def arc_length_parameterize(x, y, tol=1e-14, filter_fraction=0.9, return_t=False):
    """
    Reparametrize the periodic curve defined by (x, y)

    Note that although this will solve the Newton problem to tol, the actual
    parameterization will not be arclength to that value unless the speed of
    the parameterization is resolved to that tolerance!  Resolving the speed
    may take significantly more resolution than the coordinates (x, y)
    """
    n = x.shape[0]
    dt, tv, ik, ikr = _setup(n)
    xh, yh, sd = _get_speed(x, y, ik)
    # total arc-length
    al = np.sum(sd)*dt
    # rescaled speed
    asd = sd*2*np.pi/al
    # fourier transform for speed and periodized arc-length
    pal_hat = np.fft.fft(asd)/ikr
    sd_hat = np.fft.fft(asd)
    # functions for newton solve to get arc-length coordinates
    def al_func(s):
        f = nufft_interpolation1d(s, pal_hat)
        return f + s - tv
    def J_func(s):
        return nufft_interpolation1d(s, sd_hat)
    # run Newton solver
    solver = VectorNewton(al_func, J_func)  
    snew = solver.solve(tv, tol=tol, verbose=False)
    if False:
        x = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, xh)
        y = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, yh)
        filt = lambda x: fractional_fourier_filter(x, filter_fraction)
        if return_t:
            return filt(x), filt(y), snew
        else:
            return filt(x), filt(y)
    else:
        snew = tv+fractional_fourier_filter(snew-tv, filter_fraction)
        x = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, xh)
        y = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, yh)
        if return_t:
            return x, y, snew
        else:
            return x, y
def old_arc_length_parameterize(x, y, tol=1e-14, filter_function=None, return_t=False):
    """
    Reparametrize the periodic curve defined by (x, y)

    Note that although this will solve the Newton problem to tol, the actual
    parameterization will not be arclength to that value unless the speed of
    the parameterization is resolved to that tolerance!  Resolving the speed
    may take significantly more resolution than the coordinates (x, y)

    Because smooth functions may have high-frequency fourier noise added by
    the reparametrization, one may consider adding a filter_function, to control
    high-frequency noise in the reparametrized (x, y)
    """
    if filter_function is None: filter_function = _null_filter_function
    if type(filter_function) is float:
        filter_function = SimpleFourierFilter()
    n = x.shape[0]
    dt, tv, ik, ikr = _setup(n)
    xh, yh, sd = _get_speed(x, y, ik)
    # total arc-length
    al = np.sum(sd)*dt
    # rescaled speed
    asd = sd*2*np.pi/al
    # fourier transform for speed and periodized arc-length
    pal_hat = np.fft.fft(asd)/ikr
    sd_hat = np.fft.fft(asd)
    # functions for newton solve to get arc-length coordinates
    def al_func(s):
        f = nufft_interpolation1d(s, pal_hat)
        return f + s - tv
    def J_func(s):
        return nufft_interpolation1d(s, sd_hat)
    # run Newton solver
    solver = VectorNewton(al_func, J_func)  
    snew = solver.solve(tv, tol=tol, verbose=False)
    # get the new x and y coordinates
    x = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, xh)
    y = nufft_interpolation1d(snew, yh)
    if return_t:
        return filter_function(x), filter_function(y), snew
    else:
        return filter_function(x), filter_function(y)
예제 #3
0
    def generate(self, dt, fixed_grid=False):
        ebdyc = self.ebdyc
        ebdyc_old = self.ebdyc_old
        u, v = self.u, self.v
        uo, vo = self.uo, self.vo
        ux, uy, vx, vy = self.ux, self.uy, self.vx, self.vy
        uxo, uyo, vxo, vyo = self.uxo, self.uyo, self.vxo, self.vyo

        # interpolate the velocity
        ubs = ebdyc.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(u)
        vbs = ebdyc.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(v)

        # move all boundarys; generate new embedded boundaries
        new_ebdys = []
        self.reparmed_ubs = []
        self.reparmed_vbs = []
        for ind, ebdy in enumerate(self.ebdyc):
            if False:  # this is the ABF way
                # interpolate the velocity
                ub = ubs.bdy_value_list[ind]
                vb = vbs.bdy_value_list[ind]
                ubo_new_parm = self.ubos[ind]
                vbo_new_parm = self.vbos[ind]
                # move the boundary with Forward Euler
                bx = ebdy.bdy.x + 0.5 * dt * (3 * ub - ubo_new_parm)
                by = ebdy.bdy.y + 0.5 * dt * (3 * vb - vbo_new_parm)
                # repararmetrize the boundary
                bx, by, new_t = arc_length_parameterize(
                    bx,
                    by,
                    filter_fraction=self.filter_fraction,
                    return_t=True)
                # move these boundary values for velocity to the new parametrization
                self.reparmed_ubs.append(
                    nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(ub)))
                self.reparmed_vbs.append(
                    nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(vb)))
                # generate the new embedded boundary
                new_ebdy = ebdy.regenerate(bx, by)
                new_ebdys.append(new_ebdy)
            else:  # this is the BDF way
                # interpolate the velocity
                ub = ubs.bdy_value_list[ind]
                vb = vbs.bdy_value_list[ind]
                ubo_new_parm = self.ubos[ind]
                vbo_new_parm = self.vbos[ind]
                # move the boundary with Forward Euler
                bx = ebdy.bdy.x + 0.5 * dt * (3 * ub - ubo_new_parm)
                by = ebdy.bdy.y + 0.5 * dt * (3 * vb - vbo_new_parm)
                # repararmetrize the boundary
                bx, by, new_t = arc_length_parameterize(
                    bx,
                    by,
                    filter_fraction=self.filter_fraction,
                    return_t=True)
                # move these boundary values for velocity to the new parametrization
                self.reparmed_ubs.append(
                    nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(ub)))
                self.reparmed_vbs.append(
                    nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(vb)))
                # generate the new embedded boundary
                new_ebdy = ebdy.regenerate(bx, by)
                new_ebdys.append(new_ebdy)

        new_ebdyc = EmbeddedBoundaryCollection(new_ebdys)
        # get dnager zone distance
        umax = np.sqrt(u * u + v * v).max()
        ddd = 2 * umax * dt
        # raise an exception if danger zone thicker than radial width
        if ddd > new_ebdyc[0].radial_width:
            raise Exception(
                'Velocity is so fast that one timestep oversteps safety zones; reduce timestep.'
            )
        # register the grid...
        if fixed_grid:
            new_ebdyc.register_grid(ebdyc.grid, danger_zone_distance=ddd)
        else:
            new_ebdyc.generate_grid(danger_zone_distance=ddd)

        # let's get the points that need to be interpolated to
        aap = new_ebdyc.pnar
        AP_key = ebdyc.register_points(aap.x,
                                       aap.y,
                                       dzl=new_ebdyc.danger_zone_list,
                                       gil=new_ebdyc.guess_ind_list)
        OAP_key = ebdyc_old.register_points(aap.x,
                                            aap.y,
                                            dzl=new_ebdyc.danger_zone_list,
                                            gil=new_ebdyc.guess_ind_list)

        # now we need to interpolate onto things
        AEP = ebdyc.registered_partitions[AP_key]
        OAEP = ebdyc_old.registered_partitions[OAP_key]

        # get departure points
        xd_all = np.zeros(aap.N)
        yd_all = np.zeros(aap.N)
        xD_all = np.zeros(aap.N)
        yD_all = np.zeros(aap.N)

        # advect those in the annulus
        c1n, c2n, c3n = AEP.get_Ns()
        oc1n, oc2n, oc3n = OAEP.get_Ns()
        # category 1 and 2
        c1_2 = AEP.zone1_or_2
        oc1_2 = OAEP.zone1_or_2
        fc12 = np.logical_and(c1_2, oc1_2)
        fc12n = np.sum(fc12)

        # category 1 and 2
        # NOTE:  THESE INTERPOLATIONS CAN BE MADE FASTER BY EXPLOITING SHARED
        #        GRIDPOINTS IF THAT IS ENFORCED IN GRID GENERATION
        #        THIS IS NOT EXPLOITED, FOR THE TIME BEING
        uxh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(ux, aap.x, aap.y)
        uyh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(uy, aap.x, aap.y)
        vxh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(vx, aap.x, aap.y)
        vyh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(vy, aap.x, aap.y)
        uh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(u, aap.x, aap.y)
        vh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(v, aap.x, aap.y)

        uxoh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(uxo, aap.x, aap.y)
        uyoh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(uyo, aap.x, aap.y)
        vxoh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(vxo, aap.x, aap.y)
        vyoh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(vyo, aap.x, aap.y)
        uoh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(uo, aap.x, aap.y)
        voh = ebdyc_old.interpolate_to_points(vo, aap.x, aap.y)

        SLM = np.zeros([
            fc12n,
        ] + [4, 4], dtype=float)
        SLR = np.zeros([
            fc12n,
        ] + [
            4,
        ], dtype=float)

        # solve for departure points
        SLM[:, 0, 0] = uxh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 0, 1] = uyh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 0, 2] = 0.5 / dt
        SLM[:, 0, 3] = 0.0
        SLM[:, 1, 0] = vxh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 1, 1] = vyh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 1, 2] = 0.0
        SLM[:, 1, 3] = 0.5 / dt
        SLM[:, 2, 0] = 2.0 / dt + 3 * uxh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 2, 1] = 3 * uyh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 2, 2] = -uxoh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 2, 3] = -uyoh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 3, 0] = 3 * vxh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 3, 1] = 2.0 / dt + 3 * vyh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 3, 2] = -vxoh[fc12]
        SLM[:, 3, 3] = -vyoh[fc12]
        SLR[:, 0] = uh[fc12]
        SLR[:, 1] = vh[fc12]
        SLR[:, 2] = 3 * uh[fc12] - uoh[fc12]
        SLR[:, 3] = 3 * vh[fc12] - voh[fc12]
        OUT = np.linalg.solve(SLM, SLR)
        dx, dy, Dx, Dy = OUT[:, 0], OUT[:, 1], OUT[:, 2], OUT[:, 3]
        xd, yd = aap.x[fc12] - dx, aap.y[fc12] - dy
        xD, yD = aap.x[fc12] - Dx, aap.y[fc12] - Dy
        xd_all[fc12] = xd
        yd_all[fc12] = yd
        xD_all[fc12] = xD
        yD_all[fc12] = yD

        # categroy 3... this is the tricky one
        fc3n = aap.N - fc12n
        # print('Number of points in category 3 is:', fc3n)
        if fc3n > 0:
            for ind, (ebdy, ebdy_old) in enumerate(zip(ebdyc, ebdyc_old)):
                ub = ubs.bdy_value_list[ind]
                vb = vbs.bdy_value_list[ind]

                c3l = AEP.zone3l[ind]
                oc3l = OAEP.zone3l[ind]
                fc3l = np.unique(np.concatenate([c3l, oc3l]))
                th = ebdy.bdy.dt
                tk = ebdy.bdy.k

                def d1_der(f):
                    return np.fft.ifft(np.fft.fft(f) * tk * 1j).real

                interp = lambda f: interp1d(0, 2 * np.pi, th, f, k=3, p=True)
                bx_interp = interp(ebdy.bdy.x)
                by_interp = interp(ebdy.bdy.y)
                bxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.x))
                bys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.y))
                nx_interp = interp(ebdy.bdy.normal_x)
                ny_interp = interp(ebdy.bdy.normal_y)
                nxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.normal_x))
                nys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.normal_y))
                urb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(
                    u[0])
                vrb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(
                    v[0])
                urrb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative2(
                    u[0])
                vrrb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative2(
                    v[0])
                ub_interp = interp(ub)
                vb_interp = interp(vb)
                urb_interp = interp(urb)
                vrb_interp = interp(vrb)
                urrb_interp = interp(urrb)
                vrrb_interp = interp(vrrb)
                ubs_interp = interp(d1_der(ub))
                vbs_interp = interp(d1_der(vb))
                urbs_interp = interp(d1_der(urb))
                vrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(vrb))
                urrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(urrb))
                vrrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(vrrb))

                old_bx_interp = interp(ebdy_old.bdy.x)
                old_by_interp = interp(ebdy_old.bdy.y)
                old_bxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy_old.bdy.x))
                old_bys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy_old.bdy.y))
                old_nx_interp = interp(ebdy_old.bdy.normal_x)
                old_ny_interp = interp(ebdy_old.bdy.normal_y)
                old_nxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy_old.bdy.normal_x))
                old_nys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy_old.bdy.normal_y))
                old_ub = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(uo[0])
                old_vb = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(vo[0])
                old_urb = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(
                    uo[0])
                old_vrb = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(
                    vo[0])
                old_urrb = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative2(
                    uo[0])
                old_vrrb = ebdy_old.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative2(
                    vo[0])
                # i think the old parm is right, but should think about
                old_ub_interp = interp(old_ub)
                old_vb_interp = interp(old_vb)
                old_urb_interp = interp(old_urb)
                old_vrb_interp = interp(old_vrb)
                old_urrb_interp = interp(old_urrb)
                old_vrrb_interp = interp(old_vrrb)
                old_ubs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_ub))
                old_vbs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_vb))
                old_urbs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_urb))
                old_vrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_vrb))
                old_urrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_urrb))
                old_vrrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(old_vrrb))

                xx = aap.x[fc3l]
                yy = aap.y[fc3l]

                def objective(s, r, so, ro):
                    f = np.empty([s.size, 4])
                    f[:, 0] = old_bx_interp(so) + ro * old_nx_interp(
                        so) + 2 * dt * ub_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * urb_interp(
                            s) + dt * r**2 * urrb_interp(s) - xx
                    f[:, 1] = old_by_interp(so) + ro * old_ny_interp(
                        so) + 2 * dt * vb_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * vrb_interp(
                            s) + dt * r**2 * vrrb_interp(s) - yy
                    f[:, 2] = bx_interp(s) + r * nx_interp(
                        s
                    ) + 1.5 * dt * ub_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * r * urb_interp(
                        s) + 0.75 * dt * r**2 * urrb_interp(
                            s) - 0.5 * dt * old_ub_interp(
                                so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_urb_interp(
                                    so) - 0.25 * dt * ro**2 * old_urrb_interp(
                                        so) - xx
                    f[:, 3] = by_interp(s) + r * ny_interp(
                        s
                    ) + 1.5 * dt * vb_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * r * vrb_interp(
                        s) + 0.75 * dt * r**2 * vrrb_interp(
                            s) - 0.5 * dt * old_vb_interp(
                                so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_vrb_interp(
                                    so) - 0.25 * dt * ro**2 * old_vrrb_interp(
                                        so) - yy
                    return f

                def Jac(s, r, so, ro):
                    J = np.empty([s.size, 4, 4])
                    # derivative with respect to s
                    J[:, 0,
                      0] = 2 * dt * ubs_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * urbs_interp(
                          s) + dt * r**2 * urrbs_interp(s)
                    J[:, 1,
                      0] = 2 * dt * vbs_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * vrbs_interp(
                          s) + dt * r**2 * vrrbs_interp(s)
                    J[:, 2, 0] = bxs_interp(
                        s) + r * nxs_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * ubs_interp(
                            s) + 1.5 * dt * r * urbs_interp(
                                s) + 0.75 * dt * r**2 * urrbs_interp(s)
                    J[:, 3, 0] = bys_interp(
                        s) + r * nys_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * vbs_interp(
                            s) + 1.5 * dt * r * vrbs_interp(
                                s) + 0.75 * dt * r**2 * vrrbs_interp(s)
                    # derivative with respect to r
                    J[:, 0,
                      1] = 2 * dt * urb_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * urrb_interp(s)
                    J[:, 1,
                      1] = 2 * dt * vrb_interp(s) + 2 * dt * r * vrrb_interp(s)
                    J[:, 2, 1] = nx_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * urb_interp(
                        s) + 1.5 * dt * r * urrb_interp(s)
                    J[:, 3, 1] = ny_interp(s) + 1.5 * dt * vrb_interp(
                        s) + 1.5 * dt * r * vrrb_interp(s)
                    # derivative with respect to so
                    J[:, 0, 2] = old_bxs_interp(so) + ro * old_nxs_interp(so)
                    J[:, 1, 2] = old_bys_interp(so) + ro * old_nys_interp(so)
                    J[:, 2, 2] = -0.5 * dt * old_ubs_interp(
                        so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_urbs_interp(
                            so) - 0.25 * dt * ro**2 * old_urrbs_interp(so)
                    J[:, 3, 2] = -0.5 * dt * old_vbs_interp(
                        so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_vrbs_interp(
                            so) - 0.25 * dt * ro**2 * old_vrrbs_interp(so)
                    # derivative with respect to ro
                    J[:, 0, 3] = old_nx_interp(so)
                    J[:, 1, 3] = old_ny_interp(so)
                    J[:, 2, 3] = -0.5 * dt * old_urb_interp(
                        so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_urrb_interp(so)
                    J[:, 3, 3] = -0.5 * dt * old_vrb_interp(
                        so) - 0.5 * dt * ro * old_vrrb_interp(so)
                    return J

                # take as guess inds our s, r
                s = AEP.full_t[fc3l]
                r = AEP.full_r[fc3l]
                so = OAEP.full_t[fc3l]
                ro = OAEP.full_r[fc3l]
                # now solve for sd, rd
                res = objective(s, r, so, ro)
                mres1 = np.hypot(res[:, 0], res[:, 1]).max()
                mres2 = np.hypot(res[:, 2], res[:, 3]).max()
                mres = max(mres1, mres2)
                tol = 1e-12
                while mres > tol:
                    J = Jac(s, r, so, ro)
                    d = np.linalg.solve(J, res)
                    s -= d[:, 0]
                    r -= d[:, 1]
                    so -= d[:, 2]
                    ro -= d[:, 3]
                    res = objective(s, r, so, ro)
                    mres1 = np.hypot(res[:, 0], res[:, 1]).max()
                    mres2 = np.hypot(res[:, 2], res[:, 3]).max()
                    mres = max(mres1, mres2)
                r_fail_1 = r.max() > 0.0
                r_fail_2 = r.min() < -ebdy.radial_width
                ro_fail_1 = ro.max() > 0.0
                ro_fail_2 = ro.min() < -ebdy_old.radial_width
                r_fail = r_fail_1 or r_fail_2
                ro_fail = ro_fail_1 or ro_fail_2
                fail = r_fail or ro_fail
                fail_amount = 0.0
                if fail:
                    if r_fail_1:
                        fail_amount = max(fail_amount, r.max())
                        r[r > 0.0] = 0.0
                    if r_fail_2:
                        fail_amount = max(fail_amount,
                                          (-r - ebdy.radial_width).max())
                        r[r < -ebdy.radial_width] = -ebdy.radial_width
                    if ro_fail_1:
                        fail_amount = max(fail_amount, ro.max())
                        ro[ro > 0.0] = 0.0
                    if ro_fail_2:
                        fail_amount = max(fail_amount,
                                          (-ro - ebdy_old.radial_width).max())
                        ro[ro <
                           -ebdy_old.radial_width] = -ebdy_old.radial_width

                # get the departure points
                xd = bx_interp(s) + nx_interp(s) * r
                yd = by_interp(s) + ny_interp(s) * r
                xD = old_bx_interp(so) + old_nx_interp(so) * ro
                yD = old_by_interp(so) + old_ny_interp(so) * ro
                xd_all[fc3l] = xd
                yd_all[fc3l] = yd
                xD_all[fc3l] = xD
                yD_all[fc3l] = yD

        self.new_ebdyc = new_ebdyc
        self.xd_all = xd_all
        self.yd_all = yd_all
        self.xD_all = xD_all
        self.yD_all = yD_all

        return self.new_ebdyc
예제 #4
0
파일: fe_advector.py 프로젝트: dbstein/ipde
    def generate(self, dt, fixed_grid=False):
        """
        If fixed_grid = True, reuse same grid
        Otherwise, generate new grid
        """
        ebdyc = self.ebdyc
        u, v = self.u, self.v
        ux, uy, vx, vy = self.ux, self.uy, self.vx, self.vy
        # interpolate the velocity
        ubs = ebdyc.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(u)
        vbs = ebdyc.interpolate_radial_to_boundary(v)

        # move all boundarys; generate new embedded boundaries
        new_ebdys = []
        self.reparmed_ubs = []
        self.reparmed_vbs = []
        for ind, ebdy in enumerate(ebdyc):
            # interpolate the velocity
            ub = ubs[ind]
            vb = vbs[ind]
            # move the boundary with Forward Euler
            bx = ebdy.bdy.x + dt*ub
            by = ebdy.bdy.y + dt*vb
            # repararmetrize the boundary
            bx, by, new_t = arc_length_parameterize(bx, by, filter_fraction=self.filter_fraction, return_t=True)
            # bx, by, new_t = bx, by, np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, bx.size, endpoint=False)
            # bx, by, new_t = arc_length_parameterize(bx, by, return_t=True, filter_function=self.filter_function)
            # move these boundary values to the new parametrization
            # This is not necessary for this timestepper, but is used by other
            # timesteppers which use this as a startup!
            # SHOULD I SWITCH THIS TO NUFFT WHEN THAT IS BEING USED?
            self.reparmed_ubs.append(nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(ub)))
            self.reparmed_vbs.append(nufft_interpolation1d(new_t, np.fft.fft(vb)))
            # bu_interp = interp1d(0, 2*np.pi, ebdy.bdy.dt, ub, p=True)
            # bv_interp = interp1d(0, 2*np.pi, ebdy.bdy.dt, vb, p=True)
            # self.reparmed_ubs.append(bu_interp(new_t))
            # self.reparmed_vbs.append(bv_interp(new_t))
            # generate the new embedded boundary
            new_ebdy = ebdy.regenerate(bx, by)
            new_ebdys.append(new_ebdy)
        new_ebdyc = EmbeddedBoundaryCollection(new_ebdys)
        # get dnager zone distance
        umax = np.sqrt(u*u + v*v).max()
        ddd = 2*umax*dt
        # raise an exception if danger zone thicker than radial width
        if ddd > new_ebdyc[0].radial_width:
            raise Exception('Velocity is so fast that one timestep oversteps safety zones; reduce timestep.')
        # register the grid...
        if fixed_grid:
            new_ebdyc.register_grid(ebdyc.grid, danger_zone_distance=ddd)
        else:
            new_ebdyc.generate_grid(danger_zone_distance=ddd)

        # let's get the points that need to be interpolated to
        aap = new_ebdyc.pnar
        AP_key  = ebdyc.register_points(aap.x, aap.y, dzl=new_ebdyc.danger_zone_list, gil=new_ebdyc.guess_ind_list)

        # now we need to interpolate onto things
        AEP = ebdyc.registered_partitions[AP_key]

        # get departure points
        xd_all = np.zeros(aap.N)
        yd_all = np.zeros(aap.N)

        c1n, c2n, c3n = AEP.get_Ns()
        # category 1 and 2
        c1_2n = c1n + c2n
        c1_2 = AEP.zone1_or_2
        uxh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(ux, aap.x, aap.y)
        uyh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(uy, aap.x, aap.y)
        vxh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(vx, aap.x, aap.y)
        vyh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(vy, aap.x, aap.y)
        uh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(u, aap.x, aap.y)
        vh = ebdyc.interpolate_to_points(v, aap.x, aap.y)
        SLM = np.zeros([c1_2n,] + [2,2], dtype=float)
        SLR = np.zeros([c1_2n,] + [2,], dtype=float)
        SLM[:,0,0] = 1 + dt*uxh[c1_2]
        SLM[:,0,1] = dt*uyh[c1_2]
        SLM[:,1,0] = dt*vxh[c1_2]
        SLM[:,1,1] = 1 + dt*vyh[c1_2]
        SLR[:,0] = dt*uh[c1_2]
        SLR[:,1] = dt*vh[c1_2]
        OUT = np.linalg.solve(SLM, SLR)
        xdt, ydt = OUT[:,0], OUT[:,1]
        xd, yd = aap.x[c1_2] - xdt, aap.y[c1_2] - ydt
        xd_all[c1_2] = xd
        yd_all[c1_2] = yd
        # categroy 3... this is the tricky one
        if c3n > 0:
            for ind, ebdy in enumerate(ebdyc):
                ub = ubs[ind]
                vb = vbs[ind]
                
                c3l = AEP.zone3l[ind]
                th = ebdy.bdy.dt
                # th = 2*np.pi/nb
                # tk = np.fft.fftfreq(nb, th/(2*np.pi))
                tk = ebdy.bdy.k
                def d1_der(f):
                    return np.fft.ifft(np.fft.fft(f)*tk*1j).real
                interp = lambda f: interp1d(0, 2*np.pi, th, f, k=3, p=True)
                bx_interp  = interp(ebdy.bdy.x)
                by_interp  = interp(ebdy.bdy.y)
                bxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.x))
                bys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.y))
                nx_interp  = interp(ebdy.bdy.normal_x)
                ny_interp  = interp(ebdy.bdy.normal_y)
                nxs_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.normal_x))
                nys_interp = interp(d1_der(ebdy.bdy.normal_y))
                urb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(u[ind])
                vrb = ebdy.interpolate_radial_to_boundary_normal_derivative(v[ind])
                ub_interp   = interp(ub)
                vb_interp   = interp(vb)
                urb_interp  = interp(urb)
                vrb_interp  = interp(vrb)
                ubs_interp  = interp(d1_der(ub))
                vbs_interp  = interp(d1_der(vb))
                urbs_interp = interp(d1_der(urb))
                vrbs_interp = interp(d1_der(vrb))
                xo = aap.x[c3l]
                yo = aap.y[c3l]
                def objective(s, r):
                    f = np.empty([s.size, 2])
                    f[:,0] = bx_interp(s) + r*nx_interp(s) + dt*ub_interp(s) + dt*r*urb_interp(s) - xo
                    f[:,1] = by_interp(s) + r*ny_interp(s) + dt*vb_interp(s) + dt*r*vrb_interp(s) - yo
                    return f
                def Jac(s, r):
                    J = np.empty([s.size, 2, 2])
                    J[:,0,0] = bxs_interp(s) + r*nxs_interp(s) + dt*ubs_interp(s) + dt*r*urbs_interp(s)
                    J[:,1,0] = bys_interp(s) + r*nys_interp(s) + dt*vbs_interp(s) + dt*r*vrbs_interp(s)
                    J[:,0,1] = nx_interp(s) + dt*urb_interp(s)
                    J[:,1,1] = ny_interp(s) + dt*vrb_interp(s)
                    return J
                # take as guess inds our s, r
                s = AEP.zone3t[ind]
                r = AEP.zone3r[ind]
                # now solve for sd, rd
                res = objective(s, r)
                mres = np.hypot(res[:,0], res[:,1]).max()
                tol = 1e-12
                while mres > tol:
                    J = Jac(s, r)
                    d = np.linalg.solve(J, res)
                    s -= d[:,0]
                    r -= d[:,1]
                    res = objective(s, r)
                    mres = np.hypot(res[:,0], res[:,1]).max()
                # get the departure points
                xd = bx_interp(s) + nx_interp(s)*r
                yd = by_interp(s) + ny_interp(s)*r
                xd_all[c3l] = xd
                yd_all[c3l] = yd

        self.new_ebdyc = new_ebdyc
        self.xd_all = xd_all
        self.yd_all = yd_all

        return self.new_ebdyc
 def J_func(s):
     return nufft_interpolation1d(s, sd_hat)
 def al_func(s):
     f = nufft_interpolation1d(s, pal_hat)
     return f + s - tv