# First, create a basic source object s_obj_ba = SourceObj('S4', xyz) # Then, we define a region of interest object (RoiObj). We use brodmann areas # but you should take a look to the complete tutorial on ROIs because visbrain # povides several templates (Brodmann, AAL, Talairach and MIST) roi_obj = RoiObj('brodmann') # If you want to see labels associated with the brodmann areas, uncomment the # following line # print(roi_obj.get_labels()) # Now, analyse sources using the RoiObj. The argument returned by the # `SourceObj.analyse_sources` method is a Pandas dataframe df_brod = s_obj_ba.analyse_sources(roi_obj=roi_obj) # The dataframe contains a column `brodmann` which is the name of the # associated brodmann area. Hence, we use it to color sources according to the # name of brodmann area s_obj_ba.color_sources(analysis=df_brod, color_by='brodmann') # Finally, add the object to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_ba, row=1, col=0, title='Color sources according to\n Brodmann area', **S_KW) ############################################################################### # Color sources, using predefined colors, according to the AAL location ############################################################################### # Similarly to the example above, here, we color sources according to the # Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) """Analyse where sources are located using the AAL ROI template and color only the precentral left (green), right (orange), insula right (blue). Others ROI are turn into white.
# xyz15 = b15.locs.values template_brain = 'B3' sc = SceneObj(bgcolor='white', size=(1000, 1000)) CBAR_STATE = dict(cbtxtsz=12, clim=[0, 15], txtsz=10., width=.1, cbtxtsh=3., rect=(-.3, -2., 1., 4.)) KW = dict(title_size=14., zoom=1) s_obj_1 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz1, data=data1, cmap=cmap) s_obj_1.color_sources(data=data1) s_obj_2 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz2, data=data2, cmap=cmap) s_obj_2.color_sources(data=data2) s_obj_3 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz3, data=data3, cmap=cmap) s_obj_3.color_sources(data=data3) s_obj_4 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz4, data=data4, cmap=cmap) s_obj_4.color_sources(data=data4) s_obj_5 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz5, data=data5, cmap=cmap) s_obj_5.color_sources(data=data5) s_obj_6 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz6, data=data6, cmap=cmap) s_obj_6.color_sources(data=data6) s_obj_7 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz7, data=data7, cmap=cmap) s_obj_7.color_sources(data=data7) s_obj_8 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz8, data=data8, cmap=cmap) s_obj_8.color_sources(data=data8) s_obj_9 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz9, data=data9, cmap=cmap)
clim = (psds.min(), psds.max()) # Find indices of frequencies : idx_fplt = np.abs( (freqs.reshape(1, 1, -1) - freq_bands[..., np.newaxis])).argmin(2) psdf = np.array([psds[:, k[0]:k[1]].mean(1) for k in idx_fplt]) radius = normalize(np.c_[psdf.min(1), psdf.max(1)], 5, 25).astype(float) for num, (fb, fbn, psd, rx) in enumerate(zip(freq_bands, freq_band_names, psdf, radius)): s_obj = SourceObj('s', xyz, data=psd, radius_min=rx[0], radius_max=rx[1]) # noqa s_obj.color_sources(data=psd, cmap='cool', clim=clim) sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, col=num, title=str(fb) + ' - ' + fbn, title_color='white', rotate='top', zoom=.6) cbar = ColorbarObj(s_obj, txtcolor='white', cblabel='PSD', txtsz=15, cbtxtsz=20) sc.add_to_subplot(cbar, col=len(freq_bands), width_max=200) sc.preview()
fig_dir = '../../../paper/figs/source/best_locs' # Colorbar default arguments CBAR_STATE = dict(cbtxtsz=20, txtsz=20., txtcolor='white', width=.1, cbtxtsh=3., rect=(-.3, -2., 1., 4.)) KW = dict(title_size=14., zoom=2) template_brain = 'B3' bo = se.load(os.path.join(nii_bo_dir, 'best_90th.bo')) data1 = bo.get_data().values.ravel() xyz1 = bo.locs.values s_obj_1 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz1, data=data1, cmap=cmap) s_obj_1.color_sources(data=data1) sc = SceneObj(bgcolor='white', size=(1000, 500)) b_obj_proj_left = BrainObj(template_brain, hemisphere='left', translucent=False) b_obj_proj_left.project_sources(s_obj_1, clim=(0, 2), cmap='binary') sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_proj_left, row=0, col=0, rotate='left', use_this_cam=True) b_obj_proj_left = BrainObj(template_brain, hemisphere='left', translucent=False) b_obj_proj_left.project_sources(s_obj_1, clim=(0, 2), cmap='binary') sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_proj_left, row=0, col=1, rotate='right', use_this_cam=True) b_obj_proj_right = BrainObj(template_brain, hemisphere='right', translucent=False) b_obj_proj_right.project_sources(s_obj_1, clim=(0, 2), cmap='binary') sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_proj_right, row=0, col=2, rotate='left', use_this_cam=True)
xyz6 = b6.locs.values template_brain = 'B3' sc = SceneObj(bgcolor='white', size=(1000, 1000)) CBAR_STATE = dict(cbtxtsz=12, clim=[0, 7], txtsz=10., width=.1, cbtxtsh=3., rect=(-.3, -2., 1., 4.)) KW = dict(title_size=14., zoom=1) s_obj_1 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz1, data=data1, cmap=cmap) s_obj_1.color_sources(data=data1) s_obj_2 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz2, data=data2, cmap=cmap) s_obj_2.color_sources(data=data2) s_obj_3 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz3, data=data3, cmap=cmap) s_obj_3.color_sources(data=data3) s_obj_4 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz4, data=data4, cmap=cmap) s_obj_4.color_sources(data=data4) s_obj_5 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz5, data=data5, cmap=cmap) s_obj_5.color_sources(data=data5) s_obj_6 = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz6, data=data6, cmap=cmap) s_obj_6.color_sources(data=data6) #s_obj_all = s_obj_1 + s_obj_2 + s_obj_3 + s_obj_4+ s_obj_5 + s_obj_6 + s_obj_7 s_obj_all = s_obj_6 + s_obj_5 + s_obj_4 + s_obj_3 + s_obj_2 + s_obj_1
############################################################################### """Create a first source object with uniform red square markers """ s_obj_l = SourceObj('S_left', s_xyz_l, data=data_l, color='red', edge_color='white', symbol='disc', edge_width=2., radius_min=10., radius_max=20., alpha=.4) """Color the sources according to data """ s_obj_l.color_sources(data=data_l, cmap='plasma') """Create a second source object. Then, we analyse where are located the sources using the AAL region of interest and used color according to gyrus """ s_obj_rb = SourceObj('S_right_back', s_xyz_rb, symbol='arrow', radius_min=20., edge_width=0., text_color='white', text_size=1., text_bold=True) """Analyse where the source are located using the Brodmann area (BA) atlas. This method returns a pandas.DataFrame """ df = s_obj_rb.analyse_sources('brodmann')
data_l = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, s_xyz_l.shape[0]) ############################################################################### # SOURCES ############################################################################### """Create a first source object with uniform red square markers """ s_obj_l = SourceObj('S_left', s_xyz_l, data=data_l, color='red', edge_color='white', symbol='disc', edge_width=2., radius_min=10., radius_max=20., alpha=.4) """Color the sources according to data """ s_obj_l.color_sources(data=data_l, cmap='plasma') """Create a second source object. Then, we analyse where are located the sources using the AAL region of interest and used color according to gyrus """ s_obj_rb = SourceObj('S_right_back', s_xyz_rb, symbol='arrow', radius_min=20., edge_width=0., text_color='white', text_size=1., text_bold=True) """Analyse where the source are located using the Brodmann area (BA) atlas. This method returns a pandas.DataFrame """ df = s_obj_rb.analyse_sources('brodmann') # print(df.keys()) """Then, color the sources according to the BA. Without further arguments, this function use random colors for each BA : """
# First, create a basic source object s_obj_ba = SourceObj('S4', xyz) # Then, we define a region of interest object (RoiObj). We use brodmann areas # but you should take a look to the complete tutorial on ROIs because visbrain # povides several templates (Brodmann, AAL, Talairach and MIST) roi_obj = RoiObj('brodmann') # If you want to see labels associated with the brodmann areas, uncomment the # following line # print(roi_obj.get_labels()) # Now, analyse sources using the RoiObj. The argument returned by the # `SourceObj.analyse_sources` method is a Pandas dataframe df_brod = s_obj_ba.analyse_sources(roi_obj=roi_obj) # The dataframe contains a column `brodmann` which is the name of the # associated brodmann area. Hence, we use it to color sources according to the # name of brodmann area s_obj_ba.color_sources(analysis=df_brod, color_by='brodmann') # Finally, add the object to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_ba, row=1, col=0, title='Color sources according to\n Brodmann area', **S_KW) ############################################################################### # Color sources, using predefined colors, according to the AAL location ############################################################################### # Similarly to the example above, here, we color sources according to the # Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) """Analyse where sources are located using the AAL ROI template and color only the precentral left (green), right (orange), insula right (blue). Others ROI are turn into white. """ # Create a basic source object
b_obj_lw = BrainObj('white', hemisphere='left', translucent=False) sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_lw, row=0, col=1, rotate='right', title='Left hemisphere', **KW) ############################################################################### # Projection iEEG data on the surface of the brain ############################################################################### # As explain above, we define a source object and project the source's activity # on the surface of the brain # First, define a brain object used for the projection b_obj_proj = BrainObj('B3', hemisphere='both', translucent=False) # Define the source object s_obj = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz, data=data, cmap='inferno') # Just for fun, color sources according to the data :) s_obj.color_sources(data=data) # Project source's activity s_obj.project_sources(b_obj_proj, cmap='plasma') # Finally, add the source and brain objects to the subplot sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=0, col=2, title='Project iEEG data', **KW) sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_proj, row=0, col=2, rotate='left', use_this_cam=True) # Finally, add the colorbar : cb_proj = ColorbarObj(s_obj, cblabel='Projection of niEEG data', **CBAR_STATE) sc.add_to_subplot(cb_proj, row=0, col=3, width_max=200) ############################################################################### # .. note:: # Here, we used s_obj.project_sources(b_obj) to project source's activity # on the surface. We could also have used to b_obj.project_sources(s_obj) ###############################################################################
col=2, title='Plot dorsal and ventral thalamus with fixed colors') # ============================================================================= # ANATOMICAL LOCATION OF SOURCES # ============================================================================= print('\n-> Anatomical location of sources using an ROI object') # Define the ROI object : roi_tal = RoiObj('talairach') roi_tal.select_roi(select=[681, 682, 808, 809]) roi_tal.translucent = True roi_tal.get_labels(save_to_path=vb_path) # save available Talairach labels # Define a source object : s_obj = SourceObj('FirstSources', xyz, data=data) analysis = s_obj.analyse_sources(roi_tal) s_obj.color_sources(analysis=analysis, color_by='gyrus') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=1, col=0, title='Anatomical location of sources') sc.add_to_subplot(roi_tal, row=1, col=0, use_this_cam=True) # ============================================================================= # SELECT SOURCES INSIDE ROI'S # ============================================================================= print('\n-> Select only sources inside BA 4, 6 and 8') # Define the ROI object : roi_brod_2 = RoiObj('brodmann') roi_brod_2.select_roi(select=[4, 6, 8]) roi_brod_2.translucent = True # Define a source object : s_obj_2 = SourceObj('SecondSources', xyz, data=data) analysis = s_obj_2.analyse_sources(roi_brod_2, distance=20.,
NSources = 200 index = np.random.choice(verts.shape[0], n_channels, replace=False) xyz = verts[index] brain_obj = BrainObj('Custom', vertices=verts, faces=faces, normals=normals, translucent=False) source_object = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz, data=data[:, 0], cmap=colormap) # Project source's activity source_object.project_sources(brain_obj) source_object.color_sources(data=data[:, 0]) # Finally, add the source and brain objects to the subplot scene.add_to_subplot(source_object, row=0, col=0, title='Project iEEG data', **KW) scene.add_to_subplot(brain_obj, row=0, col=0, rotate='left', use_this_cam=True) # Finally, add the colorbar : colorbar = ColorbarObj(source_object, cblabel='Projection of niEEG data', **CBAR_STATE) scene.add_to_subplot(colorbar, row=0, col=1, width_max=200, rotate='up')
sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_1, row=1, title='Animate multiple objects') sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_2, row=1, rotate='right', use_this_cam=True) ############################################################################### # Animate sources ############################################################################### # Previous subplots are using the brain object. But every 3D objects in # Visbrain can also be animated. We illustrate this with a source object # Define connectivity links and sources c_obj_1 = ConnectObj('c1', xyz, conn, select=conn_select, dynamic=(0., 1.), dynamic_orientation='center', dynamic_order=3, cmap='bwr', antialias=True) s_obj_2 = SourceObj('s2', xyz, data=data, radius_min=5., radius_max=20) s_obj_2.color_sources(data=data, cmap='inferno') # Animate sources s_obj_2.animate() # Add objects to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(c_obj_1, col=1, title='Animate a source object') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_2, col=1, rotate='front', use_this_cam=True, zoom=.7) ############################################################################### # Configure the animation rate ############################################################################### # Here, we configure animations so that there's a 60° rotation update every # second # Define a connectivity object and a brain object :
def vis_sources_by_pval(padj, all_coord, short_label): ''' 1. visualize the sources (brain regions) based on the FDR-adjusted p values display both the source objects and the brain object ''' # Define the default camera state used for each subplot CAM_STATE = dict( azimuth=0, # azimuth angle elevation=90, # elevation angle scale_factor=180 # distance to the camera ) S_KW = dict(camera_state=CAM_STATE) # Create the scene CBAR_STATE = dict(cbtxtsz=12, txtsz=13., width=.5, cbtxtsh=2., rect=(1., -2., 1., 4.)) sc = SceneObj(bgcolor='black', size=(1600, 1000)) # mask = padj<=0.05 # significant regions with true label data0, max_p, min_p = get_log_pval(padj) b_obj = BrainObj('white', hemisphere='both', translucent=True) b_obj.animate(iterations=10, step=30, interval=1) s_obj = SourceObj( 's1', all_coord, #all_coord, # mask = mask, # mask_color='white', # mask_radius = 15, color=padj * 100, data=data0, text=short_label, text_size=10, text_bold=True, text_color='yellow', symbol='disc', visible=True, radius_min=10, radius_max=40, alpha=0.65) s_obj_1.set_visible_sources('left') s_obj.color_sources(data=data0, cmap='jet', clim=(min_p, max_p)) cb_data = ColorbarObj(s_obj, cblabel='Log FDR-adjusted p value', border=False, **CBAR_STATE) sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj, row=0, col=0, rotate='front') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=0, col=0) sc.add_to_subplot(cb_data, row=0, col=1, width_max=90) # recording animation and save it sc.record_animation('output/animate_pvalue_projection.gif', n_pic=10) sc.preview()
rotate='right', title='Left hemisphere', **KW) ############################################################################### # Projection iEEG data on the surface of the brain ############################################################################### # As explain above, we define a source object and project the source's activity # on the surface of the brain # First, define a brain object used for the projection b_obj_proj = BrainObj('B3', hemisphere='both', translucent=False) # Define the source object s_obj = SourceObj('iEEG', xyz, data=data, cmap='inferno') # Just for fun, color sources according to the data :) s_obj.color_sources(data=data) # Project source's activity s_obj.project_sources(b_obj_proj, cmap='plasma') # Finally, add the source and brain objects to the subplot sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=0, col=2, title='Project iEEG data', **KW) sc.add_to_subplot(b_obj_proj, row=0, col=2, rotate='left', use_this_cam=True) # Finally, add the colorbar : cb_proj = ColorbarObj(s_obj, cblabel='Projection of niEEG data', **CBAR_STATE) sc.add_to_subplot(cb_proj, row=0, col=3, width_max=200) ############################################################################### # .. note:: # Here, we used s_obj.project_sources(b_obj) to project source's activity # on the surface. We could also have used to b_obj.project_sources(s_obj) ###############################################################################
############################################################################### # Previous subplots are using the brain object. But every 3D objects in # Visbrain can also be animated. We illustrate this with a source object # Define connectivity links and sources c_obj_1 = ConnectObj('c1', xyz, conn, select=conn_select, dynamic=(0., 1.), dynamic_orientation='center', dynamic_order=3, cmap='bwr', antialias=True) s_obj_2 = SourceObj('s2', xyz, data=data, radius_min=5., radius_max=20) s_obj_2.color_sources(data=data, cmap='inferno') # Animate sources s_obj_2.animate() # Add objects to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(c_obj_1, col=1, title='Animate a source object') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_2, col=1, rotate='front', use_this_cam=True, zoom=.7) ############################################################################### # Configure the animation rate ############################################################################### # Here, we configure animations so that there's a 60° rotation update every # second # Define a connectivity object and a brain object :
############################################################################### # If you defined sources (like intracranial recording sites, MEG source # reconstruction...) you can use the SourceObj to defined those sources and # then, the RoiObj to identify where are those sources located using the ROI # volume. Here, we use the MIST at the `ROI` resolution to identify where are # located those sources # Define the MIST object at the ROI level roi_mist = RoiObj('mist_ROI') # roi_mist.get_labels(save_to_path=vb_path) # save the labels # Define the source object and analyse those sources using the MIST s_obj = SourceObj('anat', xyz, data=data) analysis = s_obj.analyse_sources(roi_mist) # print(analysis) # anatomical informations are included in a dataframe # Color those sources according to the anatomical informations s_obj.color_sources(analysis=analysis, color_by='name_ROI') # Add the source object to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=1, col=0, rotate='top', zoom=.6, title='Get anatomical informations of sources') ############################################################################### # .. note:: # In the example above, we analyse sources using only one ROI object. But # you can also combine anatomical informations that come from several # ROI. For example, if you want to analyse your sources using brodmann # areas, AAL and MIST at level 7 : #
clim=clim, dynamic=(0., 1.), dynamic_order=3, antialias=True, cmap='bwr', line_width=4.) s_obj = SourceObj('s', xyz, data=radius, radius_min=5, radius_max=15, text=names, text_size=10, text_color='white', text_translate=(0., 0., 0.)) s_obj.color_sources(data=radius, cmap='inferno') cbar = ColorbarObj(c_obj, txtcolor='white', txtsz=15, cblabel='Connectivity', cbtxtsz=20) band = _parse_string(connect_file, freq_band_names) title = 'Connectivity on {} band'.format(band) sc.add_to_subplot(c_obj, title=title, title_size=14, title_bold=True, title_color='white', row=nf) sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, rotate='top', zoom=.5, use_this_cam=True, row=nf) sc.add_to_subplot(cbar, col=1, width_max=200, row=nf)
############################################################################### # Region Of Interest (ROI) ############################################################################### roi_aal = RoiObj('aal') roi_aal.select_roi(select=[29, 30], unique_color=True, smooth=11) sc.add_to_subplot(roi_aal, row=0, col=1, title='Region Of Interest (ROI)') sc.add_to_subplot(BrainObj('B1'), use_this_cam=True, row=0, col=1) ############################################################################### # Sources ############################################################################### s_obj = SourceObj('FirstSources', xyz, data=data) s_obj.color_sources(data=data, cmap='Spectral_r') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=1, col=1, title='Sources') sc.add_to_subplot(BrainObj('B3'), use_this_cam=True, row=1, col=1) ############################################################################### # 3D Time-series ############################################################################### ts, _ = generate_eeg(n_pts=100, n_channels=xyz.shape[0]) select = np.zeros((xyz.shape[0],), dtype=bool) select[slice(0, 100, 10)] = True ts_obj = TimeSeries3DObj('TS3D', ts, xyz, select=select, color='pink', ts_amp=24.) sc.add_to_subplot(ts_obj, row=0, col=2, title='3D time series') sc.add_to_subplot(BrainObj('B2'), use_this_cam=True, row=0, col=2)
=============================================================================== Region Of Interest (ROI) =============================================================================== """) roi_aal = RoiObj('aal') roi_aal.select_roi(select=[29, 30], unique_color=True, smooth=11) sc.add_to_subplot(roi_aal, row=0, col=1, title='Region Of Interest (ROI)') sc.add_to_subplot(BrainObj('B1'), use_this_cam=True, row=0, col=1) print(""" ============================================================================= Sources ============================================================================= """) s_obj = SourceObj('FirstSources', xyz, data=data) s_obj.color_sources(data=data, cmap='Spectral_r') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=1, col=1, title='Sources') sc.add_to_subplot(BrainObj('B3'), use_this_cam=True, row=1, col=1) print(""" # ============================================================================= # 3D Time-series # ============================================================================= """) ts, _ = generate_eeg(n_pts=100, n_channels=xyz.shape[0]) select = np.zeros((xyz.shape[0],), dtype=bool) select[slice(0, 100, 10)] = True ts_obj = TimeSeries3DObj('TS3D', ts, xyz, select=select, color='pink', ts_amp=24.) sc.add_to_subplot(ts_obj, row=0, col=2, title='3D time series')
############################################################################### # If you defined sources (like intracranial recording sites, MEG source # reconstruction...) you can use the SourceObj to defined those sources and # then, the RoiObj to identify where are those sources located using the ROI # volume. Here, we use the MIST at the `ROI` resolution to identify where are # located those sources # Define the MIST object at the ROI level roi_mist = RoiObj('mist_ROI') # roi_mist.get_labels(save_to_path=vb_path) # save the labels # Define the source object and analyse those sources using the MIST s_obj = SourceObj('anat', xyz, data=data) analysis = s_obj.analyse_sources(roi_mist) # print(analysis) # anatomical informations are included in a dataframe # Color those sources according to the anatomical informations s_obj.color_sources(analysis=analysis, color_by='name_ROI') # Add the source object to the scene sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj, row=1, col=0, rotate='top', zoom=.6, title='Get anatomical informations of sources') ############################################################################### # .. note:: # In the example above, we analyse sources using only one ROI object. But # you can also combine anatomical informations that come from several # ROI. For example, if you want to analyse your sources using brodmann # areas, AAL and MIST at level 7 : # # brod_roi = RoiObj('brodmann') # # brod_aal = RoiObj('aal') #
orange """ mask = np.logical_and(xyz[:, 0] >= -20., xyz[:, 0] <= 20.) data = np.random.rand(n_sources) s_obj_mask = SourceObj('S3', xyz, mask=mask, mask_color='orange', color='slateblue', data=data, radius_min=2., radius_max=20.) sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_mask, row=0, col=2, title='Mask sources between [-20., 20.]') """Analyse where sources are located using the Brodmann ROI template and color sources according to the Brodmann area """ s_obj_ba = SourceObj('S4', xyz) df_brod = s_obj_ba.analyse_sources(roi_obj='brodmann') s_obj_ba.color_sources(analysis=df_brod, color_by='brodmann') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_ba, row=1, col=0, title='Color sources according to Brodmann area') """Analyse where sources are located using the AAL ROI template and color only the precentral left (green), right (orange), insula right (blue). Others ROI are turn into white. """ s_obj_aal = SourceObj('S5', xyz) df_aal = s_obj_aal.analyse_sources(roi_obj='aal') aal_col = {'Precentral (R)': 'green', 'Precentral (L)': 'orange', 'Insula (R)': 'blue'} s_obj_aal.color_sources(analysis=df_aal, color_by='aal', roi_to_color=aal_col, color_others='white') sc.add_to_subplot(s_obj_aal, row=1, col=1,