def ray_color(r: RayList, world: HittableList, depth: int) \
-> Tuple[Optional[RayList], Optional[Vec3List], Vec3List]:
length = len(r)
if not r.direction().e.any():
return None, None, Vec3List.new_zero(length)
# Calculate object hits
rec_list: HitRecordList = world.hit(r, 0.001, cp.inf)
# Useful empty arrays
empty_vec3list = Vec3List.new_zero(length)
empty_array_float = cp.zeros(length, cp.float32)
empty_array_bool = cp.zeros(length, cp.bool)
empty_array_int = cp.zeros(length, cp.int32)
# Background / Sky
unit_direction = r.direction().unit_vector()
sky_condition = Vec3List.from_array((unit_direction.length() > 0)
& (rec_list.material == 0))
t = (unit_direction.y() + 1) * 0.5
blue_bg = (Vec3List.from_vec3(Color(1, 1, 1), length).mul_ndarray(1 - t) +
Vec3List.from_vec3(Color(0.5, 0.7, 1), length).mul_ndarray(t))
result_bg = Vec3List(cp.where(sky_condition.e, blue_bg.e,
empty_vec3list.e))
if depth <= 1:
return None, None, result_bg
# Material scatter calculations
materials: Dict[int, Material] = world.get_materials()
scattered_list = RayList.new_zero(length)
attenuation_list = Vec3List.new_zero(length)
for mat_idx in materials:
mat_condition = (rec_list.material == mat_idx)
mat_condition_3 = Vec3List.from_array(mat_condition)
if not mat_condition.any():
continue
ray = RayList(
Vec3List(cp.where(mat_condition_3.e, r.orig.e, empty_vec3list.e)),
Vec3List(cp.where(mat_condition_3.e, r.dir.e, empty_vec3list.e)))
rec = HitRecordList(
Vec3List(
cp.where(mat_condition_3.e, rec_list.p.e, empty_vec3list.e)),
cp.where(mat_condition, rec_list.t, empty_array_float),
cp.where(mat_condition, rec_list.material, empty_array_int),
Vec3List(
cp.where(mat_condition_3.e, rec_list.normal.e,
empty_vec3list.e)),
cp.where(mat_condition, rec_list.front_face, empty_array_bool))
ray, rec, idx_list = compress(ray, rec)
scattered, attenuation = materials[mat_idx].scatter(ray, rec)
scattered, attenuation = decompress(scattered, attenuation, idx_list,
length)
scattered_list += scattered
attenuation_list += attenuation
return scattered_list, attenuation_list, result_bg
def __init__(self, p0: Point3, p1: Point3, mat: Material) -> None:
self.box_min = p0
self.box_max = p1
self.sides = HittableList()
self.sides.add(XYRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.y(), p1.y(), p1.z(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(XYRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), mat)))
self.sides.add(XZRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p1.y(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(XZRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p0.y(), mat)))
self.sides.add(YZRect(p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p1.x(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(YZRect(p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p0.x(), mat)))
def earth(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
earth_texture = ImageTexture("earthmap.jpg")
earth_surface = Lambertian(earth_texture)
globe = Sphere(Point3(0, 0, 0), 2, earth_surface)
world.add(globe)
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(0, 0, -5)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 50
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def ray_color(r: Ray, world: HittableList, depth: int) -> Color:
if depth <= 0:
return Color(0, 0, 0)
rec: Optional[HitRecord] = world.hit(r, 0.001, np.inf)
if rec is not None:
scatter_result = rec.material.scatter(r, rec)
if scatter_result is not None:
scattered, attenuation = scatter_result
return attenuation * ray_color(scattered, world, depth - 1)
return Color(0, 0, 0)
unit_direction: Vec3 = r.direction().unit_vector()
t = (unit_direction.y() + 1) * 0.5
return Color(1, 1, 1) * (1 - t) + Color(0.5, 0.7, 1) * t
def simple_light(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
pertext = NoiseTexture(4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, Lambertian(pertext)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 2, 0), 2, Lambertian(pertext)))
difflight = DiffuseLight(SolidColor(4, 4, 4))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 7, 0), 2, difflight))
world.add(XYRect(3, 5, 1, 3, -2, difflight))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(23, 4, 5)
lookat = Point3(0, 2, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def two_perlin_spheres(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
pertext = NoiseTexture(4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, Lambertian(pertext)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 2, 0), 2, Lambertian(pertext)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def two_spheres(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
checker = CheckerTexture(SolidColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.1),
SolidColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -10, 0), 10, Lambertian(checker)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 10, 0), 10, Lambertian(checker)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def random_scene() -> HittableList:
world = HittableList()
ground_material = Lambertian(Color(0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, ground_material))
for a in range(-11, 11):
for b in range(-11, 11):
choose_mat = random_float()
center = Point3(a + 0.9 * random_float(), 0.2,
b + 0.9 * random_float())
if (center - Vec3(4, 0.2, 0)).length() > 0.9:
if choose_mat < 0.6:
# Diffuse
albedo = Color.random() * Color.random()
sphere_material_diffuse = Lambertian(albedo)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_diffuse))
elif choose_mat < 0.8:
# Metal
albedo = Color.random(0.5, 1)
fuzz = random_float(0, 0.5)
sphere_material_metal = Metal(albedo, fuzz)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_metal))
else:
# Glass
sphere_material_glass = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_glass))
material_1 = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 1, 0), 1, material_1))
material_2 = Lambertian(Color(0.4, 0.2, 0.1))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-4, 1, 0), 1, material_2))
material_3 = Metal(Color(0.7, 0.6, 0.5), 0)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(4, 1, 0), 1, material_3))
return world
def three_ball_scene() -> HittableList:
world = HittableList()
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 0, -1), 0.5, Lambertian(Color(0.1, 0.2, 0.5))))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, -100.5, -1), 100, Lambertian(Color(0.8, 0.8, 0))))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(1, 0, -1), 0.5, Metal(Color(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 0.3)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), 0.5, Dielectric(1.5)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), -0.45, Dielectric(1.5)))
return world
def random_scene(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
# ground_material = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
ground_material = Lambertian(
CheckerTexture(SolidColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.1), SolidColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, ground_material))
for a in range(-11, 11):
for b in range(-11, 11):
choose_mat = random_float()
center = Point3(a + 0.9 * random_float(), 0.2,
b + 0.9 * random_float())
if (center - Vec3(4, 0.2, 0)).length() > 0.9:
if choose_mat < 0.6:
# Diffuse
albedo = Color.random() * Color.random()
sphere_material_diffuse = Lambertian(SolidColor(albedo))
center2 = center + Vec3(0, random_float(0, 0.5), 0)
world.add(
MovingSphere(center, center2, 0, 1, 0.2,
sphere_material_diffuse))
elif choose_mat < 0.8:
# Metal
albedo = Color.random(0.5, 1)
fuzz = random_float(0, 0.5)
sphere_material_metal = Metal(albedo, fuzz)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_metal))
else:
# Glass
sphere_material_glass = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(center, 0.2, sphere_material_glass))
material_1 = Dielectric(1.5)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(0, 1, 0), 1, material_1))
material_2 = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.4, 0.2, 0.1))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-4, 1, 0), 1, material_2))
material_3 = Metal(Color(0.7, 0.6, 0.5), 0)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(4, 1, 0), 1, material_3))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0.1
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def final_scene(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
# Ground
boxes1 = HittableList()
ground = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.48, 0.83, 0.53))
boxes_per_side = 20
for i in range(boxes_per_side):
for j in range(boxes_per_side):
w = 100
x0 = -1000 + i * w
z0 = -1000 + j * w
y0 = 0
x1 = x0 + w
y1 = random_float(1, 101)
z1 = z0 + w
boxes1.add(Box(Point3(x0, y0, x0), Point3(x1, y1, z1), ground))
world.add(BVHNode(boxes1.objects, time0, time1))
# Light
light = DiffuseLight(SolidColor(7, 7, 7))
world.add(XZRect(123, 423, 147, 412, 554, light))
# Moving sphere
center1 = Point3(400, 400, 200)
center2 = center1 + Vec3(30, 0, 0)
moving_sphere_material = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.7, 0.3, 0.1))
world.add(MovingSphere(center1, center2, 0, 1, 50, moving_sphere_material))
# Dielectric & metal balls
world.add(Sphere(Point3(260, 150, 45), 50, Dielectric(1.5)))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, 150, 145), 50, Metal(Color(0.8, 0.8, 0.9), 10.0)))
# The subsurface reflection sphere
boundary = Sphere(Point3(360, 150, 145), 70, Dielectric(1.5))
world.add(boundary)
world.add(ConstantMedium(boundary, 0.2, SolidColor(0.2, 0.4, 0.9)))
# Big thin mist
mist = Sphere(Point3(0, 0, 0), 5000, Dielectric(1.5))
world.add(ConstantMedium(mist, 0.0001, SolidColor(1, 1, 1)))
# Earth and marble ball
emat = Lambertian(ImageTexture("earthmap.jpg"))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(400, 200, 400), 100, emat))
pertext = NoiseTexture(0.1)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(220, 280, 300), 80, Lambertian(pertext)))
# Foam
boxes2 = HittableList()
white = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.73, 0.73, 0.73))
ns = 1000
for j in range(ns):
boxes2.add(Sphere(Point3.random(0, 165), 10, white))
world.add(
Translate(RotateY(BVHNode(boxes2.objects, time0, time1), 15),
Vec3(-100, 270, 395)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(478, 278, -600)
lookat = Point3(278, 278, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 40
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def cornell_box(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
# Colors
red = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.65, 0.05, 0.05))
white = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.73, 0.73, 0.73))
green = Lambertian(SolidColor(0.12, 0.45, 0.15))
light = DiffuseLight(SolidColor(15, 15, 15))
# Outer box
world.add(FlipFace(YZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, green)))
world.add(YZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 0, red))
world.add(XZRect(213, 343, 227, 332, 554, light))
world.add(XZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 0, white))
world.add(FlipFace(XZRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, white)))
world.add(FlipFace(XYRect(0, 555, 0, 555, 555, white)))
# Objects in the box
box1: Hittable = Box(Vec3(0, 0, 0), Point3(165, 330, 165), white)
box1 = RotateY(box1, 15)
box1 = Translate(box1, Point3(265, 0, 295))
box1 = ConstantMedium(box1, 0.01, SolidColor(0, 0, 0))
world.add(box1)
box2: Hittable = Box(Point3(0, 0, 0), Point3(165, 165, 165), white)
box2 = RotateY(box2, -18)
box2 = Translate(box2, Point3(130, 0, 65))
box2 = ConstantMedium(box2, 0.01, SolidColor(1, 1, 1))
world.add(box2)
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(278, 278, -800)
lookat = Point3(278, 278, 0)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 40
dist_to_focus: float = 10
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
return world_bvh, cam
def three_ball_scene(aspect_ratio: float, time0: float, time1: float) \
-> Tuple[BVHNode, Camera]:
world = HittableList()
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, 0, -1), 0.5, Lambertian(SolidColor(0.1, 0.2, 0.5))))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, -100.5, -1), 100, Lambertian(SolidColor(0.8, 0.8,
0))))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(1, 0, -1), 0.5, Metal(Color(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 0.3)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), 0.5, Dielectric(1.5)))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), -0.45, Dielectric(1.5)))
world_bvh = BVHNode(world.objects, time0, time1)
lookfrom = Point3(3, 3, 2)
lookat = Point3(0, 0, -1)
vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
vfov = 20
dist_to_focus: float = (lookfrom - lookat).length()
aperture: float = 0
cam = Camera(lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture,
dist_to_focus, time0, time1)
# lookfrom = Point3(13, 2, 3)
# lookat = Point3(0, 0, 0)
# vup = Vec3(0, 1, 0)
# vfov = 20
# dist_to_focus: float = 10
# aperture: float = 0.1
# cam = Camera(
# lookfrom, lookat, vup, vfov, aspect_ratio, aperture, dist_to_focus,
# time0, time1
# )
return world_bvh, cam
def ray_color(r: RayList, world: HittableList, depth: int) -> Vec3List:
length = len(r)
if not r.direction().e.any():
return Vec3List.new_zero(length)
# Calculate object hits
rec_list: HitRecordList = world.hit(r, 0.001, np.inf)
# Useful empty arrays
empty_vec3list = Vec3List.new_zero(length)
empty_array_float = np.zeros(length, np.float32)
empty_array_bool = np.zeros(length, np.bool)
empty_array_int = np.zeros(length, np.int32)
# Background / Sky
unit_direction = r.direction().unit_vector()
sky_condition = Vec3List.from_array((unit_direction.length() > 0)
& (rec_list.material == 0))
t = (unit_direction.y() + 1) * 0.5
blue_bg = (Vec3List.from_vec3(Color(1, 1, 1), length).mul_ndarray(1 - t) +
Vec3List.from_vec3(Color(0.5, 0.7, 1), length).mul_ndarray(t))
result_bg = Vec3List(np.where(sky_condition.e, blue_bg.e,
empty_vec3list.e))
if depth <= 1:
return result_bg
# Per-material preparations
materials: Dict[int, Material] = world.get_materials()
material_dict: Dict[int, Tuple[RayList, HitRecordList]] = dict()
for mat_idx in materials:
mat_condition = (rec_list.material == mat_idx)
mat_condition_3 = Vec3List.from_array(mat_condition)
if not mat_condition.any():
continue
raylist_temp = RayList(
Vec3List(np.where(mat_condition_3.e, r.orig.e, empty_vec3list.e)),
Vec3List(np.where(mat_condition_3.e, r.dir.e, empty_vec3list.e)))
reclist_temp = HitRecordList(
Vec3List(
np.where(mat_condition_3.e, rec_list.p.e, empty_vec3list.e)),
np.where(mat_condition, rec_list.t, empty_array_float),
np.where(mat_condition, rec_list.material, empty_array_int),
Vec3List(
np.where(mat_condition_3.e, rec_list.normal.e,
empty_vec3list.e)),
np.where(mat_condition, rec_list.front_face, empty_array_bool))
material_dict[mat_idx] = raylist_temp, reclist_temp
# Material scatter calculations
scattered_list = RayList.new_zero(length)
attenuation_list = Vec3List.new_zero(length)
for key in material_dict:
ray, rec = material_dict[key]
ray, rec, idx_list = compress(ray, rec)
scattered, attenuation = materials[key].scatter(ray, rec)
scattered, attenuation = decompress(scattered, attenuation, idx_list,
length)
scattered_list += scattered
attenuation_list += attenuation
result_hittable = (attenuation_list *
ray_color(scattered_list, world, depth - 1))
return result_hittable + result_bg
class Box(Hittable):
def __init__(self, p0: Point3, p1: Point3, mat: Material) -> None:
self.box_min = p0
self.box_max = p1
self.sides = HittableList()
self.sides.add(XYRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.y(), p1.y(), p1.z(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(XYRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), mat)))
self.sides.add(XZRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p1.y(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(XZRect(p0.x(), p1.x(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p0.y(), mat)))
self.sides.add(YZRect(p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p1.x(), mat))
self.sides.add(
FlipFace(YZRect(p0.y(), p1.y(), p0.z(), p1.z(), p0.x(), mat)))
def hit(self, r: Ray, t_min: float, t_max: float) -> Optional[HitRecord]:
return self.sides.hit(r, t_min, t_max)
def bounding_box(self, t0: float, t1: float) -> Optional[AABB]:
return AABB(self.box_min, self.box_max)
def three_ball_scene():
world = HittableList()
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, 0, -1), 0.5, Lambertian(Color(0.1, 0.2, 0.5), 1)))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(0, -100.5, -1), 100, Lambertian(Color(0.8, 0.8, 0), 2)))
world.add(
Sphere(Point3(1, 0, -1), 0.5, Metal(Color(0.8, 0.6, 0.2), 0.3, 3)))
material_dielectric = Dielectric(1.5, 4)
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), 0.5, material_dielectric))
world.add(Sphere(Point3(-1, 0, -1), -0.45, material_dielectric))
return world