def climb_integration(mass, mach_climb, climb_V_cas, delta_ISA, final_altitude,
initial_altitude, vehicle):
rate_of_climb = 500
time_climb1 = 0
time_climb2 = 0
time_climb3 = 0
transition_altitude = crossover_altitude(mach_climb, climb_V_cas,
delta_ISA)
time = 0
distance = 0
fuel1 = 0
fuel2 = 0
fuel3 = 0
if final_altitude >= transition_altitude:
flag1 = 1
flag2 = 1
flag3 = 1
if (final_altitude >= 10000 and final_altitude < transition_altitude):
flag1 = 1
flag2 = 1
flag3 = 0
if final_altitude < 10000:
flag1 = 1
flag2 = 0
flag3 = 0
total_burned_fuel = []
total_climb_time = []
throttle_position = 0.95
# aircraft_data = baseline_aircraft()
if flag1 == 1:
# Climb to 10000 ft with 250 KCAS
if final_altitude <= 11000:
final_block_altitude = final_altitude
else:
final_block_altitude = 11000
initial_block_distance = 0
initial_block_altitude = 0
initial_block_mass = mass
initial_block_time = 0
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, climb_V_cas, mach_climb,
delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
climb_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_climb_time.append(climb_time)
if flag2 == 1:
initial_block_distance = final_block_distance
initial_block_altitude = final_block_altitude
initial_block_mass = final_block_mass
initial_block_time = final_block_time
final_block_altitude = transition_altitude
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, climb_V_cas, mach_climb,
delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
climb_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_climb_time.append(climb_time)
# plt.plot(time_interval, state[:, 1])
if flag3 == 1:
initial_block_distance = final_block_distance
initial_block_altitude = final_block_altitude
initial_block_mass = final_block_mass
initial_block_time = final_block_time
final_block_altitude = final_altitude
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, climb_V_cas, mach_climb,
delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
climb_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_climb_time.append(climb_time)
final_altitude = final_block_altitude
final_distance = final_block_distance
total_burned_fuel = sum(total_burned_fuel)
total_climb_time = sum(total_climb_time)
return final_distance, total_climb_time, total_burned_fuel, final_altitude
def mission(origin_destination_distance):
global GRAVITY
GRAVITY = 9.80665
gallon_to_liter = 3.7852
feet_to_nautical_miles = 0.000164579
tolerance = 100
airport_departure = vehicle['airport_departure']
airport_destination = vehicle['airport_destination']
# [kg]
max_zero_fuel_weight = aircraft['maximum_zero_fuel_weight'] / GRAVITY
# [kg]
max_fuel_capacity = aircraft['maximum_fuel_capacity'] / GRAVITY
operational_empty_weight = aircraft['operational_empty_weight'] / GRAVITY
passenger_capacity_initial = aircraft['passenger_capacity']
engines_number = aircraft['number_of_engines']
max_engine_thrust = engine['maximum_thrust']
reference_load_factor = 0.85
heading = 2
# Operations and certification parameters:
buffet_margin = 1.3 # [g]
residual_rate_of_climb = 300 # [ft/min]
ceiling = 40000 # [ft] UPDATE INPUT!!!!!!!!!
descent_altitude = 1500
# Network and mission parameters
fuel_density = 0.81 # [kg/l]
fuel_price_per_kg = 1.0 # [per kg]
fuel_price = (fuel_price_per_kg / fuel_density) * gallon_to_liter
time_between_overhaul = 2500 # [hr]
taxi_fuel_flow_reference = 5 # [kg/min]
contingency_fuel_pct = 0.1 # pct ??????????????????
min_cruise_time = 3 # [min]
go_around_allowance = 300
# Initial flight speed schedule
climb_V_cas = 280
mach_climb = 0.78
cruise_V_cas = 310
descent_V_cas = 310
mach_descent = 0.78
delta_ISA = 0
captain_salary, first_officer_salary, flight_attendant_salary = crew_salary(
1000)
regulated_takeoff_mass = regulated_takeoff_weight(vehicle)
regulated_landing_mass = regulated_landing_weight(vehicle)
max_takeoff_mass = regulated_takeoff_mass
max_landing_mass = regulated_landing_mass
takeoff_allowance_mass = 200 * max_takeoff_mass / 22000
approach_allowance_mass = 100 * max_takeoff_mass / 22000
average_taxi_in_time = 5
average_taxi_out_time = 10
payload = round(passenger_capacity_initial * operations['passenger_mass'] *
reference_load_factor)
initial_altitude = airport_departure['elevation']
f = 0
while f == 0:
step = 500
out = 0
while out == 0:
# Maximum altitude calculation
max_altitude, rate_of_climb = maximum_altitude(
vehicle, initial_altitude, ceiling, max_takeoff_mass,
climb_V_cas, mach_climb, delta_ISA)
# Optimal altitude calculation
optim_altitude, rate_of_climb, _ = optimum_altitude(
vehicle, initial_altitude, ceiling, max_takeoff_mass,
climb_V_cas, mach_climb, delta_ISA)
# Maximum altitude with minimum cruise time check
g_climb = 4 / 1000
g_descent = 3 / 1000
K1 = g_climb + g_descent
# Minimum distance at cruise stage
Dmin = 10 * operations['mach_cruise'] * min_cruise_time
K2 = (origin_destination_distance - Dmin + g_climb *
(airport_departure['elevation'] + 1500) + g_descent *
(airport_destination['elevation'] + 1500))
max_altitude_check = K2 / K1
if max_altitude_check > ceiling:
max_altitude_check = ceiling
if max_altitude > max_altitude_check:
max_altitude = max_altitude_check
if optim_altitude < max_altitude:
final_altitude = optim_altitude
else:
final_altitude = max_altitude
'TODO: this should be replaced for information from ADS-B'
# Check for next lower feasible RVSN FK check according to
# present heading
final_altitude = 1000 * (math.floor(final_altitude / 1000))
flight_level = final_altitude / 100
odd_flight_level = [
90, 110, 130, 150, 170, 190, 210, 230, 250, 270, 290, 310, 330,
350, 370, 390, 410, 430, 450, 470, 490, 510
]
even_flight_level = [
80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320,
340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500, 520
]
if (heading > 0 and heading <= 180):
flight_level = min(odd_flight_level,
key=lambda x: abs(x - flight_level))
final_altitude = flight_level * 100
elif (heading > 180 and heading <= 360):
flight_level = min(even_flight_level,
key=lambda x: abs(x - flight_level))
final_altitude = flight_level * 100
# Initial climb fuel estimation
initial_altitude = initial_altitude + 1500
_, _, total_burned_fuel0, _ = climb_integration(
max_takeoff_mass, mach_climb, climb_V_cas, delta_ISA,
final_altitude, initial_altitude, vehicle)
# Calculate best cruise mach
mass_at_top_of_climb = max_takeoff_mass - total_burned_fuel0
operations['mach_cruise'] = maximum_range_mach(
mass_at_top_of_climb, final_altitude, delta_ISA, vehicle)
mach_climb = operations['mach_cruise']
mach_descent = operations['mach_cruise']
# Recalculate climb with new mach
final_distance, total_climb_time, total_burned_fuel, final_altitude = climb_integration(
max_takeoff_mass, mach_climb, climb_V_cas, delta_ISA,
final_altitude, initial_altitude, vehicle)
delta = total_burned_fuel0 - total_burned_fuel
if delta < tolerance:
out = 1
mass_at_top_of_climb = max_takeoff_mass - total_burned_fuel
initial_cruise_altitude = final_altitude
distance_climb = final_distance * feet_to_nautical_miles
distance_cruise = origin_destination_distance - distance_climb
altitude = initial_cruise_altitude
flag = 1
while flag == 1:
transition_altitude = crossover_altitude(operations['mach_cruise'],
cruise_V_cas, delta_ISA)
_, _, _, _, _, rho_ISA, _ = atmosphere_ISA_deviation(
initial_cruise_altitude, delta_ISA)
if altitude <= 10000:
mach = V_cas_to_mach(250, altitude, delta_ISA)
if (altitude > 10000 and altitude <= transition_altitude):
mach = V_cas_to_mach(cruise_V_cas, altitude, delta_ISA)
if altitude > transition_altitude:
mach = operations['mach_cruise']
# Breguet calculation type for cruise performance
total_cruise_time, final_cruise_mass = cruise_performance(
altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass_at_top_of_climb,
distance_cruise, vehicle)
final_cruise_altitude = altitude
# Type of descent: 1 = full calculation | 2 = no descent computed
type_of_descent = 1
if type_of_descent == 1:
# Recalculate climb with new mach
final_distance, total_descent_time, total_burned_fuel, final_altitude = descent_integration(
final_cruise_mass, mach_descent, descent_V_cas, delta_ISA,
descent_altitude, final_cruise_altitude, vehicle)
distance_descent = final_distance * feet_to_nautical_miles
distance_mission = distance_climb + distance_cruise + distance_descent
distance_error = np.abs(origin_destination_distance -
distance_mission)
if distance_error <= 1.0:
flag = 0
else:
distance_cruise = distance_cruise - distance_error
if type_of_descent == 2:
flag = 0
total_burned_fuel = 0
final_distance = 0
total_decent_time = 0
total_burned_fuel = 0
final_altitude = 0
final_mission_mass = final_cruise_mass - total_burned_fuel
total_mission_burned_fuel = max_takeoff_mass - final_mission_mass
total_mission_flight_time = total_climb_time + \
total_cruise_time + total_descent_time
total_mission_distance = distance_mission
# Rule of three to estimate fuel flow during taxi
taxi_fuel_flow = taxi_fuel_flow_reference * max_takeoff_mass / 22000
taxi_in_fuel = average_taxi_in_time * taxi_fuel_flow
takeoff_fuel = total_mission_burned_fuel + takeoff_allowance_mass + taxi_in_fuel
taxi_out_fuel = average_taxi_out_time * taxi_fuel_flow
total_fuel_on_board = takeoff_fuel + taxi_out_fuel
remaining_fuel = takeoff_fuel - total_mission_burned_fuel - \
approach_allowance_mass - taxi_in_fuel
# Payload range envelope check
MTOW_ZFW = max_zero_fuel_weight + total_fuel_on_board
MTOW_LW = max_landing_mass + total_mission_burned_fuel
delta_1 = max_takeoff_mass - MTOW_ZFW
delta_2 = total_fuel_on_board - max_fuel_capacity
delta_3 = max_takeoff_mass - MTOW_LW
extra = (max_takeoff_mass - operational_empty_weight -
payload) - takeoff_fuel[0]
delta = max([delta_1, delta_2, delta_3, extra])
if delta > tolerance:
max_takeoff_mass = max_takeoff_mass - delta
else:
# Payload reduction if restricted
max_takeoff_mass = min([max_takeoff_mass, MTOW_ZFW, MTOW_LW])
payload_calculation = max_takeoff_mass - \
takeoff_fuel - operational_empty_weight
if payload_calculation > payload:
payload = payload
else:
payload = payload_calculation
f = 1
passenger_capacity = np.round(payload / operations['passenger_mass'])
load_factor = passenger_capacity / passenger_capacity_initial * 100
# DOC calculation
fuel_mass = total_mission_burned_fuel + \
(average_taxi_out_time + average_taxi_in_time)*taxi_fuel_flow
DOC = direct_operational_cost(
time_between_overhaul, total_mission_flight_time, fuel_mass,
operational_empty_weight, total_mission_distance, max_engine_thrust,
engines_number, 0.35 * operational_empty_weight, max_takeoff_mass)
return (DOC)
def descent_integration(mass, mach_descent, descent_V_cas, delta_ISA,
final_altitude, initial_altitude, vehicle):
rate_of_descent = 500
time_descent1 = 0
time_descent2 = 0
time_descent3 = 0
transition_altitude = crossover_altitude(mach_descent, descent_V_cas,
delta_ISA)
time = 0
distance = 0
fuel1 = 0
fuel2 = 0
fuel3 = 0
if initial_altitude >= transition_altitude:
flag1 = 1
flag2 = 1
flag3 = 1
if (initial_altitude >= 10000 and initial_altitude < transition_altitude):
flag1 = 0
flag2 = 1
flag3 = 1
if initial_altitude < 10000:
flag1 = 0
flag2 = 0
flag3 = 1
total_burned_fuel = []
total_descent_time = []
throttle_position = 0.3
if flag1 == 1:
final_block_altitude = transition_altitude
initial_block_distance = 0
initial_block_altitude = initial_altitude
initial_block_mass = mass
initial_block_time = 0
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, descent_V_cas,
mach_descent, delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
descent_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_descent_time.append(descent_time)
if flag2 == 1:
initial_block_distance = final_block_distance
initial_block_altitude = final_block_altitude
initial_block_mass = final_block_mass
initial_block_time = final_block_time
final_block_altitude = 10000
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, descent_V_cas,
mach_descent, delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
descent_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_descent_time.append(descent_time)
# plt.plot(time_interval, state[:, 1])
if flag3 == 1:
if flag1 == 0 and flag2 == 0:
initial_block_distance = 0
initial_block_altitude = initial_altitude
initial_block_mass = mass
initial_block_time = 0
else:
initial_block_distance = final_block_distance
initial_block_altitude = final_block_altitude
initial_block_mass = final_block_mass
initial_block_time = final_block_time
final_block_altitude = 1500
final_block_distance, final_block_altitude, final_block_mass, final_block_time = climb_integrator(
initial_block_distance, initial_block_altitude, initial_block_mass,
initial_block_time, final_block_altitude, descent_V_cas,
mach_descent, delta_ISA, vehicle)
burned_fuel = initial_block_mass - final_block_mass
descent_time = final_block_time - initial_block_time
total_burned_fuel.append(burned_fuel)
total_descent_time.append(descent_time)
# plt.plot(time_interval, state[:, 1])
final_altitude = final_block_altitude
final_distance = final_block_distance
total_burned_fuel = sum(total_burned_fuel)
total_descent_time = sum(total_descent_time)
return final_distance, total_descent_time, total_burned_fuel, final_altitude
def optimum_altitude(initial_altitude, limit_altitude, mass, climb_V_cas,
mach_climb, delta_ISA):
transition_altitude = crossover_altitude(mach_climb, climb_V_cas,
delta_ISA)
altitude_step = 100
residual_rate_of_climb = 300
time = 0
distance = 0
fuel = 0
rate_of_climb = 9999
# Climb to 10000 ft with 250KCAS
initial_altitude = initial_altitude + 1500 # 1500 [ft]
altitude = initial_altitude
final_altitude = 10000
throttle_position = 0.95
optimum_specific_rate = 0
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude < final_altitude):
V_cas = 250
mach = V_cas_to_mach(V_cas, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(
altitude, mach, throttle_position) # force [N], fuel flow [kg/hr]
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, aircraft_data)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
specific_rate = V_tas / fuel_flow
if specific_rate > optimum_specific_rate:
optimum_specific_rate = specific_rate
optimum_altitude = altitude
# Climb to transition altitude at constat CAS
delta_altitude = 0
initial_altitude = 10000 + delta_altitude
altitude = initial_altitude
final_altitude = transition_altitude
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude <= final_altitude):
mach = V_cas_to_mach(V_cas, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(altitude, mach, throttle_position)
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, aircraft_data)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
specific_rate = V_tas / fuel_flow
if specific_rate > optimum_specific_rate:
optimum_specific_rate = specific_rate
optimum_altitude = altitude
# Climb to transition altitude at constant mach
final_altitude = limit_altitude
mach = mach_climb
buffet_altitude_limit = buffet_altitude(mass, altitude, limit_altitude,
mach_climb)
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude <= final_altitude):
V_cas = mach_to_V_cas(mach, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(altitude, mach, throttle_position)
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, aircraft_data)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
specific_rate = V_tas / fuel_flow
if specific_rate > optimum_specific_rate:
optimum_specific_rate = specific_rate
optimum_altitude = altitude
final_altitude = altitude - altitude_step
if buffet_altitude_limit < final_altitude:
final_altitude = buffet_altitude_limit
optimum_altitude = final_altitude
return optimum_altitude, rate_of_climb, optimum_specific_rate
def maximum_altitude(vehicle, initial_altitude, limit_altitude, mass,
climb_V_cas, mach_climb, delta_ISA):
aircraft = vehicle['aircraft']
transition_altitude = crossover_altitude(mach_climb, climb_V_cas,
delta_ISA)
altitude_step = 100
residual_rate_of_climb = 300
time = 0
distance = 0
fuel = 0
rate_of_climb = 9999
# Climb to 10000 ft with 250KCAS
initial_altitude = initial_altitude + 1500 # 1500 [ft]
altitude = initial_altitude
final_altitude = 10000
throttle_position = 0.95
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude < final_altitude):
# print(rate_of_climb)
# print(altitude)
V_cas = 250
mach = V_cas_to_mach(V_cas, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(
altitude, mach, throttle_position) # force [N], fuel flow [kg/hr]
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas, _ = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, vehicle)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
# Climb to transition altitude at constat CAS
delta_altitude = 0
initial_altitude = 10000 + delta_altitude
altitude = initial_altitude
final_altitude = transition_altitude
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude <= final_altitude):
# print(rate_of_climb)
# print(altitude)
mach = V_cas_to_mach(V_cas, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(altitude, mach, throttle_position)
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas, _ = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, vehicle)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
# Climb to transition altitude at constant mach
final_altitude = limit_altitude
mach = mach_climb
buffet_altitude_limit = buffet_altitude(vehicle, mass, altitude,
limit_altitude, mach_climb)
while (rate_of_climb > residual_rate_of_climb
and altitude <= final_altitude):
# print(rate_of_climb)
# print(altitude)
V_cas = mach_to_V_cas(mach, altitude, delta_ISA)
thrust_force, fuel_flow = turbofan(altitude, mach, throttle_position)
thrust_to_weight = aircraft['number_of_engines'] * thrust_force / (
mass * GRAVITY)
rate_of_climb, V_tas, _ = rate_of_climb_calculation(
thrust_to_weight, altitude, delta_ISA, mach, mass, vehicle)
delta_time = altitude_step / rate_of_climb
time = time + delta_time
distance = distance + (V_tas / 60) * delta_time
delta_fuel = (fuel_flow / 60) * delta_time
fuel = fuel + delta_fuel
mass = mass - delta_fuel
altitude = altitude + altitude_step
final_altitude = altitude - altitude_step
if buffet_altitude_limit < final_altitude:
final_altitude = buffet_altitude_limit
return final_altitude, rate_of_climb