def test_cls(self):
x = ["a"]
y = listify(x)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertTrue(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertEqual(x, y)
x = ["a"]
y = listify(x, cls=None)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertTrue(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertEqual(x, y)
class sublist(list):
pass
x = ["a"]
y = listify(x, cls=sublist)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertFalse(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertNotEqual(x, y)
x = ["a"]
y = listify(x, cls=deque)
self.assertEqual(x, list(y))
self.assertEqual(len(x), len(y))
self.assertFalse(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertNotEqual(x, list(y))
self.assertNotEqual(len(x), len(y))
def test_cls(self):
x = ['a']
y = listify(x)
assert x == y
assert x is y
x.append('b')
assert x == y
x = ['a']
y = listify(x, cls=None)
assert x == y
assert x is y
x.append('b')
assert x == y
class sublist(list):
pass
x = ['a']
y = listify(x, cls=sublist)
assert isinstance(y, sublist)
assert x == y
assert x is not y
x.append('b')
assert x != y
x = ['a']
y = listify(x, cls=deque)
assert isinstance(y, deque)
assert x == list(y)
assert len(x) == len(y)
assert x is not y
x.append('b')
assert x != list(y)
assert len(x) != len(y)
def test_default(self):
assert [] == listify([], default=None)
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=1, default=None)
assert ['a', None] == listify(['a'], minlen=2, default=None)
assert ['a', None, None] == listify(['a'], minlen=3, default=None)
assert [] == listify([], default='XXX')
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=1, default='XXX')
assert ['a', 'XXX'] == listify(['a'], minlen=2, default='XXX')
assert ['a', 'XXX', 'XXX'] == listify(['a'], minlen=3, default='XXX')
def test_default(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify([], default=None))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=1, default=None))
self.assertEqual(["a", None], listify(["a"], minlen=2, default=None))
self.assertEqual(["a", None, None], listify(["a"], minlen=3,
default=None))
self.assertEqual([], listify([], default="XXX"))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=1, default="XXX"))
self.assertEqual(["a", "XXX"], listify(["a"], minlen=2,
default="XXX"))
self.assertEqual(["a", "XXX", "XXX"], listify(["a"], minlen=3,
default="XXX"))
def collect_superclasses(cls, terminal_class=None, modules=None):
"""
Recursively collects all ancestor superclasses in the inheritance
hierarchy of the given class, including the class itself.
Note:
Inlcudes `cls` itself. Will not include `terminal_class`.
Args:
cls (class): The class object from which the collection should begin.
terminal_class (class or list): If `terminal_class` is encountered in
the hierarchy, we stop ascending the tree. `terminal_class` will
not be included in the returned list.
modules (string, module, or list): If `modules` is passed, we only
return classes that are in the given module/modules. This can be
used to exclude base classes that come from external libraries.
Returns:
list: A list of `class` objects from which `cls` inherits. This list
will include `cls` itself.
"""
terminal_class = listify(terminal_class)
if modules is not None:
modules = listify(modules)
module_strings = []
for m in modules:
if isinstance(m, six.string_types):
module_strings.append(m)
else:
module_strings.append(m.__name__)
modules = module_strings
superclasses = set()
is_in_module = modules is None or cls.__module__ in modules
if is_in_module and cls not in terminal_class:
superclasses.add(cls)
for base in cls.__bases__:
superclasses.update(
collect_superclasses(base, terminal_class, modules))
return list(superclasses)
def argmod(*args):
"""
Decorator that intercepts and modifies function arguments.
Args:
from_param (str|list): A parameter or list of possible parameters that
should be modified using `modifier_func`. Passing a list of
possible parameters is useful when a function's parameter names
have changed, but you still want to support the old parameter
names.
to_param (str): Optional. If given, to_param will be used as the
parameter name for the modified argument. If not given, to_param
will default to the last parameter given in `from_param`.
modifier_func (callable): The function used to modify the `from_param`.
Returns:
function: A function that modifies the given `from_param` before the
function is called.
"""
from_param = listify(args[0])
to_param = from_param[-1] if len(args) < 3 else args[1]
modifier_func = args[-1]
def _decorator(func):
try:
argspec = inspect.getfullargspec(unwrap(func))
except AttributeError:
argspec = inspect.getargspec(unwrap(func))
if to_param not in argspec.args:
return func
arg_index = argspec.args.index(to_param)
@wraps(func)
def _modifier(*args, **kwargs):
kwarg = False
for arg in from_param:
if arg in kwargs:
kwarg = arg
break
if kwarg:
kwargs[to_param] = modifier_func(kwargs.pop(kwarg))
elif arg_index < len(args):
args = list(args)
args[arg_index] = modifier_func(args[arg_index])
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return _modifier
return _decorator
def test_list_identity(self):
x = ['a']
y = listify(x)
assert x == y
assert x is y
x.append('b')
assert x == y
class sublist(list):
pass
x = sublist('a')
y = listify(x)
assert x == y
assert x is y
x.append('b')
assert x == y
x = sublist('a')
y = listify(x, cls=list)
assert x == y
assert x is y
x.append('b')
assert x == y
def test_list_identity(self):
x = ["a"]
y = listify(x)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertTrue(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertEqual(x, y)
class sublist(list):
pass
x = sublist("a")
y = listify(x)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertTrue(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertEqual(x, y)
x = sublist("a")
y = listify(x, cls=list)
self.assertEqual(x, y)
self.assertTrue(x is y)
x.append("b")
self.assertEqual(x, y)
def splitify(value, separator=",", strip=True, include_empty=False):
"""
Convert a value to a list using a supercharged `split()`.
If `value` is a string, it is split by `separator`. If `separator` is
`None` or empty, no attempt to split is made, and `value` is returned as
the only item in a list.
If `strip` is `True`, then the split strings will be stripped of
whitespace. If `strip` is a string, then the split strings will be
stripped of the given string.
If `include_empty` is `False`, then empty split strings will not be
included in the returned list.
If `value` is `None` an empty list is returned.
If `value` is already "listy", it is returned as-is.
If `value` is any other type, it is returned as the only item in a list.
>>> splitify("first item, second item")
['first item', 'second item']
>>> splitify("first path: second path: :skipped empty path", ":")
['first path', 'second path', 'skipped empty path']
>>> splitify(["already", "split"])
['already', 'split']
>>> splitify(None)
[]
>>> splitify(1969)
[1969]
"""
if is_listy(value):
return value
if isinstance(value, str) and separator:
parts = value.split(separator)
if strip:
strip = None if strip is True else strip
parts = [s.strip(strip) for s in parts]
return [s for s in parts if include_empty or s]
return listify(value)
def test_tuple(self):
assert [] == listify(tuple())
assert ['a'] == listify(tuple('a'))
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(tuple(['a', 'b']))
def test_string(self):
assert [''] == listify('')
assert ['a'] == listify('a')
assert ['ab'] == listify('ab')
def test_set(self):
assert [] == listify(set())
assert ['a'] == listify(set('a'))
assert ['a', 'b'] == sorted(listify(set(['a', 'b'])))
def test_falsey(self):
assert [0] == listify(0)
assert [0] == listify(0, minlen=0)
assert [0] == listify(0, minlen=1)
assert [0, None] == listify(0, minlen=2)
assert [''] == listify('')
assert [''] == listify('', minlen=0)
assert [''] == listify('', minlen=1)
assert ['', None] == listify('', minlen=2)
assert [] == listify([])
assert [] == listify([], minlen=0)
assert [None] == listify([], minlen=1)
assert [None, None] == listify([], minlen=2)
def test_none(self):
assert [] == listify(None)
assert [] == listify(None, minlen=0)
assert [None] == listify(None, minlen=1)
assert [None, None] == listify(None, minlen=2)
def test_set(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify(set()))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(set("a")))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], sorted(listify(set(["a", "b"]))))
def test_list(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify([]))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"]))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"]))
def test_dict(self):
assert [{}] == listify({})
assert [{'a': 'A'}] == listify({'a': 'A'})
assert [{'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'}] == listify({'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'})
def test_string(self):
self.assertEqual([""], listify(""))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify("a"))
self.assertEqual(["ab"], listify("ab"))
def test_object(self):
a = object()
self.assertEqual([a], listify(a))
def test_dict(self):
self.assertEqual([{}], listify({}))
self.assertEqual([{"a": "A"}], listify({"a": "A"}))
self.assertEqual([{"a": "A", "b": "B"}], listify({"a": "A", "b": "B"}))
def test_list(self):
assert [] == listify([])
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'])
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'])
def test_falsey(self):
self.assertEqual([0], listify(0))
self.assertEqual([0], listify(0, minlen=0))
self.assertEqual([0], listify(0, minlen=1))
self.assertEqual([0, None], listify(0, minlen=2))
self.assertEqual([""], listify(""))
self.assertEqual([""], listify("", minlen=0))
self.assertEqual([""], listify("", minlen=1))
self.assertEqual(["", None], listify("", minlen=2))
self.assertEqual([], listify([]))
self.assertEqual([], listify([], minlen=0))
self.assertEqual([None], listify([], minlen=1))
self.assertEqual([None, None], listify([], minlen=2))
def test_minlen(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify([]))
self.assertEqual([], listify([], minlen=None))
self.assertEqual([], listify([], minlen=-1))
self.assertEqual([], listify([], minlen=0))
self.assertEqual([None], listify([], minlen=1))
self.assertEqual([None, None], listify([], minlen=2))
self.assertEqual([None, None, None], listify([], minlen=3))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"]))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=None))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=-1))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=0))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(["a"], minlen=1))
self.assertEqual(["a", None], listify(["a"], minlen=2))
self.assertEqual(["a", None, None], listify(["a"], minlen=3))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"]))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=None))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=-1))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=0))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=1))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=2))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b", None], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=3))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b", None, None], listify(["a", "b"], minlen=4))
def test_tuple(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify(tuple()))
self.assertEqual(["a"], listify(tuple("a")))
self.assertEqual(["a", "b"], listify(tuple(["a", "b"])))
def test_object(self):
a = object()
assert [a] == listify(a)
def resolve(name, modules=None):
"""Resolve a dotted name to an object (usually class, module, or function).
If `name` is a string, attempt to resolve it according to Python
dot notation, e.g. "path.to.MyClass". If `name` is anything other than a
string, return it immediately:
>>> resolve("calendar.TextCalendar")
<class 'calendar.TextCalendar'>
>>> resolve(object()) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<object object at 0x...>
If `modules` is specified, then resolution of `name` is restricted
to the given modules. Leading dots are allowed in `name`, but they are
ignored. Resolution **will not** traverse up the module path if `modules`
is specified.
If `modules` is not specified and `name` has leading dots, then resolution
is first attempted relative to the calling function's module, and then
absolutely. Resolution **will** traverse up the module path. If `name` has
no leading dots, resolution is first attempted absolutely and then
relative to the calling module.
Warning:
Do not resolve strings supplied by an end user without specifying
`modules`. Instantiating an arbitrary object specified by an end user
can introduce a potential security risk.
To avoid this, restrict the search path by explicitly specifying
`modules`.
Restricting `name` resolution to a set of `modules`:
>>> resolve("pockets.camel") #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<function camel at 0x...>
>>> resolve("pockets.camel", modules=["re", "six"]) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Unable to resolve 'pockets.camel' in modules: ['re', 'six']
Args:
name (str or object): A dotted name.
modules (str or list, optional): A module or list of modules, under
which to search for `name`.
Returns:
object: The object specified by `name`.
Raises:
ValueError: If `name` can't be resolved.
"""
if not isinstance(name, string_types):
return name
obj_path = name.split('.')
search_paths = []
if modules:
while not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
for module_path in listify(modules):
search_paths.append(module_path.split('.') + obj_path)
else:
caller = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1][0].f_globals
module_path = caller['__name__'].split('.')
if not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
while not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
if module_path:
module_path.pop()
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
search_paths.append(obj_path)
else:
search_paths.append(obj_path)
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
for path in search_paths:
try:
obj = functools.reduce(getattr, path[1:], __import__(path[0]))
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
pass
else:
return obj
raise ValueError("Unable to resolve '{0}' "
"in modules: {1}".format(name, modules))
def camel(s, sep="_", lower_initial=False, upper_segments=None,
preserve_upper=False):
"""Convert underscore_separated string (aka snake_case) to CamelCase.
Works on full sentences as well as individual words:
>>> camel("hello_world!")
'HelloWorld!'
>>> camel("Totally works as_expected, even_with_whitespace!")
'Totally Works AsExpected, EvenWithWhitespace!'
Args:
sep (string, optional): Delineates segments of `s` that will be
CamelCased. Defaults to an underscore "_".
For example, if you want to CamelCase a dash separated word:
>>> camel("xml-http-request", sep="-")
'XmlHttpRequest'
lower_initial (bool, int, or list, optional): If True, the initial
character of each camelCased word will be lowercase. If False, the
initial character of each CamelCased word will be uppercase.
Defaults to False:
>>> camel("http_request http_response")
'HttpRequest HttpResponse'
>>> camel("http_request http_response", lower_initial=True)
'httpRequest httpResponse'
Optionally, `lower_initial` can be an int or a list of ints,
indicating which individual segments of each CamelCased word
should start with a lowercase. Supports negative numbers to index
segments from the right:
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=0)
'xmlHttpRequest'
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=-1)
'XmlHttprequest'
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=[0, 1])
'xmlhttpRequest'
upper_segments (int or list, optional): Indicates which segments of
CamelCased words should be fully uppercased, instead of just
capitalizing the first letter.
Can be an int, indicating a single segment, or a list of ints,
indicating multiple segments. Supports negative numbers to index
segments from the right.
`upper_segments` is helpful when dealing with acronyms:
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=0)
'TCPSocketId'
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=[0, -1])
'TCPSocketID'
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=[0, -1], lower_initial=1)
'TCPsocketID'
preserve_upper (bool): If True, existing uppercase characters will
not be automatically lowercased. Defaults to False.
>>> camel("xml_HTTP_reQuest")
'XmlHttpRequest'
>>> camel("xml_HTTP_reQuest", preserve_upper=True)
'XmlHTTPReQuest'
Returns:
str: CamelCased version of `s`.
"""
if isinstance(lower_initial, bool):
lower_initial = [0] if lower_initial else []
else:
lower_initial = listify(lower_initial)
upper_segments = listify(upper_segments)
result = []
for word in _whitespace_group_re.split(s):
segments = [segment for segment in word.split(sep) if segment]
count = len(segments)
for i, segment in enumerate(segments):
upper = i in upper_segments or (i - count) in upper_segments
lower = i in lower_initial or (i - count) in lower_initial
if upper and lower:
if preserve_upper:
segment = segment[0] + segment[1:].upper()
else:
segment = segment[0].lower() + segment[1:].upper()
elif upper:
segment = segment.upper()
elif lower:
if not preserve_upper:
segment = segment.lower()
elif preserve_upper:
segment = segment[0].upper() + segment[1:]
else:
segment = segment[0].upper() + segment[1:].lower()
result.append(segment)
return "".join(result)
def test_none(self):
self.assertEqual([], listify(None))
self.assertEqual([], listify(None, minlen=0))
self.assertEqual([None], listify(None, minlen=1))
self.assertEqual([None, None], listify(None, minlen=2))
def resolve(name, modules=None):
"""Resolve a dotted name to an object (usually class, module, or function).
If `name` is a string, attempt to resolve it according to Python
dot notation, e.g. "path.to.MyClass". If `name` is anything other than a
string, return it immediately:
>>> resolve("calendar.TextCalendar")
<class 'calendar.TextCalendar'>
>>> resolve(object()) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<object object at 0x...>
If `modules` is specified, then resolution of `name` is restricted
to the given modules. Leading dots are allowed in `name`, but they are
ignored. Resolution **will not** traverse up the module path if `modules`
is specified.
If `modules` is not specified and `name` has leading dots, then resolution
is first attempted relative to the calling function's module, and then
absolutely. Resolution **will** traverse up the module path. If `name` has
no leading dots, resolution is first attempted absolutely and then
relative to the calling module.
Warning:
Do not resolve strings supplied by an end user without specifying
`modules`. Instantiating an arbitrary object specified by an end user
can introduce a potential security risk.
To avoid this, restrict the search path by explicitly specifying
`modules`.
Restricting `name` resolution to a set of `modules`:
>>> resolve("pockets.camel") #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<function camel at 0x...>
>>> resolve("pockets.camel", modules=["re", "six"]) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Unable to resolve 'pockets.camel' in modules: ['re', 'six']
Args:
name (str or object): A dotted name.
modules (str or list, optional): A module or list of modules, under
which to search for `name`.
Returns:
object: The object specified by `name`.
Raises:
ValueError: If `name` can't be resolved.
"""
if not isinstance(name, string_types):
return name
obj_path = name.split('.')
search_paths = []
if modules:
while not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
for module_path in listify(modules):
search_paths.append(module_path.split('.') + obj_path)
else:
caller = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1][0].f_globals
module_path = caller['__name__'].split('.')
if not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
while not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
if module_path:
module_path.pop()
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
search_paths.append(obj_path)
else:
search_paths.append(obj_path)
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
for path in search_paths:
try:
obj = functools.reduce(getattr, path[1:], __import__(path[0]))
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
pass
else:
return obj
raise ValueError("Unable to resolve '{0}' "
"in modules: {1}".format(name, modules))
def test_minlen(self):
assert [] == listify([])
assert [] == listify([], minlen=None)
assert [] == listify([], minlen=-1)
assert [] == listify([], minlen=0)
assert [None] == listify([], minlen=1)
assert [None, None] == listify([], minlen=2)
assert [None, None, None] == listify([], minlen=3)
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'])
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=None)
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=-1)
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=0)
assert ['a'] == listify(['a'], minlen=1)
assert ['a', None] == listify(['a'], minlen=2)
assert ['a', None, None] == listify(['a'], minlen=3)
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'])
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=None)
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=-1)
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=0)
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=1)
assert ['a', 'b'] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=2)
assert ['a', 'b', None] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=3)
assert ['a', 'b', None, None] == listify(['a', 'b'], minlen=4)
def camel(s,
sep="_",
lower_initial=False,
upper_segments=None,
preserve_upper=False):
"""Convert underscore_separated string (aka snake_case) to CamelCase.
Works on full sentences as well as individual words:
>>> camel("hello_world!")
'HelloWorld!'
>>> camel("Totally works as_expected, even_with_whitespace!")
'Totally Works AsExpected, EvenWithWhitespace!'
Args:
sep (string, optional): Delineates segments of `s` that will be
CamelCased. Defaults to an underscore "_".
For example, if you want to CamelCase a dash separated word:
>>> camel("xml-http-request", sep="-")
'XmlHttpRequest'
lower_initial (bool, int, or list, optional): If True, the initial
character of each camelCased word will be lowercase. If False, the
initial character of each CamelCased word will be uppercase.
Defaults to False:
>>> camel("http_request http_response")
'HttpRequest HttpResponse'
>>> camel("http_request http_response", lower_initial=True)
'httpRequest httpResponse'
Optionally, `lower_initial` can be an int or a list of ints,
indicating which individual segments of each CamelCased word
should start with a lowercase. Supports negative numbers to index
segments from the right:
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=0)
'xmlHttpRequest'
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=-1)
'XmlHttprequest'
>>> camel("xml_http_request", lower_initial=[0, 1])
'xmlhttpRequest'
upper_segments (int or list, optional): Indicates which segments of
CamelCased words should be fully uppercased, instead of just
capitalizing the first letter.
Can be an int, indicating a single segment, or a list of ints,
indicating multiple segments. Supports negative numbers to index
segments from the right.
`upper_segments` is helpful when dealing with acronyms:
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=0)
'TCPSocketId'
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=[0, -1])
'TCPSocketID'
>>> camel("tcp_socket_id", upper_segments=[0, -1], lower_initial=1)
'TCPsocketID'
preserve_upper (bool): If True, existing uppercase characters will
not be automatically lowercased. Defaults to False.
>>> camel("xml_HTTP_reQuest")
'XmlHttpRequest'
>>> camel("xml_HTTP_reQuest", preserve_upper=True)
'XmlHTTPReQuest'
Returns:
str: CamelCased version of `s`.
"""
if isinstance(lower_initial, bool):
lower_initial = [0] if lower_initial else []
else:
lower_initial = listify(lower_initial)
upper_segments = listify(upper_segments)
result = []
for word in _whitespace_group_re.split(s):
segments = [segment for segment in word.split(sep) if segment]
count = len(segments)
for i, segment in enumerate(segments):
upper = i in upper_segments or (i - count) in upper_segments
lower = i in lower_initial or (i - count) in lower_initial
if upper and lower:
if preserve_upper:
segment = segment[0] + segment[1:].upper()
else:
segment = segment[0].lower() + segment[1:].upper()
elif upper:
segment = segment.upper()
elif lower:
if not preserve_upper:
segment = segment.lower()
elif preserve_upper:
segment = segment[0].upper() + segment[1:]
else:
segment = segment[0].upper() + segment[1:].lower()
result.append(segment)
return "".join(result)
def resolve(name, modules=None):
"""
Resolve a dotted name to an object (usually class, module, or function).
If `name` is a string, attempt to resolve it according to Python
dot notation, e.g. "path.to.MyClass". If `name` is anything other than a
string, return it immediately:
>>> resolve("calendar.TextCalendar")
<class 'calendar.TextCalendar'>
>>> resolve(object())
<object object at 0x...>
If `modules` is specified, then resolution of `name` is restricted
to the given modules. Leading dots are allowed in `name`, but they are
ignored. Resolution **will not** traverse up the module path if `modules`
is specified.
If `modules` is not specified and `name` has leading dots, then resolution
is first attempted relative to the calling function's module, and then
absolutely. Resolution **will** traverse up the module path. If `name` has
no leading dots, resolution is first attempted absolutely and then
relative to the calling module.
Pass an empty string for `modules` to only use absolute resolution.
Warning:
Do not resolve strings supplied by an end user without specifying
`modules`. Instantiating an arbitrary object specified by an end user
can introduce a potential security risk.
To avoid this, restrict the search path by explicitly specifying
`modules`.
Restricting `name` resolution to a set of `modules`:
>>> resolve("pockets.camel")
<function camel at 0x...>
>>> resolve("pockets.camel", modules=["re", "six"])
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Unable to resolve 'pockets.camel' in modules: ['re', 'six']
...
Args:
name (str or object): A dotted name.
modules (str, module, or list, optional): A module or list of modules,
under which to search for `name`.
Returns:
object: The object specified by `name`.
Raises:
ValueError: If `name` can't be resolved.
"""
if not isinstance(name, string_types):
return name
obj_path = splitify(name, ".", include_empty=True)
search_paths = []
if modules is not None:
while not obj_path[0].strip():
obj_path.pop(0)
for module_path in listify(modules):
search_paths.append(splitify(module_path, ".") + obj_path)
else:
caller = inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1][0].f_globals
module_path = caller["__name__"].split(".")
if not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
while not obj_path[0]:
obj_path.pop(0)
if module_path:
module_path.pop()
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
search_paths.append(obj_path)
else:
search_paths.append(obj_path)
search_paths.append(module_path + obj_path)
exceptions = []
for path in search_paths:
# Import the most deeply nested module available
module = None
module_path = []
obj_path = list(path)
while obj_path:
module_name = obj_path.pop(0)
while not module_name:
module_name = obj_path.pop(0)
if isinstance(module_name, string_types):
package = ".".join(module_path + [module_name])
try:
module = __import__(package, fromlist=module_name)
except ImportError as ex:
exceptions.append(ex)
obj_path = [module_name] + obj_path
break
else:
module_path.append(module_name)
else:
module = module_name
module_path.append(module.__name__)
if module:
if obj_path:
try:
return functools.reduce(getattr, obj_path, module)
except AttributeError as ex:
exceptions.append(ex)
else:
return module
if modules:
msg = "Unable to resolve '{0}' in modules: {1}".format(name, modules)
else:
msg = "Unable to resolve '{0}'".format(name)
if exceptions:
msgs = ["{0}: {1}".format(type(e).__name__, e) for e in exceptions]
raise ValueError("\n ".join([msg] + msgs))
else:
raise ValueError(msg)