, then there has been a #hiccup that could cause the ball
        #to leave the field if this functions runs, so ignore the frame
        if dt > .2: return Task.cont

        #The collision handler collects the collisions. We dispatch which function
        #to handle the collision based on the name of what was collided into
        for i in range(self.cHandler.getNumEntries()):
            entry = self.cHandler.getEntry(i)
            name = entry.getIntoNode().getName()
            if name == "wall_collide": self.wallCollideHandler(entry)
            elif name == "ground_collide": self.groundCollideHandler(entry)
            elif name == "loseTrigger": self.loseGame(entry)

        #Read the mouse position and tilt the maze accordingly
        if base.mouseWatcherNode.hasMouse():
            mpos = base.mouseWatcherNode.getMouse()  #get the mouse position
            self.maze.setP(mpos.getY() * -10)
            self.maze.setR(mpos.getX() * 10)

        #Finally, we move the ball
        #Update the velocity based on acceleration
        self.ballV += self.accelV * dt * ACCEL
        #Clamp the velocity to the maximum speed
        if self.ballV.lengthSquared() > MAX_SPEED_SQ:
            self.ballV.normalize()
            self.ballV *= MAX_SPEED
        #Update the position based on the velocity
        self.ballRoot.setPos(self.ballRoot.getPos() + (self.ballV * dt))

        #This block of code rotates the ball. It uses something called a quaternion
        #to rotate the ball around an arbitrary axis. That axis perpendicular to
        #the balls rotation, and the amount has to do with the size of the ball
        #This is multiplied on the previous rotation to incrimentally turn it.
        prevRot = LRotationf(self.ball.getQuat())
        axis = UP.cross(self.ballV)
        newRot = LRotationf(axis, 45.5 * dt * self.ballV.length())
        self.ball.setQuat(prevRot * newRot)

        return Task.cont  #Continue the task indefinitely

    #If the ball hits a hole trigger, then it should fall in the hole.
    #This is faked rather than dealing with the actual physics of it.
    def loseGame(self, entry):
        #The triggers are set up so that the center of the ball should move to the
        #collision point to be in the hole
        toPos = entry.getInteriorPoint(render)
        taskMgr.remove('rollTask')  #Stop the maze task

        #Move the ball into the hole over a short sequence of time. Then wait a
        #second and call start to reset the game
        Sequence(
            Parallel(
                LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setX,
                         fromData=self.ballRoot.getX(),
                         toData=toPos.getX(),
                         duration=.1),
                LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setY,
                         fromData=self.ballRoot.getY(),
                         toData=toPos.getY(),
                         duration=.1),
                LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setZ,
                         fromData=self.ballRoot.getZ(),
                         toData=self.ballRoot.getZ() - .9,
                         duration=.2)), Wait(1), Func(self.start)).start()
예제 #6
0
class World(DirectObject):
  def __init__(self):
    #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
    self.title = OnscreenText(text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Collision Detection",
                              style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1),
                              pos=(0.7,-0.95), scale = .07, font = font)
    self.instructions = OnscreenText(text="Mouse pointer tilts the board",
                                     pos = (-1.3, .95), fg=(1,1,1,1), font = font,
                                     align = TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)
    
    self.accept("escape", sys.exit)        #Escape quits
    base.disableMouse()                    #Disable mouse-based camera control
    camera.setPosHpr(0, 0, 25, 0, -90, 0)  #Place the camera

    #Load the maze and place it in the scene
    self.maze = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/maze")
    self.maze.reparentTo(render)

    #Most times, you want collisions to be tested against invisible geometry
    #rather than every polygon. This is because testing against every polygon
    #in the scene is usually too slow. You can have simplified or approximate
    #geometry for the solids and still get good results.
    #
    #Sometimes you'll want to create and position your own collision solids in
    #code, but it's often easier to have them built automatically. This can be
    #done by adding special tags into an egg file. Check maze.egg and ball.egg
    #and look for lines starting with <Collide>. The part is brackets tells
    #Panda exactly what to do. Polyset means to use the polygons in that group
    #as solids, while Sphere tells panda to make a collision sphere around them
    #Keep means to keep the polygons in the group as visable geometry (good
    #for the ball, not for the triggers), and descend means to make sure that
    #the settings are applied to any subgroups.
    #
    #Once we have the collision tags in the models, we can get to them using
    #NodePath's find command

    #Find the collision node named wall_collide
    self.walls = self.maze.find("**/wall_collide")

    #Collision objects are sorted using BitMasks. BitMasks are ordinary numbers
    #with extra methods for working with them as binary bits. Every collision
    #solid has both a from mask and an into mask. Before Panda tests two
    #objects, it checks to make sure that the from and into collision masks
    #have at least one bit in common. That way things that shouldn't interact
    #won't. Normal model nodes have collision masks as well. By default they
    #are set to bit 20. If you want to collide against actual visable polygons,
    #set a from collide mask to include bit 20
    #
    #For this example, we will make everything we want the ball to collide with
    #include bit 0
    self.walls.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
    #CollisionNodes are usually invisible but can be shown. Uncomment the next
    #line to see the collision walls
    #self.walls.show()

    #We will now find the triggers for the holes and set their masks to 0 as
    #well. We also set their names to make them easier to identify during
    #collisions
    self.loseTriggers = []
    for i in range(6):
      trigger = self.maze.find("**/hole_collide" + str(i))
      trigger.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
      trigger.node().setName("loseTrigger")
      self.loseTriggers.append(trigger)
      #Uncomment this line to see the triggers
      #trigger.show()

    #Ground_collide is a single polygon on the same plane as the ground in the
    #maze. We will use a ray to collide with it so that we will know exactly
    #what height to put the ball at every frame. Since this is not something
    #that we want the ball itself to collide with, it has a different
    #bitmask.
    self.mazeGround = self.maze.find("**/ground_collide")
    self.mazeGround.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))
    
    #Load the ball and attach it to the scene
    #It is on a root dummy node so that we can rotate the ball itself without
    #rotating the ray that will be attached to it
    self.ballRoot = render.attachNewNode("ballRoot")
    self.ball = loader.loadModel("models/samples/ball_in_maze/ball")
    self.ball.reparentTo(self.ballRoot)

    #Find the collison sphere for the ball which was created in the egg file
    #Notice that it has a from collision mask of bit 0, and an into collison
    #mask of no bits. This means that the ball can only cause collisions, not
    #be collided into
    self.ballSphere = self.ball.find("**/ball")
    self.ballSphere.node().setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
    self.ballSphere.node().setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())

    #No we create a ray to start above the ball and cast down. This is to
    #Determine the height the ball should be at and the angle the floor is
    #tilting. We could have used the sphere around the ball itself, but it
    #would not be as reliable
    self.ballGroundRay = CollisionRay()     #Create the ray
    self.ballGroundRay.setOrigin(0,0,10)    #Set its origin
    self.ballGroundRay.setDirection(0,0,-1) #And its direction
    #Collision solids go in CollisionNode
    self.ballGroundCol = CollisionNode('groundRay') #Create and name the node
    self.ballGroundCol.addSolid(self.ballGroundRay) #Add the ray
    self.ballGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1)) #Set its bitmasks
    self.ballGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
    #Attach the node to the ballRoot so that the ray is relative to the ball
    #(it will always be 10 feet over the ball and point down)
    self.ballGroundColNp = self.ballRoot.attachNewNode(self.ballGroundCol)
    #Uncomment this line to see the ray
    #self.ballGroundColNp.show()

    #Finally, we create a CollisionTraverser. CollisionTraversers are what
    #do the job of calculating collisions
    self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()
    #Collision traverservs tell collision handlers about collisions, and then
    #the handler decides what to do with the information. We are using a
    #CollisionHandlerQueue, which simply creates a list of all of the
    #collisions in a given pass. There are more sophisticated handlers like
    #one that sends events and another that tries to keep collided objects
    #apart, but the results are often better with a simple queue
    self.cHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
    #Now we add the collision nodes that can create a collision to the
    #traverser. The traverser will compare these to all others nodes in the
    #scene. There is a limit of 32 CollisionNodes per traverser
    #We add the collider, and the handler to use as a pair
    self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballSphere, self.cHandler)
    self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ballGroundColNp, self.cHandler)

    #Collision traversers have a built in tool to help visualize collisions.
    #Uncomment the next line to see it.
    #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)
    
    #This section deals with lighting for the ball. Only the ball was lit
    #because the maze has static lighting pregenerated by the modeler
    lAttrib = LightAttrib.makeAllOff()
    ambientLight = AmbientLight( "ambientLight" )
    ambientLight.setColor( Vec4(.55, .55, .55, 1) )
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( ambientLight )
    directionalLight = DirectionalLight( "directionalLight" )
    directionalLight.setDirection( Vec3( 0, 0, -1 ) )
    directionalLight.setColor( Vec4( 0.375, 0.375, 0.375, 1 ) )
    directionalLight.setSpecularColor(Vec4(1,1,1,1))
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( directionalLight )
    self.ballRoot.node().setAttrib( lAttrib )
    
    #This section deals with adding a specular highlight to the ball to make
    #it look shiny
    m = Material()
    m.setSpecular(Vec4(1,1,1,1))
    m.setShininess(96)
    self.ball.setMaterial(m, 1)

    #Finally, we call start for more initialization
    self.start()

  def start(self):
    #The maze model also has a locator in it for where to start the ball
    #To access it we use the find command
    startPos = self.maze.find("**/start").getPos()
    self.ballRoot.setPos(startPos)   #Set the ball in the starting position
    self.ballV = Vec3(0,0,0)         #Initial velocity is 0
    self.accelV = Vec3(0,0,0)        #Initial acceleration is 0
    
    #For a traverser to actually do collisions, you need to call
    #traverser.traverse() on a part of the scene. Fortunatly, base has a
    #task that does this for the entire scene once a frame. This sets up our
    #traverser as the one to be called automatically
    base.cTrav = self.cTrav

    #Create the movement task, but first make sure it is not already running
    taskMgr.remove("rollTask")
    self.mainLoop = taskMgr.add(self.rollTask, "rollTask")
    self.mainLoop.last = 0

  #This function handles the collision between the ray and the ground
  #Information about the interaction is passed in colEntry
  def groundCollideHandler(self, colEntry):
    #Set the ball to the appropriate Z value for it to be exactly on the ground
    newZ = colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()
    self.ballRoot.setZ(newZ+.4)

    #Find the acceleration direction. First the surface normal is crossed with
    #the up vector to get a vector perpendicular to the slope
    norm = colEntry.getSurfaceNormal(render)
    accelSide = norm.cross(UP)
    #Then that vector is crossed with the surface normal to get a vector that
    #points down the slope. By getting the acceleration in 3D like this rather
    #than in 2D, we reduce the amount of error per-frame, reducing jitter
    self.accelV = norm.cross(accelSide)

  #This function handles the collision between the ball and a wall
  def wallCollideHandler(self, colEntry):
    #First we calculate some numbers we need to do a reflection
    norm = colEntry.getSurfaceNormal(render) * -1 #The normal of the wall
    curSpeed = self.ballV.length()                #The current speed
    inVec = self.ballV / curSpeed                 #The direction of travel
    velAngle = norm.dot(inVec)                    #Angle of incidance
    hitDir = colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render) - self.ballRoot.getPos()
    hitDir.normalize()                            
    hitAngle = norm.dot(hitDir)   #The angle between the ball and the normal

    #Ignore the collision if the ball is either moving away from the wall
    #already (so that we don't accidentally send it back into the wall)
    #and ignore it if the collision isn't dead-on (to avoid getting caught on
    #corners)
    if velAngle > 0 and hitAngle > .995:
      #Standard reflection equation
      reflectVec = (norm * norm.dot(inVec * -1) * 2) + inVec
        
      #This makes the velocity half of what it was if the hit was dead-on
      #and nearly exactly what it was if this is a glancing blow
      self.ballV = reflectVec * (curSpeed * (((1-velAngle)*.5)+.5))
      #Since we have a collision, the ball is already a little bit buried in
      #the wall. This calculates a vector needed to move it so that it is
      #exactly touching the wall
      disp = (colEntry.getSurfacePoint(render) -
              colEntry.getInteriorPoint(render))
      newPos = self.ballRoot.getPos() + disp
      self.ballRoot.setPos(newPos)

  #This is the task that deals with making everything interactive
  def rollTask(self, task):
    #Standard technique for finding the amount of time since the last frame
    dt = task.time - task.last
    task.last = task.time

    #If dt is large, then there has been a #hiccup that could cause the ball
    #to leave the field if this functions runs, so ignore the frame
    if dt > .2: return Task.cont   

    #The collision handler collects the collisions. We dispatch which function
    #to handle the collision based on the name of what was collided into
    for i in range(self.cHandler.getNumEntries()):
      entry = self.cHandler.getEntry(i)
      name = entry.getIntoNode().getName()
      if   name == "wall_collide":   self.wallCollideHandler(entry)
      elif name == "ground_collide": self.groundCollideHandler(entry)
      elif name == "loseTrigger":    self.loseGame(entry)

    #Read the mouse position and tilt the maze accordingly
    if base.mouseWatcherNode.hasMouse():
      mpos = base.mouseWatcherNode.getMouse() #get the mouse position
      self.maze.setP(mpos.getY() * -10)
      self.maze.setR(mpos.getX() * 10)

    #Finally, we move the ball
    #Update the velocity based on acceleration
    self.ballV += self.accelV * dt * ACCEL
    #Clamp the velocity to the maximum speed
    if self.ballV.lengthSquared() > MAX_SPEED_SQ:
      self.ballV.normalize()
      self.ballV *= MAX_SPEED
    #Update the position based on the velocity
    self.ballRoot.setPos(self.ballRoot.getPos() + (self.ballV * dt))

    #This block of code rotates the ball. It uses something called a quaternion
    #to rotate the ball around an arbitrary axis. That axis perpendicular to
    #the balls rotation, and the amount has to do with the size of the ball
    #This is multiplied on the previous rotation to incrimentally turn it.
    prevRot = LRotationf(self.ball.getQuat())
    axis = UP.cross(self.ballV)
    newRot = LRotationf(axis, 45.5 * dt * self.ballV.length())
    self.ball.setQuat(prevRot * newRot)
    
    return Task.cont       #Continue the task indefinitely

  #If the ball hits a hole trigger, then it should fall in the hole.
  #This is faked rather than dealing with the actual physics of it.
  def loseGame(self, entry):
    #The triggers are set up so that the center of the ball should move to the
    #collision point to be in the hole
    toPos = entry.getInteriorPoint(render)
    taskMgr.remove('rollTask')  #Stop the maze task

    #Move the ball into the hole over a short sequence of time. Then wait a
    #second and call start to reset the game
    Sequence(
      Parallel(
      LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setX, fromData = self.ballRoot.getX(),
               toData = toPos.getX(), duration = .1),
      LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setY, fromData = self.ballRoot.getY(),
               toData = toPos.getY(), duration = .1),
      LerpFunc(self.ballRoot.setZ, fromData = self.ballRoot.getZ(),
               toData = self.ballRoot.getZ() - .9, duration = .2)),
      Wait(1),
      Func(self.start)).start()
예제 #7
0
  def __init__(self):
    #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
    self.title = OnscreenText(text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Mouse Picking",
                              style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), font = font,
                              pos=(0.8,-0.95), scale = .07)
    self.escapeEvent = OnscreenText( 
      text="ESC: Quit", font = font,
      style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), pos=(-1.3, 0.95),
      align=TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)
    self.mouse1Event = OnscreenText(
      text="Left-click and drag: Pick up and drag piece",
      style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), pos=(-1.3, 0.90), font = font,
      align=TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)

    self.accept('escape', sys.exit)              #Escape quits
    base.disableMouse()                          #Disble mouse camera control
    camera.setPosHpr(0, -13.75, 6, 0, -25, 0)    #Set the camera
    self.setupLights()                           #Setup default lighting
    
    #Since we are using collision detection to do picking, we set it up like
    #any other collision detection system with a traverser and a handler
    self.picker = CollisionTraverser()            #Make a traverser
    self.pq     = CollisionHandlerQueue()         #Make a handler
    #Make a collision node for our picker ray
    self.pickerNode = CollisionNode('mouseRay')
    #Attach that node to the camera since the ray will need to be positioned
    #relative to it
    self.pickerNP = camera.attachNewNode(self.pickerNode)
    #Everything to be picked will use bit 1. This way if we were doing other
    #collision we could seperate it
    self.pickerNode.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))
    self.pickerRay = CollisionRay()               #Make our ray
    self.pickerNode.addSolid(self.pickerRay)      #Add it to the collision node
    #Register the ray as something that can cause collisions
    self.picker.addCollider(self.pickerNP, self.pq)
    #self.picker.showCollisions(render)

    #Now we create the chess board and its pieces

    #We will attach all of the squares to their own root. This way we can do the
    #collision pass just on the sqaures and save the time of checking the rest
    #of the scene
    self.squareRoot = render.attachNewNode("squareRoot")
    
    #For each square
    self.squares = [None for i in range(64)]
    self.pieces = [None for i in range(64)]
    for i in range(64):
      #Load, parent, color, and position the model (a single square polygon)
      self.squares[i] = loader.loadModel("models/samples/chessboard/square")
      self.squares[i].reparentTo(self.squareRoot)
      self.squares[i].setPos(SquarePos(i))
      self.squares[i].setColor(SquareColor(i))
      #Set the model itself to be collideable with the ray. If this model was
      #any more complex than a single polygon, you should set up a collision
      #sphere around it instead. But for single polygons this works fine.
      self.squares[i].find("**/polygon").node().setIntoCollideMask(
        BitMask32.bit(1))
      #Set a tag on the square's node so we can look up what square this is
      #later during the collision pass
      self.squares[i].find("**/polygon").node().setTag('square', str(i))

      #We will use this variable as a pointer to whatever piece is currently
      #in this square

    #The order of pieces on a chessboard from white's perspective. This list
    #contains the constructor functions for the piece classes defined below
    pieceOrder = (Rook, Knight, Bishop, Queen, King, Bishop, Knight, Rook)

    for i in range (8,16):
      #Load the white pawns
      self.pieces[i] = Pawn(i, WHITE)
    for i in range (48,56):
      #load the black pawns
      self.pieces[i] = Pawn(i, PIECEBLACK)
    for i in range(8):
      #Load the special pieces for the front row and color them white
      self.pieces[i] = pieceOrder[i](i, WHITE)
      #Load the special pieces for the back row and color them black
      self.pieces[i+56] = pieceOrder[i](i+56, PIECEBLACK)

    #This will represent the index of the currently highlited square
    self.hiSq = False
    #This wil represent the index of the square where currently dragged piece
    #was grabbed from
    self.dragging = False

    #Start the task that handles the picking
    self.mouseTask = taskMgr.add(self.mouseTask, 'mouseTask')
    self.accept("mouse1", self.grabPiece)       #left-click grabs a piece
    self.accept("mouse1-up", self.releasePiece) #releasing places it
예제 #8
0
class World(DirectObject):
  def __init__(self):
    #This code puts the standard title and instruction text on screen
    self.title = OnscreenText(text="Panda3D: Tutorial - Mouse Picking",
                              style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), font = font,
                              pos=(0.8,-0.95), scale = .07)
    self.escapeEvent = OnscreenText( 
      text="ESC: Quit", font = font,
      style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), pos=(-1.3, 0.95),
      align=TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)
    self.mouse1Event = OnscreenText(
      text="Left-click and drag: Pick up and drag piece",
      style=1, fg=(1,1,1,1), pos=(-1.3, 0.90), font = font,
      align=TextNode.ALeft, scale = .05)

    self.accept('escape', sys.exit)              #Escape quits
    base.disableMouse()                          #Disble mouse camera control
    camera.setPosHpr(0, -13.75, 6, 0, -25, 0)    #Set the camera
    self.setupLights()                           #Setup default lighting
    
    #Since we are using collision detection to do picking, we set it up like
    #any other collision detection system with a traverser and a handler
    self.picker = CollisionTraverser()            #Make a traverser
    self.pq     = CollisionHandlerQueue()         #Make a handler
    #Make a collision node for our picker ray
    self.pickerNode = CollisionNode('mouseRay')
    #Attach that node to the camera since the ray will need to be positioned
    #relative to it
    self.pickerNP = camera.attachNewNode(self.pickerNode)
    #Everything to be picked will use bit 1. This way if we were doing other
    #collision we could seperate it
    self.pickerNode.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(1))
    self.pickerRay = CollisionRay()               #Make our ray
    self.pickerNode.addSolid(self.pickerRay)      #Add it to the collision node
    #Register the ray as something that can cause collisions
    self.picker.addCollider(self.pickerNP, self.pq)
    #self.picker.showCollisions(render)

    #Now we create the chess board and its pieces

    #We will attach all of the squares to their own root. This way we can do the
    #collision pass just on the sqaures and save the time of checking the rest
    #of the scene
    self.squareRoot = render.attachNewNode("squareRoot")
    
    #For each square
    self.squares = [None for i in range(64)]
    self.pieces = [None for i in range(64)]
    for i in range(64):
      #Load, parent, color, and position the model (a single square polygon)
      self.squares[i] = loader.loadModel("models/samples/chessboard/square")
      self.squares[i].reparentTo(self.squareRoot)
      self.squares[i].setPos(SquarePos(i))
      self.squares[i].setColor(SquareColor(i))
      #Set the model itself to be collideable with the ray. If this model was
      #any more complex than a single polygon, you should set up a collision
      #sphere around it instead. But for single polygons this works fine.
      self.squares[i].find("**/polygon").node().setIntoCollideMask(
        BitMask32.bit(1))
      #Set a tag on the square's node so we can look up what square this is
      #later during the collision pass
      self.squares[i].find("**/polygon").node().setTag('square', str(i))

      #We will use this variable as a pointer to whatever piece is currently
      #in this square

    #The order of pieces on a chessboard from white's perspective. This list
    #contains the constructor functions for the piece classes defined below
    pieceOrder = (Rook, Knight, Bishop, Queen, King, Bishop, Knight, Rook)

    for i in range (8,16):
      #Load the white pawns
      self.pieces[i] = Pawn(i, WHITE)
    for i in range (48,56):
      #load the black pawns
      self.pieces[i] = Pawn(i, PIECEBLACK)
    for i in range(8):
      #Load the special pieces for the front row and color them white
      self.pieces[i] = pieceOrder[i](i, WHITE)
      #Load the special pieces for the back row and color them black
      self.pieces[i+56] = pieceOrder[i](i+56, PIECEBLACK)

    #This will represent the index of the currently highlited square
    self.hiSq = False
    #This wil represent the index of the square where currently dragged piece
    #was grabbed from
    self.dragging = False

    #Start the task that handles the picking
    self.mouseTask = taskMgr.add(self.mouseTask, 'mouseTask')
    self.accept("mouse1", self.grabPiece)       #left-click grabs a piece
    self.accept("mouse1-up", self.releasePiece) #releasing places it

  #This function swaps the positions of two pieces
  def swapPieces(self, fr, to):
    temp = self.pieces[fr]
    self.pieces[fr] = self.pieces[to]
    self.pieces[to] = temp
    if self.pieces[fr]:
      self.pieces[fr].square = fr
      self.pieces[fr].obj.setPos(SquarePos(fr))
    if self.pieces[to]:
      self.pieces[to].square = to
      self.pieces[to].obj.setPos(SquarePos(to))

  def mouseTask(self, task):
    #This task deals with the highlighting and dragging based on the mouse
    
    #First, clear the current highlight
    if self.hiSq is not False:
      self.squares[self.hiSq].setColor(SquareColor(self.hiSq))
      self.hiSq = False
      
    #Check to see if we can access the mouse. We need it to do anything else
    if base.mouseWatcherNode.hasMouse():
      #get the mouse position
      mpos = base.mouseWatcherNode.getMouse()
      
      #Set the position of the ray based on the mouse position
      self.pickerRay.setFromLens(base.camNode, mpos.getX(), mpos.getY())
      
      #If we are dragging something, set the position of the object
      #to be at the appropriate point over the plane of the board
      if self.dragging is not False:
        #Gets the point described by pickerRay.getOrigin(), which is relative to
        #camera, relative instead to render
        nearPoint = render.getRelativePoint(camera, self.pickerRay.getOrigin())
        #Same thing with the direction of the ray
        nearVec = render.getRelativeVector(camera,
self.pickerRay.getDirection())
        self.pieces[self.dragging].obj.setPos(
          PointAtZ(.5, nearPoint, nearVec))

      #Do the actual collision pass (Do it only on the squares for
      #efficiency purposes)
      self.picker.traverse(self.squareRoot)
      if self.pq.getNumEntries() > 0:
        #if we have hit something, sort the hits so that the closest
        #is first, and highlight that node
        self.pq.sortEntries()
        i = int(self.pq.getEntry(0).getIntoNode().getTag('square'))
        #Set the highlight on the picked square
        self.squares[i].setColor(HIGHLIGHT)
        self.hiSq = i
          
    return Task.cont

  def grabPiece(self):
    #If a square is highlighted and it has a piece, set it to dragging mode
    if (self.hiSq is not False and
      self.pieces[self.hiSq]):
      self.dragging = self.hiSq
      self.hiSq = False
    
  def releasePiece(self):
    #Letting go of a piece. If we are not on a square, return it to its original
    #position. Otherwise, swap it with the piece in the new square
    if self.dragging is not False:   #Make sure we really are dragging something
      #We have let go of the piece, but we are not on a square
      if self.hiSq is False:
        self.pieces[self.dragging].obj.setPos(
          SquarePos(self.dragging))
      else:
        #Otherwise, swap the pieces
        self.swapPieces(self.dragging, self.hiSq)
        
    #We are no longer dragging anything
    self.dragging = False

  def setupLights(self):    #This function sets up some default lighting
    lAttrib = LightAttrib.makeAllOff()
    ambientLight = AmbientLight( "ambientLight" )
    ambientLight.setColor( Vec4(.8, .8, .8, 1) )
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( ambientLight )
    directionalLight = DirectionalLight( "directionalLight" )
    directionalLight.setDirection( Vec3( 0, 45, -45 ) )
    directionalLight.setColor( Vec4( 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1 ) )
    lAttrib = lAttrib.addLight( directionalLight )
    render.attachNewNode( directionalLight ) 
    render.attachNewNode( ambientLight ) 
    render.node().setAttrib( lAttrib )
예제 #9
0
    def __init__(self):

        self.keyMap = {
            "left": 0,
            "right": 0,
            "forward": 0,
            "cam-left": 0,
            "cam-right": 0
        }
        base.win.setClearColor(Vec4(0, 0, 0, 1))

        # Post the instructions

        self.title = addTitle(
            "Panda3D Tutorial: Roaming Ralph (Walking on Uneven Terrain)")
        self.inst1 = addInstructions(0.95, "[ESC]: Quit")
        self.inst2 = addInstructions(0.90, "[Left Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Left")
        self.inst3 = addInstructions(0.85, "[Right Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Right")
        self.inst4 = addInstructions(0.80, "[Up Arrow]: Run Ralph Forward")
        self.inst6 = addInstructions(0.70, "[A]: Rotate Camera Left")
        self.inst7 = addInstructions(0.65, "[S]: Rotate Camera Right")

        # Set up the environment
        #
        # This environment model contains collision meshes.  If you look
        # in the egg file, you will see the following:
        #
        #    <Collide> { Polyset keep descend }
        #
        # This tag causes the following mesh to be converted to a collision
        # mesh -- a mesh which is optimized for collision, not rendering.
        # It also keeps the original mesh, so there are now two copies ---
        # one optimized for rendering, one for collisions.

        self.environ = loader.loadModel("models/samples/roaming_ralph/world")
        self.environ.reparentTo(render)
        self.environ.setPos(0, 0, 0)

        # Create the main character, Ralph

        ralphStartPos = self.environ.find("**/start_point").getPos()
        self.ralph = Actor(
            "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph", {
                "run": "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_run",
                "walk": "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_walk"
            })
        self.ralph.reparentTo(render)
        self.ralph.setScale(.2)
        self.ralph.setPos(ralphStartPos)

        # Create a floater object.  We use the "floater" as a temporary
        # variable in a variety of calculations.

        self.floater = NodePath(PandaNode("floater"))
        self.floater.reparentTo(render)

        # Accept the control keys for movement and rotation

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)
        self.accept("arrow_left", self.setKey, ["left", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_right", self.setKey, ["right", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_up", self.setKey, ["forward", 1])
        self.accept("a", self.setKey, ["cam-left", 1])
        self.accept("s", self.setKey, ["cam-right", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_left-up", self.setKey, ["left", 0])
        self.accept("arrow_right-up", self.setKey, ["right", 0])
        self.accept("arrow_up-up", self.setKey, ["forward", 0])
        self.accept("a-up", self.setKey, ["cam-left", 0])
        self.accept("s-up", self.setKey, ["cam-right", 0])

        taskMgr.add(self.move, "moveTask")

        # Game state variables
        self.isMoving = False

        # Set up the camera

        base.disableMouse()
        base.camera.setPos(self.ralph.getX(), self.ralph.getY() + 10, 2)

        # We will detect the height of the terrain by creating a collision
        # ray and casting it downward toward the terrain.  One ray will
        # start above ralph's head, and the other will start above the camera.
        # A ray may hit the terrain, or it may hit a rock or a tree.  If it
        # hits the terrain, we can detect the height.  If it hits anything
        # else, we rule that the move is illegal.

        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()

        self.ralphGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.ralphGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 1000)
        self.ralphGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)
        self.ralphGroundCol = CollisionNode('ralphRay')
        self.ralphGroundCol.addSolid(self.ralphGroundRay)
        self.ralphGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ralphGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.ralphGroundColNp = self.ralph.attachNewNode(self.ralphGroundCol)
        self.ralphGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ralphGroundColNp, self.ralphGroundHandler)

        self.camGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.camGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 1000)
        self.camGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)
        self.camGroundCol = CollisionNode('camRay')
        self.camGroundCol.addSolid(self.camGroundRay)
        self.camGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.camGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.camGroundColNp = base.camera.attachNewNode(self.camGroundCol)
        self.camGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.camGroundColNp, self.camGroundHandler)
예제 #10
0
class World(DirectObject):
    def __init__(self):

        self.keyMap = {
            "left": 0,
            "right": 0,
            "forward": 0,
            "cam-left": 0,
            "cam-right": 0
        }
        base.win.setClearColor(Vec4(0, 0, 0, 1))

        # Post the instructions

        self.title = addTitle(
            "Panda3D Tutorial: Roaming Ralph (Walking on Uneven Terrain)")
        self.inst1 = addInstructions(0.95, "[ESC]: Quit")
        self.inst2 = addInstructions(0.90, "[Left Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Left")
        self.inst3 = addInstructions(0.85, "[Right Arrow]: Rotate Ralph Right")
        self.inst4 = addInstructions(0.80, "[Up Arrow]: Run Ralph Forward")
        self.inst6 = addInstructions(0.70, "[A]: Rotate Camera Left")
        self.inst7 = addInstructions(0.65, "[S]: Rotate Camera Right")

        # Set up the environment
        #
        # This environment model contains collision meshes.  If you look
        # in the egg file, you will see the following:
        #
        #    <Collide> { Polyset keep descend }
        #
        # This tag causes the following mesh to be converted to a collision
        # mesh -- a mesh which is optimized for collision, not rendering.
        # It also keeps the original mesh, so there are now two copies ---
        # one optimized for rendering, one for collisions.

        self.environ = loader.loadModel("models/samples/roaming_ralph/world")
        self.environ.reparentTo(render)
        self.environ.setPos(0, 0, 0)

        # Create the main character, Ralph

        ralphStartPos = self.environ.find("**/start_point").getPos()
        self.ralph = Actor(
            "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph", {
                "run": "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_run",
                "walk": "models/samples/roaming_ralph/ralph_walk"
            })
        self.ralph.reparentTo(render)
        self.ralph.setScale(.2)
        self.ralph.setPos(ralphStartPos)

        # Create a floater object.  We use the "floater" as a temporary
        # variable in a variety of calculations.

        self.floater = NodePath(PandaNode("floater"))
        self.floater.reparentTo(render)

        # Accept the control keys for movement and rotation

        self.accept("escape", sys.exit)
        self.accept("arrow_left", self.setKey, ["left", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_right", self.setKey, ["right", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_up", self.setKey, ["forward", 1])
        self.accept("a", self.setKey, ["cam-left", 1])
        self.accept("s", self.setKey, ["cam-right", 1])
        self.accept("arrow_left-up", self.setKey, ["left", 0])
        self.accept("arrow_right-up", self.setKey, ["right", 0])
        self.accept("arrow_up-up", self.setKey, ["forward", 0])
        self.accept("a-up", self.setKey, ["cam-left", 0])
        self.accept("s-up", self.setKey, ["cam-right", 0])

        taskMgr.add(self.move, "moveTask")

        # Game state variables
        self.isMoving = False

        # Set up the camera

        base.disableMouse()
        base.camera.setPos(self.ralph.getX(), self.ralph.getY() + 10, 2)

        # We will detect the height of the terrain by creating a collision
        # ray and casting it downward toward the terrain.  One ray will
        # start above ralph's head, and the other will start above the camera.
        # A ray may hit the terrain, or it may hit a rock or a tree.  If it
        # hits the terrain, we can detect the height.  If it hits anything
        # else, we rule that the move is illegal.

        self.cTrav = CollisionTraverser()

        self.ralphGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.ralphGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 1000)
        self.ralphGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)
        self.ralphGroundCol = CollisionNode('ralphRay')
        self.ralphGroundCol.addSolid(self.ralphGroundRay)
        self.ralphGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.ralphGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.ralphGroundColNp = self.ralph.attachNewNode(self.ralphGroundCol)
        self.ralphGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.ralphGroundColNp, self.ralphGroundHandler)

        self.camGroundRay = CollisionRay()
        self.camGroundRay.setOrigin(0, 0, 1000)
        self.camGroundRay.setDirection(0, 0, -1)
        self.camGroundCol = CollisionNode('camRay')
        self.camGroundCol.addSolid(self.camGroundRay)
        self.camGroundCol.setFromCollideMask(BitMask32.bit(0))
        self.camGroundCol.setIntoCollideMask(BitMask32.allOff())
        self.camGroundColNp = base.camera.attachNewNode(self.camGroundCol)
        self.camGroundHandler = CollisionHandlerQueue()
        self.cTrav.addCollider(self.camGroundColNp, self.camGroundHandler)

        # Uncomment this line to see the collision rays
        #self.ralphGroundColNp.show()
        #self.camGroundColNp.show()

        #Uncomment this line to show a visual representation of the
        #collisions occuring
        #self.cTrav.showCollisions(render)

    #Records the state of the arrow keys
    def setKey(self, key, value):
        self.keyMap[key] = value

    # Accepts arrow keys to move either the player or the menu cursor,
    # Also deals with grid checking and collision detection
    def move(self, task):

        # Get the time elapsed since last frame. We need this
        # for framerate-independent movement.
        elapsed = globalClock.getDt()

        # If the camera-left key is pressed, move camera left.
        # If the camera-right key is pressed, move camera right.

        base.camera.lookAt(self.ralph)
        if (self.keyMap["cam-left"] != 0):
            base.camera.setX(base.camera, -(elapsed * 20))
        if (self.keyMap["cam-right"] != 0):
            base.camera.setX(base.camera, +(elapsed * 20))

        # save ralph's initial position so that we can restore it,
        # in case he falls off the map or runs into something.

        startpos = self.ralph.getPos()

        # If a move-key is pressed, move ralph in the specified direction.

        if (self.keyMap["left"] != 0):
            self.ralph.setH(self.ralph.getH() + elapsed * 300)
        if (self.keyMap["right"] != 0):
            self.ralph.setH(self.ralph.getH() - elapsed * 300)
        if (self.keyMap["forward"] != 0):
            self.ralph.setY(self.ralph, -(elapsed * 25))

        # If ralph is moving, loop the run animation.
        # If he is standing still, stop the animation.

        if (self.keyMap["forward"] != 0) or (self.keyMap["left"] !=
                                             0) or (self.keyMap["right"] != 0):
            if self.isMoving is False:
                self.ralph.loop("run")
                self.isMoving = True
        else:
            if self.isMoving:
                self.ralph.stop()
                self.ralph.pose("walk", 5)
                self.isMoving = False

        # If the camera is too far from ralph, move it closer.
        # If the camera is too close to ralph, move it farther.

        camvec = self.ralph.getPos() - base.camera.getPos()
        camvec.setZ(0)
        camdist = camvec.length()
        camvec.normalize()
        if (camdist > 10.0):
            base.camera.setPos(base.camera.getPos() + camvec * (camdist - 10))
            camdist = 10.0
        if (camdist < 5.0):
            base.camera.setPos(base.camera.getPos() - camvec * (5 - camdist))
            camdist = 5.0

        # Now check for collisions.

        self.cTrav.traverse(render)

        # Adjust ralph's Z coordinate.  If ralph's ray hit terrain,
        # update his Z. If it hit anything else, or didn't hit anything, put
        # him back where he was last frame.

        entries = []
        for i in range(self.ralphGroundHandler.getNumEntries()):
            entry = self.ralphGroundHandler.getEntry(i)
            entries.append(entry)
        entries.sort(lambda x, y: cmp(
            y.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ(),
            x.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()))
        if (len(entries) > 0) and (entries[0].getIntoNode().getName()
                                   == "terrain"):
            self.ralph.setZ(entries[0].getSurfacePoint(render).getZ())
        else:
            self.ralph.setPos(startpos)

        # Keep the camera at one foot above the terrain,
        # or two feet above ralph, whichever is greater.

        entries = []
        for i in range(self.camGroundHandler.getNumEntries()):
            entry = self.camGroundHandler.getEntry(i)
            entries.append(entry)
        entries.sort(lambda x, y: cmp(
            y.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ(),
            x.getSurfacePoint(render).getZ()))
        if (len(entries) > 0) and (entries[0].getIntoNode().getName()
                                   == "terrain"):
            base.camera.setZ(entries[0].getSurfacePoint(render).getZ() + 1.0)
        if (base.camera.getZ() < self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0):
            base.camera.setZ(self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0)

        # The camera should look in ralph's direction,
        # but it should also try to stay horizontal, so look at
        # a floater which hovers above ralph's head.

        self.floater.setPos(self.ralph.getPos())
        self.floater.setZ(self.ralph.getZ() + 2.0)
        base.camera.lookAt(self.floater)

        return Task.cont