def load(cls, dir_path: str):
"""Load a model object previously produced by `fit()` from disk and return this object.
It is highly recommended the predictor be loaded with the exact AutoGluon version it was fit with.
Parameters
----------
dir_path
Path to directory where this model was previously saved.
use_gpu
Whether try to use GPU if possible.
Returns
-------
model
A `BertForTextPredictionBasic` object that can be used for making predictions on new data.
"""
loaded_config = cls.default_config().clone_merge(
os.path.join(dir_path, 'cfg.yml'))
with open(os.path.join(dir_path, 'assets.json'), 'r') as f:
assets = json.load(f)
label_columns = assets['label_columns']
feature_columns = assets['feature_columns']
label_shapes = assets['label_shapes']
problem_types = assets['problem_types']
column_properties = get_column_properties_from_metadata(
os.path.join(dir_path, 'column_metadata.json'))
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ \
= get_backbone(loaded_config.model.backbone.name)
# Initialize the preprocessor
preprocessor = TabularBasicBERTPreprocessor(
tokenizer=tokenizer,
column_properties=column_properties,
label_columns=label_columns,
max_length=loaded_config.model.preprocess.max_length,
merge_text=loaded_config.model.preprocess.merge_text)
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
net = BERTForTabularBasicV1(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
feature_field_info=preprocessor.feature_field_info(),
label_shape=label_shapes[0],
cfg=loaded_config.model.network)
net.hybridize()
ctx_l = get_mxnet_available_ctx()
net.load_parameters(os.path.join(dir_path, 'net.params'), ctx=ctx_l)
model = cls(column_properties=column_properties,
label_columns=label_columns,
feature_columns=feature_columns,
label_shapes=label_shapes,
problem_types=problem_types,
stopping_metric=None,
log_metrics=None,
base_config=loaded_config)
model._net = net
model._preprocessor = preprocessor
model._config = loaded_config
return model
def test_multimodal_with_pretrained_text_nn(num_text_features,
num_categorical_features,
num_numerical_features,
aggregate_categorical, agg_type,
out_shape):
if agg_type == 'attention_token' and num_text_features != 1:
pytest.skip('Not supported!')
numerical_input_units = [32] * num_numerical_features
num_categories = [
np.random.randint(2, 10) for _ in range(num_categorical_features)
]
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ = get_backbone(
'google_electra_small')
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
cfg = MultiModalWithPretrainedTextNN.get_cfg()
cfg.defrost()
cfg.agg_net.agg_type = agg_type
cfg.aggregate_categorical = aggregate_categorical
cfg.freeze()
net = MultiModalWithPretrainedTextNN(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
num_text_features=num_text_features,
num_categorical_features=num_categorical_features,
num_numerical_features=num_numerical_features,
numerical_input_units=numerical_input_units,
num_categories=num_categories,
out_shape=out_shape,
cfg=cfg)
net.initialize_with_pretrained_backbone(backbone_params_path)
net.hybridize()
batch_size = 2
seq_length = 5
text_features = []
for i in range(num_text_features):
text_features.append((mx.np.random.randint(0, 100,
(batch_size, seq_length)),
mx.np.random.randint(2, 5, (batch_size, )),
mx.np.zeros((batch_size, seq_length))))
categorical_features = []
for i, num_class in enumerate(num_categories):
categorical_features.append(
mx.np.random.randint(0, num_class, (batch_size, )))
numerical_features = []
for i, units in enumerate(numerical_input_units):
numerical_features.append(
mx.np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, units)))
gt = mx.np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, out_shape))
with mx.autograd.record():
logits = net(text_features + categorical_features + numerical_features)
loss = mx.np.square(logits - gt).mean()
loss.backward()
def load(cls, dir_path):
"""Load the trained model from a directory
Parameters
----------
dir_path
The directory path
Returns
-------
model
"""
loaded_config = cls.default_config().clone_merge(
os.path.join(dir_path, 'cfg.yml'))
with open(os.path.join(dir_path, 'assets.json'), 'r') as f:
assets = json.load(f)
label_columns = assets['label_columns']
feature_columns = assets['feature_columns']
label_shapes = assets['label_shapes']
problem_types = assets['problem_types']
column_properties = get_column_properties_from_metadata(
os.path.join(dir_path, 'column_metadata.json'))
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ \
= get_backbone(loaded_config.model.backbone.name)
# Initialize the preprocessor
preprocessor = TabularBasicBERTPreprocessor(
tokenizer=tokenizer,
column_properties=column_properties,
label_columns=label_columns,
max_length=loaded_config.model.preprocess.max_length,
merge_text=loaded_config.model.preprocess.merge_text)
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
net = BERTForTabularBasicV1(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
feature_field_info=preprocessor.feature_field_info(),
label_shape=label_shapes[0],
cfg=loaded_config.model.network)
net.load_parameters(os.path.join(dir_path, 'net.params'), ctx=mx.cpu())
model = cls(column_properties=column_properties,
label_columns=label_columns,
feature_columns=feature_columns,
label_shapes=label_shapes,
problem_types=problem_types,
stopping_metric=None,
log_metrics=None,
base_config=loaded_config)
model._net = net
model._preprocessor = preprocessor
model._config = loaded_config
return model
def get_tokenizer(backbone_name):
_, _, tokenizer, _, _ = get_backbone(backbone_name)
return tokenizer
def train(self,
train_data,
tuning_data,
resource,
time_limits=None,
search_strategy='random',
search_options=None,
scheduler_options=None,
num_trials=None,
plot_results=False,
console_log=True,
ignore_warning=True,
verbosity=2):
force_forkserver()
start_tick = time.time()
logging_config(folder=self._output_directory,
name='main',
console=console_log,
logger=self._logger)
assert len(self._label_columns) == 1
# TODO(sxjscience) Try to support S3
os.makedirs(self._output_directory, exist_ok=True)
search_space_reg = args(search_space=space.Dict(**self.search_space))
# Scheduler and searcher for HPO
if scheduler_options is None:
scheduler_options = dict()
scheduler_options = compile_scheduler_options(
scheduler_options=scheduler_options,
search_strategy=search_strategy,
search_options=search_options,
nthreads_per_trial=resource['num_cpus'],
ngpus_per_trial=resource['num_gpus'],
checkpoint=os.path.join(self._output_directory, 'checkpoint.ag'),
num_trials=num_trials,
time_out=time_limits,
resume=False,
visualizer=scheduler_options.get('visualizer'),
time_attr='report_idx',
reward_attr='reward_attr',
dist_ip_addrs=scheduler_options.get('dist_ip_addrs'))
# Create a temporary cache file and then ask the inner function to load the
# temporary cache.
train_df_path = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'cache_train_dataframe.pq')
tuning_df_path = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'cache_tuning_dataframe.pq')
train_data.table.to_parquet(train_df_path)
tuning_data.table.to_parquet(tuning_df_path)
train_fn = search_space_reg(
functools.partial(train_function,
train_df_path=train_df_path,
time_limits=time_limits,
time_start=start_tick,
tuning_df_path=tuning_df_path,
base_config=self.base_config,
problem_types=self.problem_types,
column_properties=self._column_properties,
label_columns=self._label_columns,
label_shapes=self._label_shapes,
log_metrics=self._log_metrics,
stopping_metric=self._stopping_metric,
console_log=console_log,
ignore_warning=ignore_warning))
scheduler_cls = schedulers[search_strategy.lower()]
# Create scheduler, run HPO experiment
scheduler = scheduler_cls(train_fn, **scheduler_options)
scheduler.run()
scheduler.join_jobs()
if len(scheduler.config_history) == 0:
raise RuntimeError(
'No training job has been completed! '
'There are two possibilities: '
'1) The time_limits is too small, '
'or 2) There are some internal errors in AutoGluon. '
'For the first case, you can increase the time_limits or set it to '
'None, e.g., setting "TextPrediction.fit(..., time_limits=None). To '
'further investigate the root cause, you can also try to train with '
'"verbosity=3", i.e., TextPrediction.fit(..., verbosity=3).')
best_config = scheduler.get_best_config()
if verbosity >= 2:
self._logger.info('Results=', scheduler.searcher._results)
self._logger.info('Best_config={}'.format(best_config))
best_task_id = scheduler.get_best_task_id()
best_model_saved_dir_path = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'task{}'.format(best_task_id))
best_cfg_path = os.path.join(best_model_saved_dir_path, 'cfg.yml')
cfg = self.base_config.clone_merge(best_cfg_path)
self._results = dict()
self._results.update(best_reward=scheduler.get_best_reward(),
best_config=scheduler.get_best_config(),
total_time=time.time() - start_tick,
metadata=scheduler.metadata,
training_history=scheduler.training_history,
config_history=scheduler.config_history,
reward_attr=scheduler._reward_attr,
config=cfg)
if plot_results:
plot_training_curves = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'plot_training_curves.png')
scheduler.get_training_curves(filename=plot_training_curves,
plot=plot_results,
use_legend=True)
# Consider to move this to a separate predictor
self._config = cfg
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ \
= get_backbone(cfg.model.backbone.name)
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
preprocessor = TabularBasicBERTPreprocessor(
tokenizer=tokenizer,
column_properties=self._column_properties,
label_columns=self._label_columns,
max_length=cfg.model.preprocess.max_length,
merge_text=cfg.model.preprocess.merge_text)
self._preprocessor = preprocessor
net = BERTForTabularBasicV1(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
feature_field_info=preprocessor.feature_field_info(),
label_shape=self._label_shapes[0],
cfg=cfg.model.network)
net.hybridize()
ctx_l = get_mxnet_available_ctx()
net.load_parameters(os.path.join(best_model_saved_dir_path,
'best_model.params'),
ctx=ctx_l)
self._net = net
mx.npx.waitall()
def train_function(args,
reporter,
train_df_path,
tuning_df_path,
time_limits,
time_start,
base_config,
problem_types,
column_properties,
label_columns,
label_shapes,
log_metrics,
stopping_metric,
console_log,
ignore_warning=False):
if time_limits is not None:
start_train_tick = time.time()
time_left = time_limits - (start_train_tick - time_start)
if time_left <= 0:
reporter.terminate()
return
import os
# Get the log metric scorers
if isinstance(log_metrics, str):
log_metrics = [log_metrics]
# Load the training and tuning data from the parquet file
train_data = pd.read_parquet(train_df_path)
tuning_data = pd.read_parquet(tuning_df_path)
log_metric_scorers = [get_metric(ele) for ele in log_metrics]
stopping_metric_scorer = get_metric(stopping_metric)
greater_is_better = stopping_metric_scorer.greater_is_better
os.environ['MKL_NUM_THREADS'] = '1'
os.environ['OMP_NUM_THREADS'] = '1'
os.environ['MKL_DYNAMIC'] = 'FALSE'
if ignore_warning:
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
search_space = args['search_space']
cfg = base_config.clone()
specified_values = []
for key in search_space:
specified_values.append(key)
specified_values.append(search_space[key])
cfg.merge_from_list(specified_values)
exp_dir = cfg.misc.exp_dir
if reporter is not None:
# When the reporter is not None,
# we create the saved directory based on the task_id + time
task_id = args.task_id
exp_dir = os.path.join(exp_dir, 'task{}'.format(task_id))
os.makedirs(exp_dir, exist_ok=True)
cfg.defrost()
cfg.misc.exp_dir = exp_dir
cfg.freeze()
logger = logging.getLogger()
logging_config(folder=exp_dir,
name='training',
logger=logger,
console=console_log)
logger.info(cfg)
# Load backbone model
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ \
= get_backbone(cfg.model.backbone.name)
with open(os.path.join(exp_dir, 'cfg.yml'), 'w') as f:
f.write(str(cfg))
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
# Build Preprocessor + Preprocess the training dataset + Inference problem type
# TODO Move preprocessor + Dataloader to outer loop to better cache the dataloader
preprocessor = TabularBasicBERTPreprocessor(
tokenizer=tokenizer,
column_properties=column_properties,
label_columns=label_columns,
max_length=cfg.model.preprocess.max_length,
merge_text=cfg.model.preprocess.merge_text)
logger.info('Process training set...')
processed_train = preprocessor.process_train(train_data)
logger.info('Done!')
logger.info('Process dev set...')
processed_dev = preprocessor.process_test(tuning_data)
logger.info('Done!')
label = label_columns[0]
# Get the ground-truth dev labels
gt_dev_labels = np.array(tuning_data[label].apply(
column_properties[label].transform))
ctx_l = get_mxnet_available_ctx()
base_batch_size = cfg.optimization.per_device_batch_size
num_accumulated = int(
np.ceil(cfg.optimization.batch_size / base_batch_size))
inference_base_batch_size = base_batch_size * cfg.optimization.val_batch_size_mult
train_dataloader = DataLoader(
processed_train,
batch_size=base_batch_size,
shuffle=True,
batchify_fn=preprocessor.batchify(is_test=False))
dev_dataloader = DataLoader(
processed_dev,
batch_size=inference_base_batch_size,
shuffle=False,
batchify_fn=preprocessor.batchify(is_test=True))
net = BERTForTabularBasicV1(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
feature_field_info=preprocessor.feature_field_info(),
label_shape=label_shapes[0],
cfg=cfg.model.network)
net.initialize_with_pretrained_backbone(backbone_params_path, ctx=ctx_l)
net.hybridize()
num_total_params, num_total_fixed_params = count_parameters(
net.collect_params())
logger.info('#Total Params/Fixed Params={}/{}'.format(
num_total_params, num_total_fixed_params))
# Initialize the optimizer
updates_per_epoch = int(
len(train_dataloader) / (num_accumulated * len(ctx_l)))
optimizer, optimizer_params, max_update \
= get_optimizer(cfg.optimization,
updates_per_epoch=updates_per_epoch)
valid_interval = math.ceil(cfg.optimization.valid_frequency *
updates_per_epoch)
train_log_interval = math.ceil(cfg.optimization.log_frequency *
updates_per_epoch)
trainer = mx.gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(),
optimizer,
optimizer_params,
update_on_kvstore=False)
if 0 < cfg.optimization.layerwise_lr_decay < 1:
apply_layerwise_decay(net.text_backbone,
cfg.optimization.layerwise_lr_decay,
backbone_name=cfg.model.backbone.name)
# Do not apply weight decay to all the LayerNorm and bias
for _, v in net.collect_params('.*beta|.*gamma|.*bias').items():
v.wd_mult = 0.0
params = [p for p in net.collect_params().values() if p.grad_req != 'null']
# Set grad_req if gradient accumulation is required
if num_accumulated > 1:
logger.info('Using gradient accumulation.'
' Global batch size = {}'.format(
cfg.optimization.batch_size))
for p in params:
p.grad_req = 'add'
net.collect_params().zero_grad()
train_loop_dataloader = grouper(repeat(train_dataloader), len(ctx_l))
log_loss_l = [mx.np.array(0.0, dtype=np.float32, ctx=ctx) for ctx in ctx_l]
log_num_samples_l = [0 for _ in ctx_l]
logging_start_tick = time.time()
best_performance_score = None
mx.npx.waitall()
no_better_rounds = 0
report_idx = 0
start_tick = time.time()
if time_limits is not None:
time_limits -= start_tick - time_start
if time_limits <= 0:
reporter.terminate()
return
best_report_items = None
for update_idx in tqdm.tqdm(range(max_update), disable=None):
num_samples_per_update_l = [0 for _ in ctx_l]
for accum_idx in range(num_accumulated):
sample_l = next(train_loop_dataloader)
loss_l = []
num_samples_l = [0 for _ in ctx_l]
for i, (sample, ctx) in enumerate(zip(sample_l, ctx_l)):
feature_batch, label_batch = sample
feature_batch = move_to_ctx(feature_batch, ctx)
label_batch = move_to_ctx(label_batch, ctx)
with mx.autograd.record():
pred = net(feature_batch)
if problem_types[0] == _C.CLASSIFICATION:
logits = mx.npx.log_softmax(pred, axis=-1)
loss = -mx.npx.pick(logits, label_batch[0])
elif problem_types[0] == _C.REGRESSION:
loss = mx.np.square(pred - label_batch[0])
loss_l.append(loss.mean() / len(ctx_l))
num_samples_l[i] = loss.shape[0]
num_samples_per_update_l[i] += loss.shape[0]
for loss in loss_l:
loss.backward()
for i in range(len(ctx_l)):
log_loss_l[i] += loss_l[i] * len(ctx_l) * num_samples_l[i]
log_num_samples_l[i] += num_samples_per_update_l[i]
# Begin to update
trainer.allreduce_grads()
num_samples_per_update = sum(num_samples_per_update_l)
total_norm, ratio, is_finite = \
clip_grad_global_norm(params, cfg.optimization.max_grad_norm * num_accumulated)
total_norm = total_norm / num_accumulated
trainer.update(num_samples_per_update)
# Clear after update
if num_accumulated > 1:
net.collect_params().zero_grad()
if (update_idx + 1) % train_log_interval == 0:
log_loss = sum([ele.as_in_ctx(ctx_l[0])
for ele in log_loss_l]).asnumpy()
log_num_samples = sum(log_num_samples_l)
logger.info(
'[Iter {}/{}, Epoch {}] train loss={:0.4e}, gnorm={:0.4e}, lr={:0.4e}, #samples processed={},'
' #sample per second={:.2f}'.format(
update_idx + 1, max_update,
int(update_idx / updates_per_epoch),
log_loss / log_num_samples, total_norm,
trainer.learning_rate, log_num_samples,
log_num_samples / (time.time() - logging_start_tick)))
logging_start_tick = time.time()
log_loss_l = [
mx.np.array(0.0, dtype=np.float32, ctx=ctx) for ctx in ctx_l
]
log_num_samples_l = [0 for _ in ctx_l]
if (update_idx + 1) % valid_interval == 0 or (update_idx +
1) == max_update:
valid_start_tick = time.time()
dev_predictions = \
_classification_regression_predict(net, dataloader=dev_dataloader,
problem_type=problem_types[0],
has_label=False)
log_scores = [
calculate_metric(scorer, gt_dev_labels, dev_predictions,
problem_types[0])
for scorer in log_metric_scorers
]
dev_score = calculate_metric(stopping_metric_scorer, gt_dev_labels,
dev_predictions, problem_types[0])
valid_time_spent = time.time() - valid_start_tick
if best_performance_score is None or \
(greater_is_better and dev_score >= best_performance_score) or \
(not greater_is_better and dev_score <= best_performance_score):
find_better = True
no_better_rounds = 0
best_performance_score = dev_score
net.save_parameters(os.path.join(exp_dir, 'best_model.params'))
else:
find_better = False
no_better_rounds += 1
mx.npx.waitall()
loss_string = ', '.join([
'{}={:0.4e}'.format(metric.name, score)
for score, metric in zip(log_scores, log_metric_scorers)
])
logger.info('[Iter {}/{}, Epoch {}] valid {}, time spent={:.3f}s,'
' total_time={:.2f}min'.format(
update_idx + 1, max_update,
int(update_idx / updates_per_epoch), loss_string,
valid_time_spent, (time.time() - start_tick) / 60))
report_items = [('iteration', update_idx + 1),
('report_idx', report_idx + 1),
('epoch', int(update_idx / updates_per_epoch))] +\
[(metric.name, score)
for score, metric in zip(log_scores, log_metric_scorers)] + \
[('find_better', find_better),
('time_spent', int(time.time() - start_tick))]
total_time_spent = time.time() - start_tick
if stopping_metric_scorer._sign < 0:
report_items.append(('reward_attr', -dev_score))
else:
report_items.append(('reward_attr', dev_score))
report_items.append(('eval_metric', stopping_metric_scorer.name))
report_items.append(('exp_dir', exp_dir))
if find_better:
best_report_items = report_items
reporter(**dict(report_items))
report_idx += 1
if no_better_rounds >= cfg.learning.early_stopping_patience:
logger.info('Early stopping patience reached!')
break
if time_limits is not None and total_time_spent > time_limits:
break
best_report_items_dict = dict(best_report_items)
best_report_items_dict['report_idx'] = report_idx + 1
reporter(**best_report_items_dict)
def train(self,
train_data,
tuning_data,
resource,
time_limits=None,
scheduler='fifo',
searcher=None,
num_trials=10,
grace_period=None,
max_t=None,
reduction_factor=4,
brackets=1,
plot_results=False,
console_log=True,
ignore_warning=True):
start_tick = time.time()
logging_config(folder=self._output_directory,
name='main',
console=console_log,
logger=self._logger)
assert len(self._label_columns) == 1
# TODO(sxjscience) Try to support S3
os.makedirs(self._output_directory, exist_ok=True)
search_space_reg = args(search_space=space.Dict(**self.search_space))
if scheduler == 'hyperband' and time_limits is None:
time_limits = 5 * 60 * 60 # 5 hour
train_fn = search_space_reg(
functools.partial(train_function,
train_data=train_data,
time_limits=time_limits,
tuning_data=tuning_data,
base_config=self.base_config,
problem_types=self.problem_types,
column_properties=self._column_properties,
label_columns=self._label_columns,
label_shapes=self._label_shapes,
log_metrics=self._log_metrics,
stopping_metric=self._stopping_metric,
console_log=console_log,
ignore_warning=ignore_warning))
if scheduler == 'fifo':
if searcher is None:
searcher = 'random'
scheduler = FIFOScheduler(train_fn,
time_out=time_limits,
num_trials=num_trials,
resource=resource,
searcher=searcher,
checkpoint=None,
reward_attr='reward',
time_attr='time_spent')
elif scheduler == 'hyperband':
if searcher is None:
searcher = 'random'
if grace_period is None:
grace_period = 1
if max_t is None:
max_t = 5
scheduler = HyperbandScheduler(train_fn,
time_out=time_limits,
max_t=max_t,
resource=resource,
searcher=searcher,
grace_period=grace_period,
reduction_factor=reduction_factor,
brackets=brackets,
checkpoint=None,
reward_attr='reward',
time_attr='report_idx')
else:
raise NotImplementedError
scheduler.run()
scheduler.join_jobs()
self._logger.info('Best_config={}'.format(scheduler.get_best_config()))
best_task_id = scheduler.get_best_task_id()
best_model_saved_dir_path = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'task{}'.format(best_task_id))
best_cfg_path = os.path.join(best_model_saved_dir_path, 'cfg.yml')
cfg = self.base_config.clone_merge(best_cfg_path)
self._results = dict()
self._results.update(best_reward=scheduler.get_best_reward(),
best_config=scheduler.get_best_config(),
total_time=time.time() - start_tick,
metadata=scheduler.metadata,
training_history=scheduler.training_history,
config_history=scheduler.config_history,
reward_attr=scheduler._reward_attr,
config=cfg)
if plot_results:
plot_training_curves = os.path.join(self._output_directory,
'plot_training_curves.png')
scheduler.get_training_curves(filename=plot_training_curves,
plot=plot_results,
use_legend=True)
# Consider to move this to a separate predictor
self._config = cfg
backbone_model_cls, backbone_cfg, tokenizer, backbone_params_path, _ \
= get_backbone(cfg.model.backbone.name)
text_backbone = backbone_model_cls.from_cfg(backbone_cfg)
preprocessor = TabularBasicBERTPreprocessor(
tokenizer=tokenizer,
column_properties=self._column_properties,
label_columns=self._label_columns,
max_length=cfg.model.preprocess.max_length,
merge_text=cfg.model.preprocess.merge_text)
self._preprocessor = preprocessor
net = BERTForTabularBasicV1(
text_backbone=text_backbone,
feature_field_info=preprocessor.feature_field_info(),
label_shape=self._label_shapes[0],
cfg=cfg.model.network)
# Here, we cannot use GPU due to https://github.com/awslabs/autogluon/issues/602
net.load_parameters(os.path.join(best_model_saved_dir_path,
'best_model.params'),
ctx=mx.cpu())
self._net = net
mx.npx.waitall()
