def add_entropy(ax,
pressure,
temperature,
mixing_ratio,
ds=100,
linewidth=1.0):
"add entropy curves and rescale values to fit in by 0.5*entropy + ds"
p = pressure * units('mbar')
T = temperature * units('degC')
q = mixing_ratio * units('kilogram/kilogram')
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T), p)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint(mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, q)) # dewpoint
Tp = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]).to('degC') # parcel profile
# specific entropy [joule/(kg*K)]
# sd : specific entropy of dry air
# sm1 : specific entropy of airborne mositure in state 1 (water vapor)
# sm2 : specific entropy of airborne mositure in state 2 (saturated water vapor)
sd = entropy(T, q * 0, p)
sm1 = entropy(T, q, p)
sm2 = entropy(T, qs, p)
ax.plot(sd.magnitude * 0.5 + ds, p, '--k')
ax.plot(sm1.magnitude * 0.5 + ds, p, '--b')
ax.plot(sm2.magnitude * 0.5 + ds, p, '--r')
def mixingratio_to_relativehumidity(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio):
actual_vapour_pressure = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(
pressure * units['hPa'], mixing_ratio * units['g/kg']).to_base_units()
sat_vapour_pressure = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(
temperature * units['degC']).to_base_units()
rh = actual_vapour_pressure / sat_vapour_pressure
return rh
def add_curves_Wyoming(ax, datetime, station, linewidth=1.0, LH_Tdepend=False):
"""
overlaying new curves of multiple soundings from Wyoming datasets
date: using datetime module. ex. datetime(2018,06,06)
station: station name. ex. 'MFL' Miami, Florida
"""
from siphon.simplewebservice.wyoming import WyomingUpperAir
date = datetime
station = station
df = WyomingUpperAir.request_data(date, station)
pressure = df['pressure'].values
Temp = df['temperature'].values
Temp_dew = df['dewpoint'].values
altitude = df['height'].values
q = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(
mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Temp_dew * units('degC')),
pressure * units('mbar'))
q = mpcalc.specific_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(q)
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(
mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Temp * units('degC')),
pressure * units('mbar'))
# specific energies
if LH_Tdepend == False:
mse = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude * units('meter'),
Temp * units('degC'), q)
mse_s = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude * units('meter'),
Temp * units('degC'), qs)
dse = mpcalc.dry_static_energy(altitude * units('meter'),
Temp * units('degC'))
else:
# A short course in cloud physics, Roger and Yau (1989)
Lvt = (2500.8 - 2.36 * T.magnitude +
0.0016 * T.magnitude**2 - 0.00006 * T.magnitude**3) * units(
'joule/gram') # latent heat of evaporation
#Lf = 2834.1 - 0.29*T - 0.004*T**2 # latent heat of fusion
mse = Cp_d * T + g * altitude + Lvt * q
mse_s = Cp_d * T + g * altitude + Lvt * qs
dse = mpcalc.dry_static_energy(altitude, T)
# adding curves on the main axes
ax.plot(dse.magnitude, pressure, 'k', linewidth=linewidth)
ax.plot(mse.magnitude, pressure, 'b', linewidth=linewidth)
ax.plot(mse_s.magnitude, pressure, 'r', linewidth=linewidth)
def sat_vap_press(T, Eqn):
''' Calculate the saturation vapor pressure three seperate ways
---
Inputs:
T: Temperature in Kelvin
Eqn: Equation to use in the saturation vapor pressure calculation
Output:
e_s: saturation vapor pressure
'''
#Used metpy as a way to check our values
#Note: metpy uses Bolton (1980) in order to calculate saturation vapor pressure
if Eqn == 'metpy':
try:
T = T.to_numpy()
except:
pass
#Converting units
Tk = T * units.degK
e_s = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Tk)
return e_s
# * * *
## Calc e_s using Eqn 23 from Alduchov and Eskridge (1996)
elif Eqn == 'Magnus':
Tc = T - 273.15 #convert to C
e_s = 6.1094 * np.exp((17.625 * Tc) / (Tc + 243.04))
return e_s
# * * *
elif Eqn == 'Wexler':
## Calc e_s using Eqn from Wexler (1976)
#Breaking down the equation
a = ((-2.9912729 * (10**3)) * ((T)**(-2)))
b = ((6.0170128 * (10**3)) * ((T)**(-1)))
c = (1.887643845 * (10**1))
d = ((2.8354721 * (10**-2)) * (T))
e = ((1.7838301 * (10**-5)) * ((T)**(2)))
f = ((8.4150417 * (10**-10)) * ((T)**(3)))
g = ((4.4412543 * (10**-13)) * ((T)**(4)))
h = ((2.858487 * (np.log(T))))
#Calculating the saturation vapor pressure
e_s = 0.01 * np.exp(a - b + c - d + e - f + g + h)
return e_s
# * * *
elif Eqn == 'Buck':
## Calc e_s using Eqn from Buck (1996) (for liquid water only)
# Temperature converted to celcius
Tc = T - 273.15
#Break down equation
a1 = (18.678 - (Tc / 234.5))
b1 = (Tc / (257.14 + Tc))
e_s = (6.1121 * np.exp(a1 * b1))
return e_s
def add_curves(ax,
pressure,
temperature,
mixing_ratio,
altitude,
linewidth=1.0,
LH_Tdepend=False):
"""
overlaying new curves of multiple soundings from profiles
"""
p = pressure * units('mbar')
T = temperature * units('degC')
q = mixing_ratio * units('kilogram/kilogram')
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T), p)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint(mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, q)) # dewpoint
Tp = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]).to('degC') # parcel profile
# Altitude based on the hydrostatic eq.
if len(altitude) == len(pressure): # (1) altitudes for whole levels
altitude = altitude * units('meter')
elif len(altitude
) == 1: # (2) known altitude where the soundings was launched
z_surf = altitude.copy() * units('meter')
# given altitude
altitude = np.zeros((np.size(T))) * units('meter')
for i in range(np.size(T)):
altitude[i] = mpcalc.thickness_hydrostatic(
p[:i + 1], T[:i + 1]) + z_surf # Hypsometric Eq. for height
else:
print(
'***NOTE***: the altitude at the surface is assumed 0 meter, and altitudes are derived based on the hypsometric equation'
)
altitude = np.zeros(
(np.size(T))) * units('meter') # surface is 0 meter
for i in range(np.size(T)):
altitude[i] = mpcalc.thickness_hydrostatic(
p[:i + 1], T[:i + 1]) # Hypsometric Eq. for height
# specific energies
if LH_Tdepend == False:
mse = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude, T, q)
mse_s = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude, T, qs)
dse = mpcalc.dry_static_energy(altitude, T)
else:
# A short course in cloud physics, Roger and Yau (1989)
Lvt = (2500.8 - 2.36 * T.magnitude +
0.0016 * T.magnitude**2 - 0.00006 * T.magnitude**3) * units(
'joule/gram') # latent heat of evaporation
#Lf = 2834.1 - 0.29*T - 0.004*T**2 # latent heat of fusion
mse = Cp_d * T + g * altitude + Lvt * q
mse_s = Cp_d * T + g * altitude + Lvt * qs
dse = mpcalc.dry_static_energy(altitude, T)
ax.plot(dse, p, '--k', linewidth=linewidth)
ax.plot(mse, p, '--b', linewidth=linewidth)
ax.plot(mse_s, p, '--r', linewidth=linewidth)
def sat_vapour_pressure(t):
"""Compute saturation vapour presure in Pa from temperature.
Arguments:
t -- temperature in [K]
Returns: Saturation Vapour Pressure in [Pa], in the same dimensions as the input.
"""
v_pr = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(t * units.kelvin)
# Convert return value units from mbar to Pa.
return v_pr.to('Pa').magnitude
def thermo_plots(pressure, temperature, mixing_ratio):
""""
plots for vertical profiles of temperature, dewpoint, mixing ratio and relative humidity.
Parameters
----------
pressure : array-like
Atmospheric pressure profile (surface to TOA)
temperature: array-like
Atmospheric temperature profile (surface to TOA)
dewpoint: array-like
Atmospheric dewpoint profile (surface to TOA)
Returns
-------
"""
p = pressure * units('mbar')
q = mixing_ratio * units('kilogram/kilogram')
T = temperature * units('degC')
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_specific_humidity(q, T, p) # dewpoint
Tp = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]) # parcel
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))
lev = find_nearest(p.magnitude, 100)
plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
plt.plot(T[:lev], p[:lev], '-ob')
plt.plot(Td[:lev], p[:lev], '-og')
plt.plot(Tp[:lev], p[:lev], '-or')
plt.xlabel('Temperature [C]', fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel('Pressure [hpa]', fontsize=12)
plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
plt.legend(['Temp', 'Temp_Dew', 'Temp_Parcel'], loc=1)
plt.grid()
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T), p)
# Relative humidity
RH = q / qs * 100 # Relative humidity
plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
plt.plot(q[:lev], p[:lev], '-og')
plt.xlabel('Mixing ratio [kg/kg]', fontsize=12)
plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
plt.grid()
plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
plt.plot(RH[:lev], p[:lev], '-og')
plt.xlabel('Relative humiduty [%]', fontsize=12)
plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
plt.grid()
plt.tight_layout()
return (plt)
def equivalent_potential_temperature(pressure, temperature, dewpoint):
r"""Calculate equivalent potential temperature.
This calculation must be given an air parcel's pressure, temperature, and dewpoint.
The implementation uses the formula outlined in [Bolton1980]_:
First, the LCL temperature is calculated:
.. math:: T_{L}=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{T_{D}-56}+\frac{ln(T_{K}/T_{D})}{800}}+56
Which is then used to calculate the potential temperature at the LCL:
.. math:: \theta_{DL}=T_{K}\left(\frac{1000}{p-e}\right)^k
\left(\frac{T_{K}}{T_{L}}\right)^{.28r}
Both of these are used to calculate the final equivalent potential temperature:
.. math:: \theta_{E}=\theta_{DL}\exp\left[\left(\frac{3036.}{T_{L}}
-1.78\right)*r(1+.448r)\right]
**Parameters**
pressure: `pint.Quantity`
Total atmospheric pressure
temperature: `pint.Quantity`
Temperature of parcel
dewpoint: `pint.Quantity`
Dewpoint of parcel
**Returns**
`pint.Quantity`
The equivalent potential temperature of the parcel
Notes
-----
[Bolton1980]_ formula for Theta-e is used, since according to
[DaviesJones2009]_ it is the most accurate non-iterative formulation
available.
"""
t = temperature.to('kelvin').magnitude
td = dewpoint.to('kelvin').magnitude
p = pressure.to('hPa').magnitude
e = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(dewpoint).to('hPa').magnitude
r = mpcalc.saturation_mixing_ratio(pressure, dewpoint).magnitude
kappa = 0.2854
t_l = 56 + 1. / (1. / (td - 56) + np.log(t / td) / 800.)
th_l = t * (1000 / (p - e))**kappa * (t / t_l)**(0.28 * r)
th_e = th_l * np.exp((3036. / t_l - 1.78) * r * (1 + 0.448 * r))
return th_e * units.kelvin
def plot(T, p, r, f_in, dir_out):
T = T * units.K
p = p * units.millibar
vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, r)
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(T, vp / svp)
Td[np.isnan(
Td)] = -99. * units.degree_Celsius # fill nan with very low temp
f_in_basename = os.path.basename(f_in)
prof.core(p,
T,
Td,
u,
v,
saveto=dir_out + 'prof_' + f_in_basename + '.png',
title=f_in_basename)
def plot_profile(f, fig, skew):
ds = xr.open_dataset(f)
ds = ds.isel(Time=0)
Theta_m = ds.T.mean(areadims) + basetemp
pm = (ds.P + ds.PB).mean(areadims)
Qvm = (ds.QVAPOR).mean(areadims)
U = wrf.destagger(ds.U, 2, meta=True)
V = wrf.destagger(ds.V, 1, meta=True)
um = U.mean(areadims)
vm = V.mean(areadims)
Tm = Theta_m * (pm / 1e5)**(2 / 7)
p = pm.values / 100. * units.millibar
Tm = Tm.values * units.K
Qv = Qvm.values
vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, Qv)
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Tm)
#svp[svp<1e-16*units.millibar] = 1e-16 * units.millibar
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(Tm, vp / svp)
Td[np.isnan(
Td)] = -99. * units.degree_Celsius # fill nan with very low temp
# print('Dewpoints: ', Td)
# print('Temperatures: ', Tm)
u = um.values
v = vm.values
skew.plot(p, Tm, 'r.-', ms=1, lw=.5, label='mean T')
skew.plot(p, Td, 'g.-', ms=5, lw=2, label='mean Td')
#skew.plot_barbs(p, u, v)
return Tm, Td, p
def msed_plots(pressure,
temperature,
mixing_ratio,
h0_std=2000,
ensemble_size=20,
ent_rate=np.arange(0, 2, 0.05),
entrain=False):
"""
plotting the summarized static energy diagram with annotations and thermodynamic parameters
"""
p = pressure * units('mbar')
T = temperature * units('degC')
q = mixing_ratio * units('kilogram/kilogram')
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T), p)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint(mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, q)) # dewpoint
Tp = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]).to('degC') # parcel profile
# Altitude based on the hydrostatic eq.
altitude = np.zeros((np.size(T))) * units('meter') # surface is 0 meter
for i in range(np.size(T)):
altitude[i] = mpcalc.thickness_hydrostatic(
p[:i + 1], T[:i + 1]) # Hypsometric Eq. for height
# Static energy calculations
mse = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude, T, q)
mse_s = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude, T, qs)
dse = mpcalc.dry_static_energy(altitude, T)
# Water vapor calculations
p_PWtop = max(200 * units.mbar,
min(p) + 1 * units.mbar) # integrating until 200mb
cwv = mpcalc.precipitable_water(Td, p,
top=p_PWtop) # column water vapor [mm]
cwvs = mpcalc.precipitable_water(
T, p, top=p_PWtop) # saturated column water vapor [mm]
crh = (cwv / cwvs) * 100. # column relative humidity [%]
#================================================
# plotting MSE vertical profiles
fig = plt.figure(figsize=[12, 8])
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
ax.plot(dse, p, '-k', linewidth=2)
ax.plot(mse, p, '-b', linewidth=2)
ax.plot(mse_s, p, '-r', linewidth=2)
# mse based on different percentages of relative humidity
qr = np.zeros((9, np.size(qs))) * units('kilogram/kilogram')
mse_r = qr * units('joule/kilogram') # container
for i in range(9):
qr[i, :] = qs * 0.1 * (i + 1)
mse_r[i, :] = mpcalc.moist_static_energy(altitude, T, qr[i, :])
for i in range(9):
ax.plot(mse_r[i, :], p[:], '-', color='grey', linewidth=0.7)
ax.text(mse_r[i, 3].magnitude / 1000 - 1, p[3].magnitude,
str((i + 1) * 10))
# drawing LCL and LFC levels
[lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature] = mpcalc.lcl(p[0], T[0], Td[0])
lcl_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - lcl_pressure.magnitude))
[lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature] = mpcalc.lfc(p, T, Td)
lfc_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - lfc_pressure.magnitude))
# conserved mse of air parcel arising from 1000 hpa
mse_p = np.squeeze(np.ones((1, np.size(T))) * mse[0].magnitude)
# illustration of CAPE
el_pressure, el_temperature = mpcalc.el(p, T, Td) # equilibrium level
el_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - el_pressure.magnitude))
ELps = [el_pressure.magnitude
] # Initialize an array of EL pressures for detrainment profile
[CAPE, CIN] = mpcalc.cape_cin(p[:el_idx], T[:el_idx], Td[:el_idx],
Tp[:el_idx])
plt.plot(mse_p, p, color='green', linewidth=2)
ax.fill_betweenx(p[lcl_idx:el_idx + 1],
mse_p[lcl_idx:el_idx + 1],
mse_s[lcl_idx:el_idx + 1],
interpolate=True,
color='green',
alpha='0.3')
ax.fill_betweenx(p, dse, mse, color='deepskyblue', alpha='0.5')
ax.set_xlabel('Specific static energies: s, h, hs [kJ kg$^{-1}$]',
fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel('Pressure [hpa]', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xticks([280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380])
ax.set_xlim([280, 390])
ax.set_ylim(1030, 120)
if entrain is True:
# Depict Entraining parcels
# Parcel mass solves dM/dz = eps*M, solution is M = exp(eps*Z)
# M=1 at ground without loss of generality
# Distribution of surface parcel h offsets
H0STDEV = h0_std # J/kg
h0offsets = np.sort(np.random.normal(
0, H0STDEV, ensemble_size)) * units('joule/kilogram')
# Distribution of entrainment rates
entrainment_rates = ent_rate / (units('km'))
for h0offset in h0offsets:
h4ent = mse.copy()
h4ent[0] += h0offset
for eps in entrainment_rates:
M = np.exp(eps * (altitude - altitude[0])).to('dimensionless')
# dM is the mass contribution at each level, with 1 at the origin level.
M[0] = 0
dM = np.gradient(M)
# parcel mass is a sum of all the dM's at each level
# conserved linearly-mixed variables like h are weighted averages
hent = np.cumsum(dM * h4ent) / np.cumsum(dM)
# Boolean for positive buoyancy, and its topmost altitude (index) where curve is clippes
posboy = (hent > mse_s)
posboy[0] = True # so there is always a detrainment level
ELindex_ent = np.max(np.where(posboy))
# Plot the curve
plt.plot(hent[0:ELindex_ent + 2],
p[0:ELindex_ent + 2],
linewidth=0.25,
color='g')
# Keep a list for a histogram plot (detrainment profile)
if p[ELindex_ent].magnitude < lfc_pressure.magnitude: # buoyant parcels only
ELps.append(p[ELindex_ent].magnitude)
# Plot a crude histogram of parcel detrainment levels
NBINS = 20
pbins = np.linspace(1000, 150,
num=NBINS) # pbins for detrainment levels
hist = np.zeros((len(pbins) - 1))
for x in ELps:
for i in range(len(pbins) - 1):
if (x < pbins[i]) & (x >= pbins[i + 1]):
hist[i] += 1
break
det_per = hist / sum(hist) * 100
# percentages of detrainment ensumbles at levels
ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.705, 0.1, 0.1, 0.8], facecolor=None)
ax2.barh(pbins[1:],
det_per,
color='lightgrey',
edgecolor='k',
height=15 * (20 / NBINS))
ax2.set_xlim([0, max(det_per)])
ax2.set_ylim([1030, 120])
ax2.set_xlabel('Detrainment [%]')
ax2.grid()
ax2.set_zorder(2)
ax.plot([400, 400], [1100, 0])
ax.annotate('Detrainment', xy=(362, 320), color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate('ensemble: ' + str(ensemble_size * len(entrainment_rates)),
xy=(364, 340),
color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate('Detrainment', xy=(362, 380), color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate(' scale: 0 - 2 km', xy=(365, 400), color='dimgrey')
# Overplots on the mess: undilute parcel and CAPE, etc.
ax.plot((1, 1) * mse[0], (1, 0) * (p[0]), color='g', linewidth=2)
# Replot the sounding on top of all that mess
ax.plot(mse_s, p, color='r', linewidth=1.5)
ax.plot(mse, p, color='b', linewidth=1.5)
# label LCL and LCF
ax.plot((mse_s[lcl_idx] + (-2000, 2000) * units('joule/kilogram')),
lcl_pressure + (0, 0) * units('mbar'),
color='orange',
linewidth=3)
ax.plot((mse_s[lfc_idx] + (-2000, 2000) * units('joule/kilogram')),
lfc_pressure + (0, 0) * units('mbar'),
color='magenta',
linewidth=3)
### Internal waves (100m adiabatic displacements, assumed adiabatic: conserves s, sv, h).
#dZ = 100 *mpunits.units.meter
dp = 1000 * units.pascal
# depict displacements at sounding levels nearest these target levels
targetlevels = [900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200] * units.hPa
for ilev in targetlevels:
idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p - ilev))
# dp: hydrostatic
rho = (p[idx]) / Rd / (T[idx])
dZ = -dp / rho / g
# dT: Dry lapse rate dT/dz_dry is -g/Cp
dT = (-g / Cp_d * dZ).to('kelvin')
Tdisp = T[idx].to('kelvin') + dT
# dhsat
dqs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Tdisp),
p[idx] + dp) - qs[idx]
dhs = g * dZ + Cp_d * dT + Lv * dqs
# Whiskers on the data plots
ax.plot((mse_s[idx] + dhs * (-1, 1)),
p[idx] + dp * (-1, 1),
linewidth=3,
color='r')
ax.plot((dse[idx] * (1, 1)),
p[idx] + dp * (-1, 1),
linewidth=3,
color='k')
ax.plot((mse[idx] * (1, 1)),
p[idx] + dp * (-1, 1),
linewidth=3,
color='b')
# annotation to explain it
if ilev == 400 * ilev.units:
ax.plot(360 * mse_s.units + dhs * (-1, 1) / 1000,
440 * units('mbar') + dp * (-1, 1),
linewidth=3,
color='r')
ax.annotate('+/- 10mb', xy=(362, 440), fontsize=8)
ax.annotate(' adiabatic displacement', xy=(362, 460), fontsize=8)
# Plot a crude histogram of parcel detrainment levels
# Text parts
ax.text(290, pressure[3], 'RH (%)', fontsize=11, color='k')
ax.text(285,
200,
'CAPE = ' + str(np.around(CAPE.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [J/kg]',
fontsize=12,
color='green')
ax.text(285,
250,
'CIN = ' + str(np.around(CIN.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [J/kg]',
fontsize=12,
color='green')
ax.text(285,
300,
'LCL = ' + str(np.around(lcl_pressure.magnitude, decimals=2)) +
' [hpa]',
fontsize=12,
color='darkorange')
ax.text(285,
350,
'LFC = ' + str(np.around(lfc_pressure.magnitude, decimals=2)) +
' [hpa]',
fontsize=12,
color='magenta')
ax.text(285,
400,
'CWV = ' + str(np.around(cwv.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [mm]',
fontsize=12,
color='deepskyblue')
ax.text(285,
450,
'CRH = ' + str(np.around(crh.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [%]',
fontsize=12,
color='blue')
ax.legend(['DSE', 'MSE', 'SMSE'], fontsize=12, loc=1)
ax.set_zorder(3)
return (ax)
def entropy_plots(pressure,
temperature,
mixing_ratio,
altitude,
h0_std=2000,
ensemble_size=20,
ent_rate=np.arange(0, 2, 0.05),
entrain=False):
"""
plotting the summarized entropy diagram with annotations and thermodynamic parameters
"""
p = pressure * units('mbar')
T = temperature * units('degC')
q = mixing_ratio * units('kilogram/kilogram')
qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T), p)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint(mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, q)) # dewpoint
Tp = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]).to('degC') # parcel profile
# Altitude based on the hydrostatic eq.
if len(altitude) == len(pressure): # (1) altitudes for whole levels
altitude = altitude * units('meter')
elif len(altitude
) == 1: # (2) known altitude where the soundings was launched
z_surf = altitude.copy() * units('meter')
# given altitude
altitude = np.zeros((np.size(T))) * units('meter')
for i in range(np.size(T)):
altitude[i] = mpcalc.thickness_hydrostatic(
p[:i + 1], T[:i + 1]) + z_surf # Hypsometric Eq. for height
else:
print(
'***NOTE***: the altitude at the surface is assumed 0 meter, and altitudes are derived based on the hypsometric equation'
)
altitude = np.zeros(
(np.size(T))) * units('meter') # surface is 0 meter
for i in range(np.size(T)):
altitude[i] = mpcalc.thickness_hydrostatic(
p[:i + 1], T[:i + 1]) # Hypsometric Eq. for height
# specific entropy [joule/(kg*K)]
# sd : specific entropy of dry air
# sm1 : specific entropy of airborne mositure in state 1 (water vapor)
# sm2 : specific entropy of airborne mositure in state 2 (saturated water vapor)
sd = entropy(T.magnitude, q.magnitude * 1e-6, p.magnitude)
sm1 = entropy(T.magnitude, q.magnitude, p.magnitude)
sm2 = entropy(T.magnitude, qs.magnitude, p.magnitude)
###############################
# Water vapor calculations
p_PWtop = min(p)
#p_PWtop = max(200*units.mbar, min(p) + 1*units.mbar) # integrating until 200mb
cwv = mpcalc.precipitable_water(Td, p,
top=p_PWtop) # column water vapor [mm]
cwvs = mpcalc.precipitable_water(
T, p, top=p_PWtop) # saturated column water vapor [mm]
crh = (cwv / cwvs) * 100. # column relative humidity [%]
#================================================
# plotting MSE vertical profiles
fig = plt.figure(figsize=[12, 8])
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
ax.plot(sd, p, '-k', linewidth=2)
ax.plot(sm1, p, '-b', linewidth=2)
ax.plot(sm2, p, '-r', linewidth=2)
# mse based on different percentages of relative humidity
qr = np.zeros((9, np.size(qs))) * units('kilogram/kilogram')
sm1_r = qr # container
for i in range(9):
qr[i, :] = qs * 0.1 * (i + 1)
sm1_r[i, :] = entropy(T.magnitude, qr[i, :].magnitude, p.magnitude)
for i in range(9):
ax.plot(sm1_r[i, :], p[:], '-', color='grey', linewidth=0.7)
ax.text(sm1_r[i, 3].magnitude - 2, p[3].magnitude, str((i + 1) * 10))
# drawing LCL and LFC levels
[lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature] = mpcalc.lcl(p[0], T[0], Td[0])
lcl_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - lcl_pressure.magnitude))
[lfc_pressure, lfc_temperature] = mpcalc.lfc(p, T, Td)
lfc_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - lfc_pressure.magnitude))
# conserved mse of air parcel arising from 1000 hpa
sm1_p = np.squeeze(np.ones((1, np.size(T))) * sm1[0])
# illustration of CAPE
el_pressure, el_temperature = mpcalc.el(p, T, Td) # equilibrium level
el_idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p.magnitude - el_pressure.magnitude))
ELps = [el_pressure.magnitude
] # Initialize an array of EL pressures for detrainment profile
[CAPE, CIN] = mpcalc.cape_cin(p[:el_idx], T[:el_idx], Td[:el_idx],
Tp[:el_idx])
plt.plot(sm1_p, p, color='green', linewidth=2)
#ax.fill_betweenx(p[lcl_idx:el_idx+1],sm1_p[lcl_idx:el_idx+1],sm2[lcl_idx:el_idx+1],interpolate=True
# ,color='green',alpha='0.3')
ax.fill_betweenx(p, sd, sm1, color='deepskyblue', alpha='0.5')
ax.set_xlabel('Specific entropies: sd, sm, sm_sat [J K$^{-1}$ kg$^{-1}$]',
fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel('Pressure [hPa]', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xticks([0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350])
ax.set_xlim([0, 440])
ax.set_ylim(1030, 120)
if entrain is True:
# Depict Entraining parcels
# Parcel mass solves dM/dz = eps*M, solution is M = exp(eps*Z)
# M=1 at ground without loss of generality
# Distribution of surface parcel h offsets
h0offsets = np.sort(np.random.normal(
0, h0_std, ensemble_size)) * units('joule/kilogram')
# Distribution of entrainment rates
entrainment_rates = ent_rate / (units('km'))
for h0offset in h0offsets:
h4ent = sm1.copy()
h4ent[0] += h0offset
for eps in entrainment_rates:
M = np.exp(eps * (altitude - altitude[0])).to('dimensionless')
# dM is the mass contribution at each level, with 1 at the origin level.
M[0] = 0
dM = np.gradient(M)
# parcel mass is a sum of all the dM's at each level
# conserved linearly-mixed variables like h are weighted averages
if eps.magnitude == 0.0:
hent = np.ones(len(h4ent)) * h4ent[0] # no mixing
else:
hent = np.cumsum(dM * h4ent) / np.cumsum(dM)
# Boolean for positive buoyancy, and its topmost altitude (index) where curve is clippes
posboy = (hent > sm2)
posboy[0] = True # so there is always a detrainment level
# defining the first EL by posboy as the detrainment layer, swiching from positive buoyancy to
# negative buoyancy (0 to 1) and skipping the surface
ELindex_ent = 0
for idx in range(len(posboy) - 1):
if posboy[idx + 1] == 0 and posboy[idx] == 1 and idx > 0:
ELindex_ent = idx
break
# Plot the curve
plt.plot(hent[0:ELindex_ent + 2],
p[0:ELindex_ent + 2],
linewidth=0.6,
color='g')
#plt.plot( hent[0:], p[0:], linewidth=0.6, color='g')
# Keep a list for a histogram plot (detrainment profile)
if p[ELindex_ent].magnitude < lfc_pressure.magnitude: # buoyant parcels only
ELps.append(p[ELindex_ent].magnitude)
# Plot a crude histogram of parcel detrainment levels
NBINS = 20
pbins = np.linspace(1000, 150,
num=NBINS) # pbins for detrainment levels
hist = np.zeros((len(pbins) - 1))
for x in ELps:
for i in range(len(pbins) - 1):
if (x < pbins[i]) & (x >= pbins[i + 1]):
hist[i] += 1
break
det_per = hist / sum(hist) * 100
# percentages of detrainment ensumbles at levels
ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.705, 0.1, 0.1, 0.8], facecolor=None)
ax2.barh(pbins[1:],
det_per,
color='lightgrey',
edgecolor='k',
height=15 * (20 / NBINS))
ax2.set_xlim([0, 100])
ax2.set_xticks([0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100])
ax2.set_ylim([1030, 120])
ax2.set_xlabel('Detrainment [%]')
ax2.grid()
ax2.set_zorder(2)
ax.plot([400, 400], [1100, 0])
ax.annotate('Detrainment', xy=(362, 320), color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate('ensemble: ' + str(ensemble_size * len(entrainment_rates)),
xy=(364, 340),
color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate('Detrainment', xy=(362, 380), color='dimgrey')
ax.annotate(' scale: 0 - 2 km', xy=(365, 400), color='dimgrey')
# Overplots on the mess: undilute parcel and CAPE, etc.
ax.plot((1, 1) * sm1[0], (1, 0) * (p[0]), color='g', linewidth=2)
# Replot the sounding on top of all that mess
ax.plot(sm2, p, color='r', linewidth=1.5)
ax.plot(sm1, p, color='b', linewidth=1.5)
# label LCL and LCF
ax.plot((sm2[lcl_idx] + (-2000, 2000) * units('joule/kilogram')),
lcl_pressure + (0, 0) * units('mbar'),
color='orange',
linewidth=3)
ax.plot((sm2[lfc_idx] + (-2000, 2000) * units('joule/kilogram')),
lfc_pressure + (0, 0) * units('mbar'),
color='magenta',
linewidth=3)
# Plot a crude histogram of parcel detrainment levels
# Text parts
ax.text(30, pressure[3], 'RH (%)', fontsize=11, color='k')
ax.text(20,
200,
'CAPE = ' + str(np.around(CAPE.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [J/kg]',
fontsize=12,
color='green')
ax.text(20,
250,
'CIN = ' + str(np.around(CIN.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [J/kg]',
fontsize=12,
color='green')
ax.text(20,
300,
'LCL = ' + str(np.around(lcl_pressure.magnitude, decimals=2)) +
' [hpa]',
fontsize=12,
color='darkorange')
ax.text(20,
350,
'LFC = ' + str(np.around(lfc_pressure.magnitude, decimals=2)) +
' [hpa]',
fontsize=12,
color='magenta')
ax.text(20,
400,
'CWV = ' + str(np.around(cwv.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [mm]',
fontsize=12,
color='deepskyblue')
ax.text(20,
450,
'CRH = ' + str(np.around(crh.magnitude, decimals=2)) + ' [%]',
fontsize=12,
color='blue')
ax.legend(['DEnt', 'MEnt', 'SMEnt'], fontsize=12, loc=1)
ax.set_zorder(3)
return (ax)
p = df_selected_time['pressure'].values * units.hPa
T = df_selected_time['temperature'].values * units.degC
Td = df_selected_time['dewpoint'].values * units.degC
wind_speed = df_selected_time['speed'].values * units.knots
wind_dir = df_selected_time['direction'].values * units.degrees
u, v = mpcalc.wind_components(wind_speed, wind_dir)
# Calculate web bulb temperature
df_selected_time['wet_bulb_T'] = mpcalc.wet_bulb_temperature(p, T, Td)
# Calculate potential temperature
df_selected_time['potential_T'] = mpcalc.potential_temperature(p, T)
df_selected_time['potential_T_C'] = df_selected_time['potential_T'].values - 273.15
# Calculate saturation vaper pressure
df_selected_time['saturation_vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T)
df_selected_time['vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Td)
SVP = df_selected_time['saturation_vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
VP = df_selected_time['vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
# Calculate mixing ratio
df_selected_time['saturation_mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(SVP, p)
df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(VP, p)
SMR = df_selected_time['saturation_mixing_ratio'].values * units('g/kg')
MR = df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'].values * units('g/kg')
# Calculate relative humidity
df_selected_time['relative_humidity_from_dewpoint'] \
= mpcalc.relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(T, Td)
df_selected_time['relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio'] \
= mpcalc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(MR, T, p)
def EnergyMassPlot(pressure, temperature, dewpoint,
height, uwind, vwind, sphum=None, rh=None,
label='', size=(12,10), return_fig=False):
p=pressure
Z=height
T=temperature
Td=dewpoint
if isinstance(sphum,np.ndarray) and isinstance(rh,np.ndarray):
q=sphum
qs=q/rh
else:
q = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Td),p)
qs= mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T),p)
s = g*Z + Cp_d*T
sv= g*Z + Cp_d*mpcalc.virtual_temperature(T,q)
h = s + Lv*q
hs= s + Lv*qs
parcel_Tprofile = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, T[0], Td[0]).to('degC')
CAPE,CIN = mpcalc.cape_cin(p,T,Td,parcel_Tprofile)
ELp,ELT = mpcalc.el(p,T,Td)
ELindex = np.argmin(np.abs(p - ELp))
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = mpcalc.lcl(p[0], T[0], Td[0])
p_PWtop = max(200*units.mbar, min(p) +1*units.mbar)
PW = mpcalc.precipitable_water(Td,p, top=p_PWtop)
PWs = mpcalc.precipitable_water(T,p, top=p_PWtop)
CRH = (PW/PWs).magnitude *100.
fig,ax=setup_fig(size=size,label=label)
ax.plot(s /1000, p, color='r', linewidth=1.5) ### /1000 for kJ/kg
ax.plot(sv /1000, p, color='r', linestyle='-.')
ax.plot(h /1000, p, color='b', linewidth=1.5)
ax.plot(hs /1000, p, color='r', linewidth=1.5)
### RH rulings between s and h lines: annotate near 800 hPa level
annot_level = 800 #hPa
idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p - annot_level *units.hPa))
right_annot_loc = 380
for iRH in np.arange(10,100,10):
ax.plot( (s+ Lv*qs*iRH/100.)/1000, p, linewidth=0.5, linestyle=':', color='k')
ax.annotate(str(iRH), xy=( (s[idx]+Lv*qs[idx]*iRH/100.)/1000, annot_level),
horizontalalignment='center',fontsize=6)
ax.annotate('RH (%)', xy=(right_annot_loc, annot_level), fontsize=10)
if not np.isnan(CAPE.magnitude) and CAPE.magnitude >10:
parcelh = h [0] # for a layer mean: np.mean(h[idx1:idx2])
parcelsv = sv[0]
parcelp0 = p[0]
# Undilute parcel
ax.plot( (1,1)*parcelh/1000., (1,0)*parcelp0, linewidth=0.5, color='g')
maxbindex = np.argmax(parcel_Tprofile - T)
ax.annotate('CAPE='+str(int(CAPE.magnitude)),
xy=(parcelh/1000., p[maxbindex]), color='g')
# Plot LCL at saturation point, above the lifted sv of the surface parcel
lcl_pressure, lcl_temperature = mpcalc.lcl(p[0], T[0], Td[0])
ax.annotate('LCL', xy=(sv[0]/1000., lcl_pressure), fontsize=10, color='g', horizontalalignment='right')
# Purple fill for negative buoyancy below LCL:
ax.fill_betweenx(p, sv/1000., parcelsv/1000., where=p>lcl_pressure, facecolor='purple', alpha=0.4)
# Positive moist convective buoyancy in green
# Above LCL:
ax.fill_betweenx(p, hs/1000., parcelh/1000., where= parcelh>hs, facecolor='g', alpha=0.4)
# Depict Entraining parcels
# Parcel mass solves dM/dz = eps*M, solution is M = exp(eps*Z)
# M=1 at ground without loss of generality
entrainment_distance = 10000., 5000., 2000.
ax.annotate('entrain: 10,5,2 km', xy=(parcelh/1000, 140), color='g',
fontsize=8, horizontalalignment='right')
ax.annotate('parcel h', xy=(parcelh/1000, 120), color='g',
fontsize=10, horizontalalignment='right')
for ED in entrainment_distance:
eps = 1.0 / (ED*units.meter)
M = np.exp(eps * (Z-Z[0]).to('m')).to('dimensionless')
# dM is the mass contribution at each level, with 1 at the origin level.
M[0] = 0
dM = np.gradient(M)
# parcel mass is a sum of all the dM's at each level
# conserved linearly-mixed variables like h are weighted averages
hent = np.cumsum(dM*h) / np.cumsum(dM)
ax.plot( hent[0:ELindex+3]/1000., p[0:ELindex+3], linewidth=0.5, color='g')
### Internal waves (100m adiabatic displacements, assumed adiabatic: conserves s, sv, h).
dZ = 100 *units.meter
# depict displacements at sounding levels nearest these target levels
targetlevels = [900,800,700,600,500,400,300,200]*units.hPa
for ilev in targetlevels:
idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p - ilev))
# dT: Dry lapse rate dT/dz_dry is -g/Cp
dT = (-g/Cp_d *dZ).to('kelvin')
Tdisp = T[idx].to('kelvin') + dT
# dp: hydrostatic
rho = (p[idx]/Rd/T[idx])
dp = -rho*g*dZ
# dhsat
#qs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T) ,p)
dqs = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Tdisp) ,p[idx]+dp) -qs[idx]
dhs = g*dZ + Cp_d*dT + Lv*dqs
# Whiskers on the data plots
ax.plot( (hs[idx]+dhs*(-1,1))/1000, p[idx]+dp*(-1,1), linewidth=3, color='r')
ax.plot( (s [idx] *( 1,1))/1000, p[idx]+dp*(-1,1), linewidth=3, color='r')
ax.plot( (h [idx] *( 1,1))/1000, p[idx]+dp*(-1,1), linewidth=3, color='b')
# annotation to explain it
if ilev == 600*ilev.units:
ax.plot(right_annot_loc*hs.units +dhs*(-1,1)/1000, p[idx]+dp*(-1,1), linewidth=3, color='r')
ax.annotate('+/- 100m', xy=(right_annot_loc,600), fontsize=8)
ax.annotate(' internal', xy=(right_annot_loc,630), fontsize=8)
ax.annotate(' waves', xy=(right_annot_loc,660), fontsize=8)
### Blue fill proportional to precipitable water, and blue annotation
ax.fill_betweenx(p, s/1000., h/1000., where=h > s, facecolor='b', alpha=0.4)
# Have to specify the top of the PW integral.
# I want whole atmosphere of course, but 200 hPa captures it all really.
#import metpy.calc as mpcalc
p_PWtop = max(200*units.mbar, min(p) +1*units.mbar)
PW = mpcalc.precipitable_water(Td,p, top=p_PWtop)
PWs = mpcalc.precipitable_water(T,p, top=p_PWtop)
CRH = (PW/PWs).magnitude *100.
# PW annotation arrow tip at 700 mb
idx = np.argmin(np.abs(p - 700*p.units))
centerblue = (s[idx]+h[idx])/2.0 /1000.
ax.annotate('CWV='+str(round(PW.to('mm').magnitude, 1))+'mm',
xy=(centerblue, 700), xytext=(285, 200),
color='blue', fontsize=15,
arrowprops=dict(width = 1, edgecolor='blue', shrink=0.02),
)
ax.annotate('(' + str(round(CRH,1)) +'% of sat)',
xy=(285, 230), color='blue', fontsize=12)
### Surface water values at 1C intervals, for eyeballing surface fluxes
sT = np.trunc(T[0].to('degC'))
sTint = int(sT.magnitude)
for idT in [-2,0,2,4]:
ssTint = sTint + idT # UNITLESS degC integers, for labels
# Kelvin values for computations
ssTC = ssTint * units.degC
ssTK = ssTC.to('kelvin')
ss = g*Z[0] + Cp_d*ssTK
hs = ss + Lv*mpcalc.mixing_ratio(mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(ssTK) ,p[0])
ax.annotate(str(ssTint), xy=(ss/1000., p[0]+0*p.units),
verticalalignment='top', horizontalalignment='center',
color='red', fontsize=7)
ax.annotate(str(ssTint), xy=(hs/1000., p[0]+0*p.units),
verticalalignment='top', horizontalalignment='center',
color='red', fontsize=9)
ax.annotate('\u00b0C water', xy=(right_annot_loc, p[0]), verticalalignment='top',
fontsize=10, color='r')
if return_fig:
return ax,fig
def dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(temperature, relative_humidity):
"""Similar to `metpy.calc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity`, but without
a check for values greater than 120%"""
return mpcalc.dewpoint(relative_humidity *
mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(temperature))
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_fahrenheit():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles temperature in Fahrenheit."""
temp = np.array([50., 68.]) * units.degF
real_es = np.array([12.2717, 23.3695]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 4)
def f(fullname, selected_time):
fullname_el = fullname.split('/')
#fullname_el = fullname.split('\\')
filename = fullname_el[-1]
filename_el = filename.split('_')
save_base_dir_name = '../1data/'
save_dir_name = '{0}{1}/'.format(save_base_dir_name + dir_name, obs_year)
print('site : {0}'.format(dir_name))
if os.path.isfile('{0}{1}_{2}_student.csv'\
.format(save_dir_name, filename_el[-5], selected_time[:13]))\
and os.path.isfile('{0}{1}_{2}_solution.csv'\
.format(save_dir_name, filename_el[-5], selected_time[:13])):
write_log(log_file, '{3} ::: {0}{1}_{2} files are already exist'\
.format(save_dir_name, filename_el[-5], selected_time[:13], datetime.now()))
else:
try:
f = lambda s: selected_time in s
ids = df['time'].apply(f)
df_selected_time = df[ids]
df_selected_time = df_selected_time.sort_values('pressure',
ascending=False)
print('filename : {0}'.format(fullname))
print('df_selected_time.\n{0}'.format(df_selected_time))
df_selected_time.to_csv(r'{0}{1}_{2}_student.csv'\
.format(save_dir_name, filename_el[-5], selected_time[:13]))
#################################################################################
### We will pull the data out of the example dataset into individual variables and
### assign units.
#################################################################################
p = df_selected_time['pressure'].values * units.hPa
T = df_selected_time['temperature'].values * units.degC
Td = df_selected_time['dewpoint'].values * units.degC
wind_speed = df_selected_time['speed'].values * units.knots
wind_dir = df_selected_time['direction'].values * units.degrees
u, v = mpcalc.wind_components(wind_speed, wind_dir)
# Calculate web bulb temperature
df_selected_time['wet_bulb_T'] = mpcalc.wet_bulb_temperature(
p, T, Td)
# Calculate potential temperature
df_selected_time['potential_T'] = mpcalc.potential_temperature(
p, T)
df_selected_time['potential_T_C'] = df_selected_time[
'potential_T'].values - 273.15
# Calculate saturation vaper pressure
df_selected_time[
'saturation_vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(
T)
df_selected_time[
'vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(Td)
SVP = df_selected_time[
'saturation_vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
VP = df_selected_time['vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
# Calculate mixing ratio
df_selected_time['saturation_mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(
SVP, p)
df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(VP, p)
SMR = df_selected_time['saturation_mixing_ratio'].values * units(
'g/kg')
MR = df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'].values * units('g/kg')
# Calculate relative humidity
df_selected_time['relative_humidity_from_dewpoint'] \
= mpcalc.relative_humidity_from_dewpoint(T, Td)
df_selected_time['relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio'] \
= mpcalc.relative_humidity_from_mixing_ratio(MR, T, p)
# Calculate virtual temperature
df_selected_time['virtual_temperature'] \
= mpcalc.virtual_temperature(T, MR)
# Calculate virtual potential temperature
df_selected_time['virtual_potential_temperature'] \
= mpcalc.virtual_potential_temperature(p, T, MR)
print('df_selected_time after drop nan.\n{0}'.format(
df_selected_time))
df_selected_time.to_csv(r'{0}{1}_{2}_solution.csv'\
.format(save_dir_name, filename_el[-5], selected_time[:13]))
except Exception as err:
write_log(err_log_file, '{4} ::: {0} with {1}{2} on {3}'\
.format(err, dir_name, filename, selected_time[:13], datetime.now()))
print('Thread {0} is finished'.format(selected_time))
return 0 # Return a dummy value
def test_sat_vapor_pressure():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure calculation."""
temp = np.array([5., 10., 18., 25.]) * units.degC
real_es = np.array([8.72, 12.27, 20.63, 31.67]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 2)
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_scalar():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles scalar values."""
es = saturation_vapor_pressure(0 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(es, 6.112 * units.mbar, 3)
T = df_selected_time['temperature'].values * units.degC
Td = df_selected_time['dewpoint'].values * units.degC
wind_speed = df_selected_time['speed'].values * units.knots
wind_dir = df_selected_time[
'direction'].values * units.degrees
u, v = mpcalc.wind_components(wind_speed, wind_dir)
# Calculate potential temperature
#potential_T = mpcalc.potential_temperature(p[1], T[10])
df_selected_time[
'potential_T'] = mpcalc.potential_temperature(p, T)
df_selected_time['potential_T_C'] = df_selected_time[
'potential_T'].values - 273.15
df_selected_time[
'saturation_vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(
T)
df_selected_time[
'vaper_pressure'] = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(
Td)
VPS = df_selected_time[
'saturation_vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
VP = df_selected_time['vaper_pressure'].values * units.hPa
df_selected_time[
'saturation_mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(
VPS, p)
df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'] = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(
VP, p)
MRS = df_selected_time[
'saturation_mixing_ratio'].values * units('g/kg')
MR = df_selected_time['mixing_ratio'].values * units(
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_scalar():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles scalar values."""
es = saturation_vapor_pressure(0 * units.degC)
assert_almost_equal(es, 6.112 * units.mbar, 3)
def test_sat_vapor_pressure():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure calculation."""
temp = np.array([5., 10., 18., 25.]) * units.degC
real_es = np.array([8.72, 12.27, 20.63, 31.67]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 2)
def plot_skewt(snd: Sounding, save_to: Optional[str] = None, p_top: int = 100):
"""
Plots a skew-T from the given Sounding.
:param snd: The Sounding.
:param save_to: Where to save the figure. Default None, which does not save the figure, and instead shows it.
:param p_top: Pressure at the top of the skew-T. If you change this, Metpy might change the rotation of the
isotherms. No known fix yet.
:return: None.
"""
####################################################################################################################
# Data extraction and masking
# Extract data from sounding.
p = snd.p
T = snd.T
Td = snd.Td
Tw = snd.Tw
Te = snd.thetaE
z = snd.z
cf = snd["CFRL"]
omega = snd.omega
u, v = snd.wind_components()
e = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T)
rv = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(e, p)
w = mpcalc.vertical_velocity(omega, p, T, rv).to("cm/s")
# Create masks to filter what data is plotted.
mask_dewpoint = Td > -9000. * units.degC # Plot only non-missing dewpoints.
mask_wetbulb = Tw > -9000. * units.degC # Plot only non-missing dewpoints.
mask_thetae = Te > 0. * units.K # Plot only non-missing theta-es.
mask_barbs = p > p_top * units.hPa # Plot only winds below the top of the sounding.
####################################################################################################################
# Define intervals of height for coloring barbs and hodograph.
z_interval_levels = [1500, 3000, 6000, 9000, 12000, 99999]
z_interval_colors = ["red", "orange", "green", "blue", "purple", "grey"]
z_colors = []
for item in z:
for color, interval in zip(z_interval_colors, z_interval_levels):
if item <= interval * units.meter:
z_colors.append(color)
break
####################################################################################################################
# Plotting skew-T
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(11, 11))
ax_hodo = fig.add_axes([0.70, 0.675, 0.25, 0.25])
ax_thte = fig.add_axes([0.70, 0.375, 0.25, 0.25])
skew = SkewT(fig, rotation=45, rect=[0.05, 0.05, 0.60, 0.9])
# Plot temperature, dewpoint, and wet-bulb.
skew.plot(p, T, 'r')
skew.plot(p[mask_dewpoint], Td[mask_dewpoint], 'g')
skew.plot(p[mask_wetbulb], Tw[mask_wetbulb], color='#009999', linewidth=1)
# Calculate and plot surface parcel trace.
sfc_trace = snd.parcel_trace(0).to('degC')
sfc_trace_plot = skew.plot(p,
sfc_trace,
c='orange',
linewidth=2,
zorder=-10)
# Calculate and plot MU parcel trace.
mu_level_index = np.argmax(Te[p > 750. * units.hPa])
mu_trace = snd.parcel_trace(mu_level_index).to('degC')
mu_trace_plot = skew.plot(p[mu_level_index:],
mu_trace,
c='gray',
linewidth=2,
zorder=-9)
# Plot each barb individually for control over color. Unfortunately, the c arg of plot_barbs doesn't work for this
# purpose.
for p_, u_, v_, c_ in zip(p[mask_barbs][::BARB_DENSITY],
u[mask_barbs][::BARB_DENSITY],
v[mask_barbs][::BARB_DENSITY],
np.array(z_colors)[mask_barbs][::BARB_DENSITY]):
skew.plot_barbs(p_, u_, v_, y_clip_radius=0.03, barbcolor=c_)
####################################################################################################################
# Cloud fraction and omega
zero_line = 1 / 15
cf_plot = (cf * zero_line) / 100
w_plot = (w.magnitude / 20) + zero_line
skew.ax.plot(np.zeros(cf_plot.shape) + 1 / 15,
snd.p,
transform=skew.ax.get_yaxis_transform(),
color="grey")
skew.ax.plot(cf_plot,
snd.p,
transform=skew.ax.get_yaxis_transform(),
color="black")
skew.ax.plot(w_plot,
snd.p,
transform=skew.ax.get_yaxis_transform(),
color="purple")
skew.ax.text(np.max(w_plot),
snd.p[np.argmax(w_plot)],
" {:.1f}".format(np.max(w.magnitude)),
color="purple",
ha="left",
va="center",
transform=skew.ax.get_yaxis_transform())
skew.ax.text(max(np.min(w_plot), 0),
snd.p[np.argmin(w_plot)],
" {:.1f}".format(np.min(w.magnitude)),
color="purple",
ha="left",
va="center",
transform=skew.ax.get_yaxis_transform())
# skew.ax.fill_betweenx(snd.p, cloud_fractions, np.zeros(cloud_fractions.shape))
####################################################################################################################
# Tweaking
skew.ax.set_xlim(-30, 40)
skew.ax.set_ylim(1020, p_top)
skew.ax.set_xlabel("")
skew.ax.set_ylabel("")
# Add legend for the parcel traces.
skew.ax.legend(handles=[
mlines.Line2D([], [], color='orange', label='Surface parcel'),
mlines.Line2D([], [],
color='gray',
label=r"Max $\theta_e$ below 750mb"),
mlines.Line2D([], [], color='black', label=r"Cloud fraction"),
mlines.Line2D([], [],
color='purple',
label=r"Vertical velocity (cm/s)"),
],
loc="upper center")
# Add adiabats and isohumes.
skew.plot_dry_adiabats(t0=np.arange(233, 533, 10) * units.K,
alpha=0.25,
color='orangered')
skew.plot_moist_adiabats(t0=np.arange(233, 400, 5) * units.K,
alpha=0.25,
color='tab:green')
# Reshape required as a quirk of metpy.
skew.plot_mixing_lines(w=np.array(
[1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36]).reshape(-1, 1) / 1000.,
p=np.arange(1000, 99, -100) * units.hPa,
linestyle='dotted',
color='tab:blue')
plt.title('RAP sounding at {}'.format(snd.params["STID"]), loc='left')
plt.title('{:.0f}-hour forecast valid at {}'.format(
snd.params["STIM"], snd.params["TIME"]),
loc='right')
####################################################################################################################
# Theta-E plot
# Set up axis for theta-e plot.
ax_thte.plot(Te[mask_thetae], p[mask_thetae])
ax_thte.set_xlim(300, 360)
ax_thte.set_ylim(1020, p_top)
ax_thte.set_yscale("log")
ax_thte.set_yticks(np.arange(p_top, 1001, 100))
ax_thte.set_yticklabels(np.arange(p_top, 1001, 100))
ax_thte.set_xlabel("")
ax_thte.grid(axis="both")
plt.text(0.5,
0.9,
"Theta-E (Kelvins)",
ha="center",
va="center",
transform=ax_thte.transAxes)
####################################################################################################################
# Hodograph
# Set up axis for hodograph.
h = Hodograph(ax_hodo, component_range=100)
h.add_grid(20)
# Plot each segment individually for control over color, reversed so that the full hodograph is plotted first,
# followed by all but the last segment, etc. Unfortunately, the plot_colormapped() function doesn't work for this
# purpose.
for color, interval in zip(reversed(z_interval_colors),
reversed(z_interval_levels)):
mask = z < interval * units.meter
h.plot(u.magnitude[mask], v.magnitude[mask], c=color)
for vector in snd.bunkers_storm_motion():
h.plot(vector[0], vector[1], c="black", markersize=3, marker="o")
ax_hodo.set_xticks([])
ax_hodo.set_yticks([])
ax_hodo.set_xlim(-60, 100)
ax_hodo.set_ylim(-60, 100)
plt.text(0.1,
0.9,
"Velocity (knots)",
ha="left",
va="center",
transform=ax_hodo.transAxes)
for a in range(20, 61, 20):
ax_hodo.text(-a * 0.71, -a * 0.71, a, ha="center", va="center")
########################################################################################################################
parameter_names = ["SB STP", "0-1 SRH", "SB CAPE", "SB CIN"]
parameters = [
snd.significant_tornado()[0],
snd.storm_relative_helicity()[2],
snd.cape_cin(0)[0],
snd.cape_cin(0)[1]
]
for name, value, i in zip(parameter_names, parameters,
range(len(parameters))):
s = "{:15} {:10.3f}".format(name, value.magnitude)
fig.text(0.70,
0.32 - (0.02 * i),
s,
ha="left",
va="top",
family="monospace",
transform=fig.transFigure)
########################################################################################################################
if save_to is None:
plt.show()
else:
plt.savefig(save_to)
plt.close()
def test_sat_vapor_pressure_fahrenheit():
"""Test saturation_vapor_pressure handles temperature in Fahrenheit."""
temp = np.array([50., 68.]) * units.degF
real_es = np.array([12.2717, 23.3695]) * units.mbar
assert_array_almost_equal(saturation_vapor_pressure(temp), real_es, 4)
def convert_one(f_in, f_out=False, dir_out='./', save_csv=True, debug=False):
skiprows = 3 # make sure this is correct
with open(f_in) as f:
for i, line in enumerate(f):
pass
N_lines = i
with open(f_in) as f:
N_lines = N_lines - skiprows
data = np.full((N_lines, 8), np.nan)
j = 0
for i, line in enumerate(f):
if i == skiprows:
header = line
if i > skiprows:
values = line.split()
values = [float(v) for v in values]
#print(values)
data[j, :] = np.array(values)
j += 1
if debug: print('input header:', header)
p = data[:, 0]
z = data[:, 1]
T = data[:, 2]
ff = data[:, 6]
dd = data[:, 7]
if True:
rh = data[:, 4] / 100
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T * units.K)
vp = rh * svp
r = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(vp, p * units.millibar)
else:
r = data[:, 5] / 1000.
#### convert to WRF variables
# constants (amsglossary)
Rd = 287.05
Rv = 461.51
cpd = 1005.7 # specific heat dry air
cpv = 1847. # specific heat vapor
kappa_moist = Rd / cpd * (1 + r * Rv / Rd) / (1 + r * cpv / cpd)
print('kappa_moist mean, std:', kappa_moist.mean(), kappa_moist.std())
####################################
# Wind modifications
ff = np.concatenate(
[np.linspace(2, 30, 36),
np.linspace(30, 0,
len(p) - 36)])
dd = np.concatenate([
np.linspace(90, 210, 10),
np.linspace(213, 270, 20),
np.linspace(273, 360,
len(p) - 30)
])
####################################
# Temperature to potential temperature
pot_tmp = T * (1000 / p)**kappa_moist
u = -ff * np.cos(dd / 180 * np.pi - np.pi / 2)
v = -ff * np.sin(dd / 180 * np.pi + np.pi / 2)
####################################
# modifications
#vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p*units.millibar, r)
if False:
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T * units.K)
#Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(T*units.K, vp/svp)
rh = 0.9
vp = rh * svp
r1 = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(vp, p * units.millibar)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(r, p, 'r-')
r[(r < r1)
& (T > 263)] = r1[(r < r1) &
(T > 263)] # allow r to be greater than 90%
ax.plot(r, p, 'g-')
ax.invert_yaxis()
fig.savefig('test.png')
# vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p*units.millibar, r)
# Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(T*units.K, vp/svp)
###############
def plot(T, p, r, f_in, dir_out):
T = T * units.K
p = p * units.millibar
vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(p, r)
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T)
Td = mpcalc.dewpoint_from_relative_humidity(T, vp / svp)
Td[np.isnan(
Td)] = -99. * units.degree_Celsius # fill nan with very low temp
f_in_basename = os.path.basename(f_in)
prof.core(p,
T,
Td,
u,
v,
saveto=dir_out + 'prof_' + f_in_basename + '.png',
title=f_in_basename)
plot(T, p, r, f_in, dir_out)
####################################
# surface measurements
sp = p[0] # surface pressure
t_2m = pot_tmp[0] # surface potential Temperature
r_2m = r[0].magnitude * 1000. # surface vapor mixing ratio
n_levels = z.shape[0]
line1 = '{:9.2f} {:9.2f} {:10.2f}'.format(sp, t_2m, r_2m)
if save_csv and f_out:
os.makedirs(dir_out + '/csv/', exist_ok=True)
csvname = dir_out + '/' + '.'.join(f_out.split('.')[:-1]) + '.csv'
df = pd.DataFrame(data={'p': p, 'T': T, 'Qv': r})
df.to_csv(csvname)
print(csvname, 'saved.')
wrfformat = '{:9.2f} {:9.2f} {:10.2f} {:10.2f} {:10.2f}'
r *= 1000.
if f_out:
r = r.magnitude
f_out = dir_out + f_out
with open(f_out, 'w') as f:
f.write(line1 + ' \n')
for i in range(n_levels):
d = wrfformat.format(z[i], pot_tmp[i], r[i], u[i], v[i])
if debug: print(d)
f.write(d + '\n')
print(f_out, 'saved.')
time = [datetime.fromtimestamp(t) for t in data['time']]
time = sorted(time)
print(time)
temp = data.variables['air_temperature'][:] * units('degC')
dewp = data.variables['dew_point_temperature'][:] * units('degC')
slp = data.variables['inches_ALTIM'][:] * units('inHg')
wspd = data.variables['wind_speed'][:] * units('m/s')
wdir = data.variables['wind_from_direction'][:] * units('degree')
########################################
# Use MetPy Calculations to calculate RH
# --------------------------------------
# Get ambient partial pressure, use to calculate mixing ratio
es = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(dewp)
mixr = mpcalc.mixing_ratio(es, slp)
# Calculate vapor pressure
vp = mpcalc.vapor_pressure(slp, mixr)
# Calculate saturation vapor pressure
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(temp)
# Calculate relative humidity as a percentage
rh = (vp / svp) * 100
########################################
# Make Meteogram Plot
# -------------------
RH_s = 0.5
ps = psurf * units('hPa')
p = np.linspace(psurf, 0, n_press) * units('hPa')
#############################
T = []
T.append(500.)
N = 100
# for days in range(days_max):
while np.abs(N) > 1:
# use MetPy package to calculate LCL level and T profile
lcl_p, lcl_T = mpcalc.lcl(ps, Ts, mpcalc.dewpoint_rh(Ts, RH_s))
T_parcel = mpcalc.parcel_profile(p, Ts,
mpcalc.dewpoint_rh(Ts, RH_s))
svp = mpcalc.saturation_vapor_pressure(T_parcel)
p = p / units('hPa')
Ts = Ts / units('K')
T_parcel = T_parcel / units('K')
svp = svp / units('hPa')
p_top = p[np.nanargmin(np.abs(svp - 0.5))]
p_top_ind = np.nanargmin(np.abs(svp - 0.5))
lcl_p_ind = np.nanargmin(np.abs(p - lcl_p / units('hPa')))
# use function to calculate liquid Water content as a function of z
W = liq_water_cont(p, svp, lcl_p_ind, p_top_ind)
# calculate net radiation
ASR = ISR * (1 - albedo_column(p, lcl_p_ind, W, albedo_flag))
OLR = clim.sigma * T_parcel[tau_1_level(W, GH_flag)]**4
N = ASR - OLR
