def readMesh(filename, objName):
file = open(filename, "rb")
def line_to_face(line):
# Each triplet is an xyz float
line_split = []
try:
line_split = list(map(float, line.split()))
except:
return None
if len(line_split) == 9: # Tri
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8, f9 = line_split
return [(f1, f2, f3), (f4, f5, f6), (f7, f8, f9)]
elif len(line_split) == 12: # Quad
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8, f9, A, B, C = line_split
return [(f1, f2, f3), (f4, f5, f6), (f7, f8, f9), (A, B, C)]
else:
return None
faces = []
for line in file.readlines():
face = line_to_face(line)
if face:
faces.append(face)
file.close()
# Generate verts and faces lists, without duplicates
verts = []
coords = {}
index_tot = 0
for f in faces:
for i, v in enumerate(f):
index = coords.get(v)
if index is None:
index = coords[v] = index_tot
index_tot += 1
verts.append(v)
fi[i] = index
mesh = bpy.data.meshes.new(objName)
mesh.vertices.add(len(verts))
mesh.faces.add(len(faces))
mesh.vertices.foreach_set("co", unpack_list(verts))
mesh.faces.foreach_set("vertices_raw", unpack_face_list(faces))
return mesh
def read_shape(data,use_subsurf,use_hidden):
read_tuple_header(data)
skip_token(data) #object
shape_name = read_token(data)
print ("shape: ",shape_name)
read_tuple_header(data)
skip_token(data) #winged
#read mesh data
edge_table = read_array(data,read_edge_set)
print("edge_table: ",edge_table)
face_props = read_array(data,read_array_as_dict)
print("face_mats: ",face_props)
verts = read_array(data,read_vertex_array)
print("verts: ",verts)
hard_edges = read_array(data)
print("hard_edges: ",hard_edges)
props = read_array_as_dict(data,read_prop)
print("props: ",props)
# if we are ignoring hidden objects
# we can stop now
if use_hidden == True and b'state' in props:
state = props[b'state']
if state == b'hidden' or state == b'hidden_locked':
return
# make a list of edges with just the vert part
# of the list eg [(v0,v1),(v0,v1)...]
edges = get_edges(edge_table)
print("edges: ",edges)
# build a list of faces from edge data,
# also vertex colors, face_uvs and a few other bits
# and pieces
faces,face_cols,face_uvs,hide_edges,mirror_face = faces_from_edge_table(edge_table,verts,props,face_props,edges)
print("edges: ",edges)
print("faces: ",faces)
print("colors: ",face_cols)
print("uvs: ",face_uvs)
print("hide edges: ",hide_edges)
#create bleneder mesh
me = bpy.data.meshes.new(shape_name)
ob = bpy.data.objects.new(shape_name,me)
bpy.context.scene.objects.link(ob)
me.vertices.add(len(verts))
me.vertices.foreach_set("co", unpack_list(verts))
me.faces.add(len(faces))
me.faces.foreach_set("vertices_raw",unpack_face_list(faces))
me.edges.add(len(edges))
me.edges.foreach_set("vertices",unpack_list(edges))
me.validate()
# me.update(calc_edges=True)
#add edges to blender mesh, mark special edges
#b_edges = me.edges
#for i in range(len(b_edges)):
#(v0,v1) = b_edges[i].vertices
#print("edge ", i, " ",v0,"-",v1)
build_hard_edges(me,hard_edges)
hide_fgon_edges(me,hide_edges)
if len(face_cols) > 0: build_face_colors(me,face_cols)
if len(face_uvs) > 0: build_face_uvs(me,face_uvs)
for i in range(len(faces)): me.faces[i].use_smooth = True
add_material_indices(me,face_props)
mods = ob.modifiers
if use_subsurf == True:
mod = mods.new("subsurf",'SUBSURF')
mod.levels = 2
if mirror_face != None:
pivot = build_mirror_pivot(mirror_face,verts,ob)
mirror = mods.new("mirror",'MIRROR')
mirror.mirror_object = pivot
mirror.use_clip = True
mirror.use_mirror_merge = True
#ob.parent = pivot
if b'state' in props:
state = props[b'state']
if state == b'locked' or state == b'hidden_locked':
ob.hide_select = True
if state == b'hidden' or state == b'hidden_locked':
ob.hide = True
ob.hide_render = True
if b'plugin_states' in props:
plugin_states = props[b'plugin_states']
if b'wings_shape' in plugin_states:
folder = plugin_states[b'wings_shape']
if folder != b'no_folder':
dummy = bpy.data.objects.get(folder)
if dummy == None:
dummy = bpy.data.objects.new(folder,None)
bpy.context.scene.objects.link(dummy)
ob.parent = dummy
def create_mesh(new_objects, has_ngons, CREATE_FGONS, CREATE_EDGES, verts_loc, verts_tex, faces, unique_materials, unique_material_images, unique_smooth_groups, vertex_groups, dataname):
'''
Takes all the data gathered and generates a mesh, adding the new object to new_objects
deals with fgons, sharp edges and assigning materials
'''
if not has_ngons:
CREATE_FGONS = False
if unique_smooth_groups:
sharp_edges = {}
smooth_group_users = {context_smooth_group: {} for context_smooth_group in list(unique_smooth_groups.keys())}
context_smooth_group_old = -1
# Split fgons into tri's
fgon_edges = {} # Used for storing fgon keys
if CREATE_EDGES:
edges = []
context_object = None
# reverse loop through face indices
for f_idx in range(len(faces) - 1, -1, -1):
face_vert_loc_indices,\
face_vert_tex_indices,\
context_material,\
context_smooth_group,\
context_object = faces[f_idx]
len_face_vert_loc_indices = len(face_vert_loc_indices)
if len_face_vert_loc_indices == 1:
faces.pop(f_idx) # cant add single vert faces
elif not face_vert_tex_indices or len_face_vert_loc_indices == 2: # faces that have no texture coords are lines
if CREATE_EDGES:
# generators are better in python 2.4+ but can't be used in 2.3
# edges.extend( (face_vert_loc_indices[i], face_vert_loc_indices[i+1]) for i in xrange(len_face_vert_loc_indices-1) )
edges.extend([(face_vert_loc_indices[i], face_vert_loc_indices[i + 1]) for i in range(len_face_vert_loc_indices - 1)])
faces.pop(f_idx)
else:
# Smooth Group
if unique_smooth_groups and context_smooth_group:
# Is a part of of a smooth group and is a face
if context_smooth_group_old is not context_smooth_group:
edge_dict = smooth_group_users[context_smooth_group]
context_smooth_group_old = context_smooth_group
for i in range(len_face_vert_loc_indices):
i1 = face_vert_loc_indices[i]
i2 = face_vert_loc_indices[i - 1]
if i1 > i2:
i1, i2 = i2, i1
try:
edge_dict[i1, i2] += 1
except KeyError:
edge_dict[i1, i2] = 1
# FGons into triangles
if has_ngons and len_face_vert_loc_indices > 4:
ngon_face_indices = BPyMesh_ngon(verts_loc, face_vert_loc_indices)
faces.extend(
[(
[face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[0]], face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[1]], face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[2]]],
[face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[0]], face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[1]], face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[2]]],
context_material,
context_smooth_group,
context_object)
for ngon in ngon_face_indices]
)
# edges to make fgons
if CREATE_FGONS:
edge_users = {}
for ngon in ngon_face_indices:
for i in (0, 1, 2):
i1 = face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[i]]
i2 = face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[i - 1]]
if i1 > i2:
i1, i2 = i2, i1
try:
edge_users[i1, i2] += 1
except KeyError:
edge_users[i1, i2] = 1
for key, users in edge_users.items():
if users > 1:
fgon_edges[key] = None
# remove all after 3, means we dont have to pop this one.
faces.pop(f_idx)
# Build sharp edges
if unique_smooth_groups:
for edge_dict in list(smooth_group_users.values()):
for key, users in list(edge_dict.items()):
if users == 1: # This edge is on the boundry of a group
sharp_edges[key] = None
# map the material names to an index
material_mapping = {name: i for i, name in enumerate(unique_materials)} # enumerate over unique_materials keys()
materials = [None] * len(unique_materials)
for name, index in list(material_mapping.items()):
materials[index] = unique_materials[name]
me = bpy.data.meshes.new(dataname.decode('utf-8', "replace"))
# make sure the list isnt too big
for material in materials:
me.materials.append(material)
me.vertices.add(len(verts_loc))
me.faces.add(len(faces))
# verts_loc is a list of (x, y, z) tuples
me.vertices.foreach_set("co", unpack_list(verts_loc))
# faces is a list of (vert_indices, texco_indices, ...) tuples
# XXX faces should contain either 3 or 4 verts
# XXX no check for valid face indices
me.faces.foreach_set("vertices_raw", unpack_face_list([f[0] for f in faces]))
if verts_tex and me.faces:
me.uv_textures.new()
context_material_old = -1 # avoid a dict lookup
mat = 0 # rare case it may be un-initialized.
me_faces = me.faces
for i, face in enumerate(faces):
if len(face[0]) < 2:
pass # raise "bad face"
elif len(face[0]) == 2:
if CREATE_EDGES:
edges.append(face[0])
else:
blender_face = me.faces[i]
face_vert_loc_indices,\
face_vert_tex_indices,\
context_material,\
context_smooth_group,\
context_object = face
if context_smooth_group:
blender_face.use_smooth = True
if context_material:
if context_material_old is not context_material:
mat = material_mapping[context_material]
context_material_old = context_material
blender_face.material_index = mat
# blender_face.mat= mat
if verts_tex:
blender_tface = me.uv_textures[0].data[i]
if context_material:
image, has_data = unique_material_images[context_material]
if image: # Can be none if the material dosnt have an image.
blender_tface.image = image
blender_tface.use_image = True
if has_data and image.depth == 32:
blender_tface.blend_type = 'ALPHA'
# BUG - Evil eekadoodle problem where faces that have vert index 0 location at 3 or 4 are shuffled.
if len(face_vert_loc_indices) == 4:
if face_vert_loc_indices[2] == 0 or face_vert_loc_indices[3] == 0:
face_vert_tex_indices = face_vert_tex_indices[2], face_vert_tex_indices[3], face_vert_tex_indices[0], face_vert_tex_indices[1]
else: # length of 3
if face_vert_loc_indices[2] == 0:
face_vert_tex_indices = face_vert_tex_indices[1], face_vert_tex_indices[2], face_vert_tex_indices[0]
# END EEEKADOODLE FIX
# assign material, uv's and image
blender_tface.uv1 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[0]]
blender_tface.uv2 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[1]]
blender_tface.uv3 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[2]]
if len(face_vert_loc_indices) == 4:
blender_tface.uv4 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[3]]
# for ii, uv in enumerate(blender_face.uv):
# uv.x, uv.y= verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[ii]]
del me_faces
# del ALPHA
if CREATE_EDGES and not edges:
CREATE_EDGES = False
if CREATE_EDGES:
me.edges.add(len(edges))
# edges should be a list of (a, b) tuples
me.edges.foreach_set("vertices", unpack_list(edges))
# me_edges.extend( edges )
# del me_edges
# Add edge faces.
# me_edges= me.edges
def edges_match(e1, e2):
return (e1[0] == e2[0] and e1[1] == e2[1]) or (e1[0] == e2[1] and e1[1] == e2[0])
# XXX slow
# if CREATE_FGONS and fgon_edges:
# for fgon_edge in fgon_edges.keys():
# for ed in me.edges:
# if edges_match(fgon_edge, ed.vertices):
# ed.is_fgon = True
# if CREATE_FGONS and fgon_edges:
# FGON= Mesh.EdgeFlags.FGON
# for ed in me.findEdges( fgon_edges.keys() ):
# if ed is not None:
# me_edges[ed].flag |= FGON
# del FGON
# XXX slow
# if unique_smooth_groups and sharp_edges:
# for sharp_edge in sharp_edges.keys():
# for ed in me.edges:
# if edges_match(sharp_edge, ed.vertices):
# ed.use_edge_sharp = True
# if unique_smooth_groups and sharp_edges:
# SHARP= Mesh.EdgeFlags.SHARP
# for ed in me.findEdges( sharp_edges.keys() ):
# if ed is not None:
# me_edges[ed].flag |= SHARP
# del SHARP
me.validate()
me.update(calc_edges=CREATE_EDGES)
ob = bpy.data.objects.new("Mesh", me)
new_objects.append(ob)
# Create the vertex groups. No need to have the flag passed here since we test for the
# content of the vertex_groups. If the user selects to NOT have vertex groups saved then
# the following test will never run
for group_name, group_indices in vertex_groups.items():
group = ob.vertex_groups.new(group_name)
group.add(group_indices, 1.0, 'REPLACE')
def read_shape(data, use_subsurf, use_hidden):
read_tuple_header(data)
skip_token(data) #object
shape_name = read_token(data)
print("shape: ", shape_name)
read_tuple_header(data)
skip_token(data) #winged
#read mesh data
edge_table = read_array(data, read_edge_set)
print("edge_table: ", edge_table)
face_props = read_array(data, read_array_as_dict)
print("face_mats: ", face_props)
verts = read_array(data, read_vertex_array)
print("verts: ", verts)
hard_edges = read_array(data)
print("hard_edges: ", hard_edges)
props = read_array_as_dict(data, read_prop)
print("props: ", props)
# if we are ignoring hidden objects
# we can stop now
if use_hidden == True and b'state' in props:
state = props[b'state']
if state == b'hidden' or state == b'hidden_locked':
return
# make a list of edges with just the vert part
# of the list eg [(v0,v1),(v0,v1)...]
edges = get_edges(edge_table)
print("edges: ", edges)
# build a list of faces from edge data,
# also vertex colors, face_uvs and a few other bits
# and pieces
faces, face_cols, face_uvs, hide_edges, mirror_face = faces_from_edge_table(
edge_table, verts, props, face_props, edges)
print("edges: ", edges)
print("faces: ", faces)
print("colors: ", face_cols)
print("uvs: ", face_uvs)
print("hide edges: ", hide_edges)
#create bleneder mesh
me = bpy.data.meshes.new(shape_name)
ob = bpy.data.objects.new(shape_name, me)
bpy.context.scene.objects.link(ob)
me.vertices.add(len(verts))
me.vertices.foreach_set("co", unpack_list(verts))
me.faces.add(len(faces))
me.faces.foreach_set("vertices_raw", unpack_face_list(faces))
me.edges.add(len(edges))
me.edges.foreach_set("vertices", unpack_list(edges))
me.validate()
# me.update(calc_edges=True)
#add edges to blender mesh, mark special edges
#b_edges = me.edges
#for i in range(len(b_edges)):
#(v0,v1) = b_edges[i].vertices
#print("edge ", i, " ",v0,"-",v1)
build_hard_edges(me, hard_edges)
hide_fgon_edges(me, hide_edges)
if len(face_cols) > 0: build_face_colors(me, face_cols)
if len(face_uvs) > 0: build_face_uvs(me, face_uvs)
for i in range(len(faces)):
me.faces[i].use_smooth = True
add_material_indices(me, face_props)
mods = ob.modifiers
if use_subsurf == True:
mod = mods.new("subsurf", 'SUBSURF')
mod.levels = 2
if mirror_face != None:
pivot = build_mirror_pivot(mirror_face, verts, ob)
mirror = mods.new("mirror", 'MIRROR')
mirror.mirror_object = pivot
mirror.use_clip = True
mirror.use_mirror_merge = True
#ob.parent = pivot
if b'state' in props:
state = props[b'state']
if state == b'locked' or state == b'hidden_locked':
ob.hide_select = True
if state == b'hidden' or state == b'hidden_locked':
ob.hide = True
ob.hide_render = True
if b'plugin_states' in props:
plugin_states = props[b'plugin_states']
if b'wings_shape' in plugin_states:
folder = plugin_states[b'wings_shape']
if folder != b'no_folder':
dummy = bpy.data.objects.get(folder)
if dummy == None:
dummy = bpy.data.objects.new(folder, None)
bpy.context.scene.objects.link(dummy)
ob.parent = dummy
def create_mesh(new_objects, has_ngons, CREATE_FGONS, CREATE_EDGES, verts_loc, verts_tex, faces, unique_materials, unique_material_images, unique_smooth_groups, vertex_groups, dataname):
'''
Takes all the data gathered and generates a mesh, adding the new object to new_objects
deals with fgons, sharp edges and assigning materials
'''
if not has_ngons:
CREATE_FGONS = False
if unique_smooth_groups:
sharp_edges = {}
smooth_group_users = {context_smooth_group: {} for context_smooth_group in list(unique_smooth_groups.keys())}
context_smooth_group_old = -1
# Split fgons into tri's
fgon_edges = {} # Used for storing fgon keys
if CREATE_EDGES:
edges = []
context_object = None
# reverse loop through face indices
for f_idx in range(len(faces) - 1, -1, -1):
face_vert_loc_indices,\
face_vert_tex_indices,\
context_material,\
context_smooth_group,\
context_object = faces[f_idx]
len_face_vert_loc_indices = len(face_vert_loc_indices)
if len_face_vert_loc_indices == 1:
faces.pop(f_idx) # cant add single vert faces
elif not face_vert_tex_indices or len_face_vert_loc_indices == 2: # faces that have no texture coords are lines
if CREATE_EDGES:
# generators are better in python 2.4+ but can't be used in 2.3
# edges.extend( (face_vert_loc_indices[i], face_vert_loc_indices[i+1]) for i in xrange(len_face_vert_loc_indices-1) )
edges.extend([(face_vert_loc_indices[i], face_vert_loc_indices[i + 1]) for i in range(len_face_vert_loc_indices - 1)])
faces.pop(f_idx)
else:
# Smooth Group
if unique_smooth_groups and context_smooth_group:
# Is a part of of a smooth group and is a face
if context_smooth_group_old is not context_smooth_group:
edge_dict = smooth_group_users[context_smooth_group]
context_smooth_group_old = context_smooth_group
for i in range(len_face_vert_loc_indices):
i1 = face_vert_loc_indices[i]
i2 = face_vert_loc_indices[i - 1]
if i1 > i2:
i1, i2 = i2, i1
try:
edge_dict[i1, i2] += 1
except KeyError:
edge_dict[i1, i2] = 1
# FGons into triangles
if has_ngons and len_face_vert_loc_indices > 4:
ngon_face_indices = BPyMesh_ngon(verts_loc, face_vert_loc_indices)
faces.extend(
[(
[face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[0]], face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[1]], face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[2]]],
[face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[0]], face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[1]], face_vert_tex_indices[ngon[2]]],
context_material,
context_smooth_group,
context_object)
for ngon in ngon_face_indices]
)
# edges to make fgons
if CREATE_FGONS:
edge_users = {}
for ngon in ngon_face_indices:
for i in (0, 1, 2):
i1 = face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[i]]
i2 = face_vert_loc_indices[ngon[i - 1]]
if i1 > i2:
i1, i2 = i2, i1
try:
edge_users[i1, i2] += 1
except KeyError:
edge_users[i1, i2] = 1
for key, users in edge_users.items():
if users > 1:
fgon_edges[key] = None
# remove all after 3, means we dont have to pop this one.
faces.pop(f_idx)
# Build sharp edges
if unique_smooth_groups:
for edge_dict in list(smooth_group_users.values()):
for key, users in list(edge_dict.items()):
if users == 1: # This edge is on the boundry of a group
sharp_edges[key] = None
# map the material names to an index
material_mapping = {name: i for i, name in enumerate(unique_materials)} # enumerate over unique_materials keys()
materials = [None] * len(unique_materials)
for name, index in list(material_mapping.items()):
materials[index] = unique_materials[name]
me = bpy.data.meshes.new(dataname.decode('utf-8', "replace"))
# make sure the list isnt too big
for material in materials:
me.materials.append(material)
me.vertices.add(len(verts_loc))
me.faces.add(len(faces))
# verts_loc is a list of (x, y, z) tuples
me.vertices.foreach_set("co", unpack_list(verts_loc))
# faces is a list of (vert_indices, texco_indices, ...) tuples
# XXX faces should contain either 3 or 4 verts
# XXX no check for valid face indices
me.faces.foreach_set("vertices_raw", unpack_face_list([f[0] for f in faces]))
if verts_tex and me.faces:
me.uv_textures.new()
context_material_old = -1 # avoid a dict lookup
mat = 0 # rare case it may be un-initialized.
me_faces = me.faces
for i, face in enumerate(faces):
if len(face[0]) < 2:
pass # raise "bad face"
elif len(face[0]) == 2:
if CREATE_EDGES:
edges.append(face[0])
else:
blender_face = me.faces[i]
face_vert_loc_indices,\
face_vert_tex_indices,\
context_material,\
context_smooth_group,\
context_object = face
if context_smooth_group:
blender_face.use_smooth = True
if context_material:
if context_material_old is not context_material:
mat = material_mapping[context_material]
context_material_old = context_material
blender_face.material_index = mat
# blender_face.mat= mat
if verts_tex:
blender_tface = me.uv_textures[0].data[i]
if context_material:
image, has_data = unique_material_images[context_material]
if image: # Can be none if the material dosnt have an image.
blender_tface.image = image
blender_tface.use_image = True
if has_data and image.depth == 32:
blender_tface.blend_type = 'ALPHA'
# BUG - Evil eekadoodle problem where faces that have vert index 0 location at 3 or 4 are shuffled.
if len(face_vert_loc_indices) == 4:
if face_vert_loc_indices[2] == 0 or face_vert_loc_indices[3] == 0:
face_vert_tex_indices = face_vert_tex_indices[2], face_vert_tex_indices[3], face_vert_tex_indices[0], face_vert_tex_indices[1]
else: # length of 3
if face_vert_loc_indices[2] == 0:
face_vert_tex_indices = face_vert_tex_indices[1], face_vert_tex_indices[2], face_vert_tex_indices[0]
# END EEEKADOODLE FIX
# assign material, uv's and image
blender_tface.uv1 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[0]]
blender_tface.uv2 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[1]]
blender_tface.uv3 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[2]]
if len(face_vert_loc_indices) == 4:
blender_tface.uv4 = verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[3]]
# for ii, uv in enumerate(blender_face.uv):
# uv.x, uv.y= verts_tex[face_vert_tex_indices[ii]]
del me_faces
# del ALPHA
if CREATE_EDGES and not edges:
CREATE_EDGES = False
if CREATE_EDGES:
me.edges.add(len(edges))
# edges should be a list of (a, b) tuples
me.edges.foreach_set("vertices", unpack_list(edges))
# me_edges.extend( edges )
# del me_edges
# Add edge faces.
# me_edges= me.edges
def edges_match(e1, e2):
return (e1[0] == e2[0] and e1[1] == e2[1]) or (e1[0] == e2[1] and e1[1] == e2[0])
# XXX slow
# if CREATE_FGONS and fgon_edges:
# for fgon_edge in fgon_edges.keys():
# for ed in me.edges:
# if edges_match(fgon_edge, ed.vertices):
# ed.is_fgon = True
# if CREATE_FGONS and fgon_edges:
# FGON= Mesh.EdgeFlags.FGON
# for ed in me.findEdges( fgon_edges.keys() ):
# if ed is not None:
# me_edges[ed].flag |= FGON
# del FGON
# XXX slow
# if unique_smooth_groups and sharp_edges:
# for sharp_edge in sharp_edges.keys():
# for ed in me.edges:
# if edges_match(sharp_edge, ed.vertices):
# ed.use_edge_sharp = True
# if unique_smooth_groups and sharp_edges:
# SHARP= Mesh.EdgeFlags.SHARP
# for ed in me.findEdges( sharp_edges.keys() ):
# if ed is not None:
# me_edges[ed].flag |= SHARP
# del SHARP
me.update(calc_edges=CREATE_EDGES)
# me.calcNormals()
ob = bpy.data.objects.new("Mesh", me)
new_objects.append(ob)
# Create the vertex groups. No need to have the flag passed here since we test for the
# content of the vertex_groups. If the user selects to NOT have vertex groups saved then
# the following test will never run
for group_name, group_indices in vertex_groups.items():
group = ob.vertex_groups.new(group_name)
group.add(group_indices, 1.0, 'REPLACE')
