def euler_maclaurin(self, m=0, n=0, eps=0, eval_integral=True): """ Return an Euler-Maclaurin approximation of self, where m is the number of leading terms to sum directly and n is the number of terms in the tail. With m = n = 0, this is simply the corresponding integral plus a first-order endpoint correction. Returns (s, e) where s is the Euler-Maclaurin approximation and e is the estimated error (taken to be the magnitude of the first omitted term in the tail): >>> from sympy.abc import k, a, b >>> from sympy import Sum >>> Sum(1/k, (k, 2, 5)).doit().evalf() 1.28333333333333 >>> s, e = Sum(1/k, (k, 2, 5)).euler_maclaurin() >>> s -log(2) + 7/20 + log(5) >>> from sympy import sstr >>> print(sstr((s.evalf(), e.evalf()), full_prec=True)) (1.26629073187415, 0.0175000000000000) The endpoints may be symbolic: >>> s, e = Sum(1/k, (k, a, b)).euler_maclaurin() >>> s -log(a) + log(b) + 1/(2*b) + 1/(2*a) >>> e Abs(-1/(12*b**2) + 1/(12*a**2)) If the function is a polynomial of degree at most 2n+1, the Euler-Maclaurin formula becomes exact (and e = 0 is returned): >>> Sum(k, (k, 2, b)).euler_maclaurin() (b**2/2 + b/2 - 1, 0) >>> Sum(k, (k, 2, b)).doit() b**2/2 + b/2 - 1 With a nonzero eps specified, the summation is ended as soon as the remainder term is less than the epsilon. """ m = int(m) n = int(n) f = self.function if len(self.limits) != 1: raise ValueError("More than 1 limit") i, a, b = self.limits[0] if (a > b) is True: if a - b == 1: return S.Zero,S.Zero a, b = b + 1, a - 1 f = -f s = S.Zero if m: if b.is_Integer and a.is_Integer: m = min(m, b - a + 1) if not eps: for k in range(m): s += f.subs(i, a + k) else: term = f.subs(i, a) if term: test = abs(term.evalf(3)) < eps if isinstance(test, bool): if test is True: return s, abs(term) else: # a symbolic Relational class, can't go further return term, S.Zero s += term for k in range(1, m): term = f.subs(i, a + k) if abs(term.evalf(3)) < eps: return s, abs(term) s += term if b - a + 1 == m: return s, S.Zero a += m x = Dummy('x') I = C.Integral(f.subs(i, x), (x, a, b)) if eval_integral: I = I.doit() s += I def fpoint(expr): if b is S.Infinity: return expr.subs(i, a), 0 return expr.subs(i, a), expr.subs(i, b) fa, fb = fpoint(f) iterm = (fa + fb)/2 g = f.diff(i) for k in xrange(1, n + 2): ga, gb = fpoint(g) term = C.bernoulli(2*k)/C.factorial(2*k)*(gb - ga) if (eps and term and abs(term.evalf(3)) < eps) or (k > n): break s += term g = g.diff(i, 2, simplify=False) return s + iterm, abs(term)