def test_auto_binning(self):
# structured mesh
bin_center, emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
self.pos,
self.field,
mesh_type="structured",
)
self.assertEqual(len(bin_center), 21)
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center[1:] > bin_center[:-1]))
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center > 0))
# unstructured mesh
bin_center, emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
self.pos,
self.field[:, 0, 0],
)
self.assertEqual(len(bin_center), 8)
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center[1:] > bin_center[:-1]))
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center > 0))
# latlon coords
bin_center, emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
self.pos[:2],
self.field[..., 0],
mesh_type="structured",
latlon=True,
)
self.assertEqual(len(bin_center), 15)
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center[1:] > bin_center[:-1]))
self.assertTrue(np.all(bin_center > 0))
def test_mask_no_data(self):
pos = [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
bns = [0, 4]
fld1 = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
fld2 = np.ma.array([np.nan, 2, 3, 4, 5])
fld3 = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
mask = [False, False, True, False, False]
fld1.mask = [True, False, False, False, False]
fld2.mask = mask
__, v1, c1 = gs.vario_estimate(
*(pos, fld1, bns),
mask=mask,
return_counts=True,
)
__, v2, c2 = gs.vario_estimate(*(pos, fld2, bns), return_counts=True)
__, v3, c3 = gs.vario_estimate(
*(pos, fld3, bns),
no_data=1,
mask=mask,
return_counts=True,
)
__, v4, c4 = gs.vario_estimate(
*(pos, fld3, bns),
mask=True,
return_counts=True,
)
__, v5 = gs.vario_estimate(*(pos, fld3, bns), mask=True)
self.assertAlmostEqual(v1[0], v2[0])
self.assertAlmostEqual(v1[0], v3[0])
self.assertEqual(c1[0], c2[0])
self.assertEqual(c1[0], c3[0])
self.assertAlmostEqual(v4[0], 0.0)
self.assertEqual(c4[0], 0)
self.assertAlmostEqual(v5[0], 0.0)
def test_no_data(self):
x1 = np.random.RandomState(19970221).rand(100) * 100.0
field1 = np.random.RandomState(20011012).rand(100) * 100.0
field1[:10] = np.nan
x2 = x1[10:]
field2 = field1[10:]
bins = np.arange(20) * 2
bin_center, gamma1 = gs.vario_estimate(x1, field1, bins)
bin_center, gamma2 = gs.vario_estimate(x2, field2, bins)
for i in range(len(gamma1)):
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma1[i], gamma2[i], places=2)
def test_multi_field(self):
x = np.random.RandomState(19970221).rand(100) * 100.0
model = gs.Exponential(dim=1, var=2, len_scale=10)
srf = gs.SRF(model)
field1 = srf(x, seed=19970221)
field2 = srf(x, seed=20011012)
bins = np.arange(20) * 2
bin_center, gamma1 = gs.vario_estimate(x, field1, bins)
bin_center, gamma2 = gs.vario_estimate(x, field2, bins)
bin_center, gamma = gs.vario_estimate(x, [field1, field2], bins)
gamma_mean = 0.5 * (gamma1 + gamma2)
for i in range(len(gamma)):
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[i], gamma_mean[i], places=2)
def test_sampling_3d(self):
x_c = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 100)
y_c = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 100)
z_c = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 100)
x, y, z = np.meshgrid(x_c, y_c, z_c)
x = np.reshape(x, len(x_c) * len(y_c) * len(z_c))
y = np.reshape(y, len(x_c) * len(y_c) * len(z_c))
z = np.reshape(z, len(x_c) * len(y_c) * len(z_c))
rng = np.random.RandomState(1479373475)
field = rng.rand(len(x))
bins = np.arange(0, 100, 10)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate(
(x, y, z),
field,
bins,
sampling_size=2000,
sampling_seed=1479373475,
)
var = 1.0 / 12.0
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[0], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[len(gamma) // 2], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[-1], var, places=2)
def test_direction_angle(self):
bins = range(0, 10, 2)
__, v2, c2 = gs.vario_estimate(
*(self.pos[:2], self.field[0], bins),
angles=np.pi / 4, # 45 deg
mesh_type="structured",
return_counts=True,
)
__, v1, c1 = gs.vario_estimate(
*(self.pos[:2], self.field[0], bins),
direction=(1, 1), # 45 deg
mesh_type="structured",
return_counts=True,
)
for i in range(len(bins) - 1):
self.assertAlmostEqual(v1[i], v2[i])
self.assertEqual(c1[i], c2[i])
def error_test(self):
# try fitting directional variogram
mod = gs.Gaussian(latlon=True)
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
mod.fit_variogram([0, 1], [[0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1]])
# try to use fixed dim=2 with latlon
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
ErrMod(latlon=True)
# try to estimate latlon vario on wrong dim
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
gs.vario_estimate([[1], [1], [1]], [1], [0, 1], latlon=True)
# try to estimate directional vario with latlon
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
gs.vario_estimate([[1], [1]], [1], [0, 1], latlon=True, angles=1)
# try to create a vector field with latlon
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
srf = gs.SRF(mod, generator="VectorField", mode_no=2)
srf([1, 2])
def test_doubles(self):
x = np.arange(1, 11, 1, dtype=np.double)
z = np.array(
(41.2, 40.2, 39.7, 39.2, 40.1, 38.3, 39.1, 40.0, 41.1, 40.3),
dtype=np.double,
)
bins = np.arange(1, 11, 1, dtype=np.double)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate([x], z, bins)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[0], 0.4917, places=4)
def test_vario_est(self):
srf = gs.SRF(self.cmod, seed=12345)
field = srf.structured((self.lat, self.lon))
bin_edges = [0.01 * i for i in range(30)]
bin_center, emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
*((self.lat, self.lon), field, bin_edges),
latlon=True,
mesh_type="structured",
sampling_size=2000,
sampling_seed=12345,
)
mod = gs.Gaussian(latlon=True, rescale=gs.EARTH_RADIUS)
mod.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, nugget=False)
# allow 10 percent relative error
self.assertLess(_rel_err(mod.var, self.cmod.var), 0.1)
self.assertLess(_rel_err(mod.len_scale, self.cmod.len_scale), 0.1)
def test_cond_srf(self):
bin_max = np.deg2rad(8)
bin_edges = np.linspace(0, bin_max, 5)
emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
(self.data[:, 0], self.data[:, 1]),
self.data[:, 2],
bin_edges,
latlon=True,
)
mod = gs.Spherical(latlon=True, rescale=gs.EARTH_RADIUS)
mod.fit_variogram(*emp_vario, nugget=False)
krige = gs.krige.Ordinary(mod, (self.data[:, 0], self.data[:, 1]),
self.data[:, 2])
crf = gs.CondSRF(krige)
field = crf((self.data[:, 0], self.data[:, 1]))
for i, dat in enumerate(self.data[:, 2]):
self.assertAlmostEqual(field[i], dat, 3)
def test_direction_axis(self):
field = np.ma.array(self.field)
field.mask = np.abs(field) < 0.1
bins = range(10)
__, vario_u = gs.vario_estimate(
*(self.pos, field, bins),
direction=((1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)), # x-, y- and z-axis
bandwidth=0.25, # bandwith small enough to only match lines
mesh_type="structured",
)
vario_s_x = gs.vario_estimate_axis(field, "x")
vario_s_y = gs.vario_estimate_axis(field, "y")
vario_s_z = gs.vario_estimate_axis(field, "z")
for i in range(len(bins) - 1):
self.assertAlmostEqual(vario_u[0][i], vario_s_x[i])
self.assertAlmostEqual(vario_u[1][i], vario_s_y[i])
self.assertAlmostEqual(vario_u[2][i], vario_s_z[i])
def test_uncorrelated_2d(self):
x_c = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 60)
y_c = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 60)
x, y = np.meshgrid(x_c, y_c)
x = np.reshape(x, len(x_c) * len(y_c))
y = np.reshape(y, len(x_c) * len(y_c))
rng = np.random.RandomState(1479373475)
field = rng.rand(len(x))
bins = np.arange(0, 100, 10)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate((x, y), field, bins)
var = 1.0 / 12.0
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[0], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[len(gamma) // 2], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[-1], var, places=2)
def test_sampling_1d(self):
x = np.linspace(0.0, 100.0, 21000)
rng = np.random.RandomState(1479373475)
field = rng.rand(len(x))
bins = np.arange(0, 100, 10)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate([x],
field,
bins,
sampling_size=5000,
sampling_seed=1479373475)
var = 1.0 / 12.0
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[0], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[len(gamma) // 2], var, places=2)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[-1], var, places=2)
def test_auto_fit(self):
x = y = range(60)
pos = gs.generate_grid([x, y])
model = gs.Gaussian(dim=2, var=1, len_scale=10)
srf = gs.SRF(model,
seed=20170519,
normalizer=gs.normalizer.LogNormal())
srf(pos)
ids = np.arange(srf.field.size)
samples = np.random.RandomState(20210201).choice(ids,
size=60,
replace=False)
# sample conditioning points from generated field
cond_pos = pos[:, samples]
cond_val = srf.field[samples]
krige = gs.krige.Ordinary(
model=gs.Stable(dim=2),
cond_pos=cond_pos,
cond_val=cond_val,
normalizer=gs.normalizer.BoxCox(),
fit_normalizer=True,
fit_variogram=True,
)
# test fitting during kriging
self.assertTrue(np.abs(krige.normalizer.lmbda - 0.0) < 1e-1)
self.assertAlmostEqual(krige.model.len_scale, 10.2677, places=4)
self.assertAlmostEqual(
krige.model.sill,
krige.normalizer.normalize(cond_val).var(),
places=4,
)
# test fitting during vario estimate
bin_center, gamma, normalizer = gs.vario_estimate(
cond_pos,
cond_val,
normalizer=gs.normalizer.BoxCox,
fit_normalizer=True,
)
model = gs.Stable(dim=2)
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, gamma)
self.assertAlmostEqual(model.var, 0.6426670183, places=4)
self.assertAlmostEqual(model.len_scale, 9.635193952, places=4)
self.assertAlmostEqual(model.nugget, 0.001617908408, places=4)
self.assertAlmostEqual(model.alpha, 2.0, places=4)
def test_fit_directional(self):
model = gs.Stable(dim=3)
bins = [0, 3, 6, 9, 12]
model.len_scale_bounds = [0, 20]
bin_center, emp_vario, counts = gs.vario_estimate(
*(self.pos, self.field, bins),
direction=model.main_axes(),
mesh_type="structured",
return_counts=True,
)
# check if this succeeds
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, sill=1, return_r2=True)
self.assertTrue(1 > model.anis[0] > model.anis[1])
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, sill=1, anis=[0.5, 0.25])
self.assertTrue(15 > model.len_scale)
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, sill=1, weights=counts)
len_save = model.len_scale
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, sill=1, weights=counts[0])
self.assertAlmostEqual(len_save, model.len_scale)
# catch wrong dim for dir.-vario
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario[:2])
def test_list(self):
x = np.arange(1, 11, 1, dtype=np.double)
z = [41.2, 40.2, 39.7, 39.2, 40.1, 38.3, 39.1, 40.0, 41.1, 40.3]
bins = np.arange(1, 11, 1, dtype=np.double)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate([x], z, bins)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[1], 0.7625, places=4)
def test_np_int(self):
x = np.arange(1, 5, 1, dtype=np.int)
z = np.array((10, 20, 30, 40), dtype=np.int)
bins = np.arange(1, 11, 1, dtype=np.int)
bin_centres, gamma = gs.vario_estimate([x], z, bins)
self.assertAlmostEqual(gamma[0], 50.0, places=4)
y = np.random.RandomState(20011012).rand(1000) * 100.0 model = gs.Exponential(dim=2, var=2, len_scale=8) srf = gs.SRF(model, mean=0) ############################################################################### # Generate two synthetic fields with an exponential model. field1 = srf((x, y), seed=19970221) field2 = srf((x, y), seed=20011012) fields = [field1, field2] ############################################################################### # Now we estimate the variograms for both fields individually and then again # simultaneously with only one call. bins = np.arange(40) bin_center, gamma1 = gs.vario_estimate((x, y), field1, bins) bin_center, gamma2 = gs.vario_estimate((x, y), field2, bins) bin_center, gamma = gs.vario_estimate((x, y), fields, bins) ############################################################################### # Now we demonstrate that the mean variogram from both fields coincides # with the joined estimated one. plt.plot(bin_center, gamma1, label="field 1") plt.plot(bin_center, gamma2, label="field 2") plt.plot(bin_center, gamma, label="joined fields") plt.plot(bin_center, 0.5 * (gamma1 + gamma2), ":", label="field 1+2 mean") plt.legend() plt.show()
[53.0316, 13.9908, 21.3],
[53.8412, 13.6846, 21.3],
[54.6792, 13.4343, 17.4],
[49.9694, 9.9114, 18.6],
[51.3745, 11.292, 20.2],
[47.8774, 11.3643, 12.7],
[50.5908, 12.7139, 15.8],
])
pos = data.T[:2] # lat, lon
field = data.T[2] # temperature
###############################################################################
# Since the overall range of these meteo-stations is too low, we can use the
# data-variance as additional information during the fit of the variogram.
emp_v = gs.vario_estimate(pos, field, latlon=True)
sph = gs.Spherical(latlon=True, rescale=gs.EARTH_RADIUS)
sph.fit_variogram(*emp_v, sill=np.var(field))
ax = sph.plot(x_max=2 * np.max(emp_v[0]))
ax.scatter(*emp_v, label="Empirical variogram")
ax.legend()
print(sph)
###############################################################################
# As we can see, the variogram fitting was successful and providing the data
# variance helped finding the right length-scale.
#
# Now, we'll use this covariance model to interpolate the given data with
# ordinary kriging.
# enclosing box for data points
# Through expert knowledge (i.e. fiddling around), we assume that the main
# features of the variogram will be below 10 metres distance. And because the
# data has a high spatial resolution, the resolution of the bins can also be
# high. The transmissivity data is still defined on a structured grid, but we can
# simply flatten it with :any:`numpy.ndarray.flatten`, in order to bring it into
# the right shape. It might be more memory efficient to use
# ``herten_log_trans.reshape(-1)``, but for better readability, we will stick to
# :any:`numpy.ndarray.flatten`. Taking all data points into account would take a
# very long time (expert knowledge \*wink\*), thus we will only take 2000 datapoints into account, which are sampled randomly. In order to make the exact
# results reproducible, we can also set a seed.
bins = gs.standard_bins(pos=(x_u, y_u), max_dist=10)
bin_center, gamma = gs.vario_estimate(
(x_u, y_u),
herten_log_trans.reshape(-1),
bins,
sampling_size=2000,
sampling_seed=19920516,
)
###############################################################################
# The estimated variogram is calculated on the centre of the given bins,
# therefore, the ``bin_center`` array is also returned.
###############################################################################
# Fitting the Variogram
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
#
# Now, we can see, if the estimated variogram can be modelled by a common
# variogram model. Let's try the :any:`Exponential` model.
angle = np.pi / 8
model = gs.Exponential(dim=2, len_scale=[10, 5], angles=angle)
x = y = range(100)
srf = gs.SRF(model, seed=123456)
field = srf((x, y), mesh_type="structured")
###############################################################################
# Now we are going to estimate a directional variogram with an angular
# tolerance of 11.25 degree and a bandwith of 8.
bins = range(0, 40, 2)
bin_center, dir_vario, counts = gs.vario_estimate(
*((x, y), field, bins),
direction=gs.rotated_main_axes(dim=2, angles=angle),
angles_tol=np.pi / 16,
bandwidth=8,
mesh_type="structured",
return_counts=True,
)
###############################################################################
# Afterwards we can use the estimated variogram to fit a model to it:
print("Original:")
print(model)
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, dir_vario)
print("Fitted:")
print(model)
###############################################################################
# Plotting.
import gstools as gs
dim = 4
size = 20
pos = [range(size)] * dim
model = gs.Exponential(dim=dim, len_scale=5)
srf = gs.SRF(model, seed=20170519)
field = srf.structured(pos)
###############################################################################
# In order to "prove" correctness, we can calculate an empirical variogram
# of the generated field and fit our model to it.
bin_center, vario = gs.vario_estimate(pos,
field,
sampling_size=2000,
mesh_type="structured")
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, vario)
print(model)
###############################################################################
# As you can see, the estimated variance and length scale match our input
# quite well.
#
# Let's have a look at the fit and a x-y cross-section of the 4D field:
f, a = plt.subplots(1, 2, gridspec_kw={"width_ratios": [2, 1]}, figsize=[9, 3])
model.plot(x_max=max(bin_center), ax=a[0])
a[0].scatter(bin_center, vario)
a[1].imshow(field[:, :, 0, 0].T, origin="lower")
a[0].set_title("isotropic empirical variogram with fitted model")
###############################################################################
# This was easy as always! Now we can use this field to estimate the empirical
# variogram in order to prove, that the generated field has the correct
# geo-statistical properties.
# The :any:`vario_estimate` routine also provides a ``latlon`` switch to
# indicate, that the given field is defined on geographical variables.
#
# As we will see, everthing went well... phew!
bin_edges = [0.01 * i for i in range(30)]
bin_center, emp_vario = gs.vario_estimate(
(lat, lon),
field,
bin_edges,
latlon=True,
mesh_type="structured",
sampling_size=2000,
sampling_seed=12345,
)
ax = model.plot("vario_yadrenko", x_max=0.3)
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, emp_vario, nugget=False)
model.plot("vario_yadrenko", ax=ax, label="fitted", x_max=0.3)
ax.scatter(bin_center, emp_vario, color="k")
print(model)
###############################################################################
# .. note::
#
# Note, that the estimated variogram coincides with the yadrenko variogram,
import numpy as np
import gstools as gs
###############################################################################
# Generate a synthetic field with an exponential model.
x = np.random.RandomState(19970221).rand(1000) * 100.0
y = np.random.RandomState(20011012).rand(1000) * 100.0
model = gs.Exponential(dim=2, var=2, len_scale=8)
srf = gs.SRF(model, mean=0, seed=19970221)
field = srf((x, y))
print(field.var())
###############################################################################
# Estimate the variogram of the field with automatic binning.
bin_center, gamma = gs.vario_estimate((x, y), field)
print("estimated bin number:", len(bin_center))
print("maximal bin distance:", max(bin_center))
###############################################################################
# Fit the variogram with a stable model (no nugget fitted).
fit_model = gs.Stable(dim=2)
fit_model.fit_variogram(bin_center, gamma, nugget=False)
print(fit_model)
###############################################################################
# Plot the fitting result.
ax = fit_model.plot(x_max=max(bin_center))
ax.scatter(bin_center, gamma)
# All 3 axes of the rotated coordinate-system
main_axes = gs.rotated_main_axes(dim, angles)
axis1, axis2, axis3 = main_axes
###############################################################################
# Now we estimate the variogram along the main axes. When the main axes are
# unknown, one would need to sample multiple directions and look for the one
# with the longest correlation length (flattest gradient).
# Then check the transversal directions and so on.
bin_center, dir_vario, counts = gs.vario_estimate(
pos,
field,
direction=main_axes,
bandwidth=10,
sampling_size=2000,
sampling_seed=1001,
mesh_type="structured",
return_counts=True,
)
###############################################################################
# Afterwards we can use the estimated variogram to fit a model to it.
# Note, that the rotation angles need to be set beforehand.
print("Original:")
print(model)
model.fit_variogram(bin_center, dir_vario)
print("Fitted:")
print(model)
# files to gain the border polygon and the observed temperature along with
# the station locations given by lat-lon values.
# get_borders_germany()
# get_dwd_temperature(date="2020-06-09 12:00:00")
border = np.loadtxt("de_borders.txt")
ids, lat, lon, temp = np.loadtxt("temp_obs.txt").T
###############################################################################
# First we will estimate the variogram of our temperature data.
# As the maximal bin distance we choose 8 degrees, which corresponds to a
# chordal length of about 900 km.
bins = gs.standard_bins((lat, lon), max_dist=np.deg2rad(8), latlon=True)
bin_c, vario = gs.vario_estimate((lat, lon), temp, bins, latlon=True)
###############################################################################
# Now we can use this estimated variogram to fit a model to it.
# Here we will use a :any:`Spherical` model. We select the ``latlon`` option
# to use the `Yadrenko` variant of the model to gain a valid model for lat-lon
# coordinates and we rescale it to the earth-radius. Otherwise the length
# scale would be given in radians representing the great-circle distance.
#
# We deselect the nugget from fitting and plot the result afterwards.
#
# .. note::
#
# You need to plot the Yadrenko variogram, since the standard variogram
# still holds the ordinary routine that is not respecting the great-circle
# distance.
