def test_group_lasso_weightedl1_lagrange():
n, p = 100, 50
X = np.random.standard_normal((n, p))
Y = np.random.standard_normal(n)
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, Y)
weights = np.ones(p)
weights[-2:] = np.inf
weights[:2] = 0
weight_dict = dict([(i, w) for i, w in enumerate(weights)])
pen1 = rr.weighted_l1norm(weights, lagrange=0.5 * np.sqrt(n))
pen2 = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=weight_dict,
lagrange=0.5 * np.sqrt(n))
problem1 = rr.simple_problem(loss, pen1)
problem2 = rr.simple_problem(loss, pen2)
beta1 = problem1.solve(tol=1.e-14, min_its=500)
beta2 = problem2.solve(tol=1e-14, min_its=500)
npt.assert_allclose(beta1, beta2)
bound_val = pen1.seminorm(beta1, lagrange=1)
bound1 = rr.weighted_l1norm(weights, bound=bound_val)
bound2 = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p), weights=weight_dict, bound=bound_val)
problem3 = rr.simple_problem(loss, bound1)
problem4 = rr.simple_problem(loss, bound2)
beta3 = problem3.solve(tol=1.e-14, min_its=500)
beta4 = problem4.solve(tol=1.e-14, min_its=500)
npt.assert_allclose(beta3, beta4)
npt.assert_allclose(beta3, beta1)
def test_multiple_queries_individual_coeff(ndraw=10000, burnin=2000):
s, n, p = 3, 120, 10
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p,), scale=1)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=0, snr=5)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p)*lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)), lagrange=1.)
view = []
nview = 5
for i in range(nview):
view.append(glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer))
mv = multiple_queries(view)
mv.solve()
active_union = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
for i in range(nview):
active_union += view[i].selection_variable['variables']
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
print("nactive", nactive)
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
pvalues = []
true_beta = beta[active_union]
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0]):
for j in range(nactive):
subset = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
subset[active_set[j]] = True
target_sampler, target_observed = glm_target(loss,
active_union * ~subset,
mv,
subset=subset,
reference=np.zeros((1,)))
test_stat = lambda x: np.atleast_1d(x)
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(test_stat,
np.atleast_1d(target_observed-true_beta[j]),
alternative='twosided',
ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
pvalues.append(pval)
active_var = np.zeros_like(pvalues, np.bool)
_nonzero = np.array([i in nonzero for i in active_set])
active_var[_nonzero] = True
return pvalues, [active_set[j] in nonzero for j in range(nactive)]
def test_parametric_covariance(ndraw=10000, burnin=2000):
s, n, p = 3, 120, 10
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=1)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=0, signal=12)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
# first randomization
M_est1 = glm_group_lasso_parametric(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
# second randomization
M_est2 = glm_group_lasso_parametric(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est1, M_est2])
mv.solve()
target = M_est1.selection_variable['variables'].copy()
if target[-1] or M_est2.selection_variable['variables'][-1]:
return None
if target[-2] or M_est2.selection_variable['variables'][-2]:
return None
# we should check they are different sizes
target[-2:] = 1
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(target)[0]):
form_covariances = glm_parametric_covariance(loss)
mv.setup_sampler(form_covariances)
target_observed = restricted_Mest(loss, target)
linear_func = np.zeros((2, target_observed.shape[0]))
linear_func[0, -1] = 1. # we know this one is null
linear_func[1, -2] = 1. # also null
target_observed = linear_func.dot(target_observed)
target_sampler = mv.setup_target((target, linear_func),
target_observed,
parametric=True)
test_stat = lambda x: np.linalg.norm(x)
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(test_stat,
test_stat(target_observed),
alternative='greater',
ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
return [pval], [False]
def data_splitting_screening(frac=0.5, snr=15, s=5, n=200, p=20, rho=0.1):
count = 0
while True:
count += 1
X, y, beta, _ = generate_data(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
n2 = int(frac * n)
X = X[:n2]
y = y[:n2]
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n2)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2,
(n2, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, penalty)
quadratic = rr.identity_quadratic(epsilon, 0, 0, 0)
soln = problem.solve(quadratic)
active_set = np.nonzero(soln != 0)[0]
if set(nonzero).issubset(active_set):
return count
def __init__(
self,
loglike,
groups,
weights,
ridge_term,
randomizer,
use_lasso=True, # should lasso solver be used where applicable - defaults to True
perturb=None):
_check_groups(groups) # make sure groups looks sensible
# log likelihood : quadratic loss
self.loglike = loglike
self.nfeature = self.loglike.shape[0]
# ridge parameter
self.ridge_term = ridge_term
# group lasso penalty (from regreg)
# use regular lasso penalty if all groups are size 1
if use_lasso and groups.size == np.unique(groups).size:
# need to provide weights an an np.array rather than a dictionary
weights_np = np.array([w[1] for w in sorted(weights.items())])
self.penalty = rr.weighted_l1norm(weights=weights_np, lagrange=1.)
else:
self.penalty = rr.group_lasso(groups, weights=weights, lagrange=1.)
# store groups as a class variable since the non-group lasso doesn't
self.groups = groups
self._initial_omega = perturb
# gaussian randomization
self.randomizer = randomizer
def randomization_screening(scale=1., snr=15, s=5, n=200, p=20, rho=0.1):
count = 0
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=scale)
while True:
count += 1
X, y, beta, _ = generate_data(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2,
(n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
M_est.solve()
active_set = np.nonzero(M_est.initial_soln != 0)[0]
if set(nonzero).issubset(active_set):
return count
def selection_nonrandomized(X, y, sigma=None, method="theoretical"):
n, p = X.shape
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
lam_frac = 1.
if sigma is None:
sigma = 1.
if method == "theoretical":
lam = 1. * sigma * lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal((n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
# initial solution
problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, penalty)
random_term = rr.identity_quadratic(epsilon, 0, 0, 0)
solve_args = {'tol': 1.e-10, 'min_its': 100, 'max_its': 500}
initial_soln = problem.solve(random_term, **solve_args)
active = (initial_soln != 0)
if np.sum(active) == 0:
return None
initial_grad = loss.smooth_objective(initial_soln, mode='grad')
betaE = initial_soln[active]
subgradient = -(initial_grad + epsilon * initial_soln)
cube = subgradient[~active] / lam
return lam, epsilon, active, betaE, cube, initial_soln
def test_reconstruction(s=3,
n=200,
p=50,
snr=7,
rho=0.1,
split_frac=0.8,
lam_frac=0.7,
ndraw=100,
burnin=200,
bootstrap=True,
solve_args={
'min_its': 50,
'tol': 1.e-10
},
reference_known=False):
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
m = int(split_frac * n)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 2000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = split_glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, m, penalty)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est])
mv.solve()
M_est.selection_variable['variables'] = M_est.selection_variable[
'variables']
nactive = np.sum(M_est.selection_variable['variables'])
if nactive == 0:
return None
if set(nonzero).issubset(
np.nonzero(M_est.selection_variable['variables'])[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(M_est.selection_variable['variables'])[0]
target_sampler, target_observed = glm_target(
loss, M_est.selection_variable['variables'], mv)
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin,
keep_opt=True)
reconstruction = target_sampler.reconstruction_map(target_sample)
logdens = target_sampler.log_randomization_density(target_sample)
return logdens.shape
def test_multiple_queries_individual_coeff_small(ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
bootstrap=True):
s, n, p = 3, 100, 20
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p,), scale=1)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=0, snr=20.)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 3.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p)*lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)), lagrange=1.)
# randomization
M_est = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est])
mv.solve()
active_vars = M_est.selection_variable['variables']
nactive = np.sum(active_vars)
active_set = np.nonzero(active_vars)[0]
pvalues = []
true_beta = beta[active_vars]
print(nonzero, active_set)
if set(nonzero).issubset(active_set):
for j in range(nactive):
print(j)
subset = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
subset[active_set[j]] = True
target_sampler, target_observed = glm_target(loss,
active_vars,
mv,
subset=subset,
bootstrap=bootstrap,
reference=np.zeros((1,)))
test_stat = lambda x: x
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(test_stat,
target_observed,
alternative='twosided',
ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
pvalues.append(pval)
return pvalues, [active_set[j] in nonzero for j in range(nactive)]
def test_approximate_mle(n=100,
p=10,
s=3,
snr=5,
rho=0.1,
lam_frac = 1.,
loss='gaussian',
randomizer='gaussian'):
from selection.api import randomization
if loss == "gaussian":
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr, sigma=1.)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal((n, 2000)))).max(0)) * sigma
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
elif loss == "logistic":
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)), lagrange=1.)
if randomizer == 'gaussian':
randomization = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p,), scale=1.)
elif randomizer == 'laplace':
randomization = randomization.laplace((p,), scale=1.)
M_est = M_estimator_approx(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomization, randomizer)
M_est.solve_approx()
inf = approximate_conditional_density(M_est)
inf.solve_approx()
active = M_est._overall
active_set = np.asarray([i for i in range(p) if active[i]])
true_support = np.asarray([i for i in range(p) if i < s])
nactive = np.sum(active)
print("active set, true_support", active_set, true_support)
true_vec = beta[active]
print("true coefficients", true_vec)
if (set(active_set).intersection(set(true_support)) == set(true_support)) == True:
mle_active = np.zeros(nactive)
for j in range(nactive):
mle_active[j] = inf.approx_MLE_solver(j, nstep=100)[0]
print("mle for target", mle_active)
def test_selection():
n = 500
p = 100
s = 0
signal = 0.
np.random.seed(3) # ensures different y
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
sigma=1.,
rho=0,
signal=signal)
lam = 1. * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal(
(n, 2000)))).max(0)) * sigma
n, p = X.shape
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), scale=1.)
M_est = M_estimator_approx(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer, 'gaussian',
'parametric')
M_est.solve_approx()
active = M_est._overall
active_set = np.asarray([i for i in range(p) if active[i]])
nactive = np.sum(active)
prior_variance = 1000.
noise_variance = sigma**2
generative_mean = np.zeros(p)
generative_mean[:nactive] = M_est.initial_soln[active]
sel_split = selection_probability_random_lasso(M_est, generative_mean)
min = sel_split.minimize2(nstep=200)
print(min[0], min[1])
test_point = np.append(M_est.observed_score_state,
np.abs(M_est.initial_soln[M_est._overall]))
print("value of likelihood",
sel_split.likelihood_loss.smooth_objective(test_point, mode="func"))
inv_cov = np.linalg.inv(M_est.score_cov)
lik = (M_est.observed_score_state -
generative_mean).T.dot(inv_cov).dot(M_est.observed_score_state -
generative_mean) / 2.
print("value of likelihood check", lik)
grad = inv_cov.dot(M_est.observed_score_state - generative_mean)
print("grad at likelihood loss", grad)
def test_path_group_lasso():
'''
this test looks at the paths of three different parameterizations
of the same problem
'''
n = 100
X = np.random.standard_normal((n, 10))
U = np.random.standard_normal((n, 2))
Y = np.random.standard_normal(100)
betaX = np.array([3, 4, 5, 0, 0] + [0] * 5)
betaU = np.array([10, -5])
Y += (np.dot(X, betaX) + np.dot(U, betaU)) * 5
Xn = rr.normalize(np.hstack([np.ones((100, 1)), X]),
inplace=True,
center=True,
scale=True,
intercept_column=0).normalized_array()
lasso = rr.lasso.squared_error(Xn[:, 1:],
Y,
penalty_structure=[0] * 7 + [1] * 3,
nstep=10)
sol = lasso.main(inner_tol=1.e-12, verbose=True)
beta = np.array(sol['beta'].todense())
sols = []
sols_sep = []
for l in sol['lagrange']:
loss = rr.squared_error(Xn, Y, coef=1. / n)
penalty = rr.group_lasso([rr.UNPENALIZED] + [0] * 7 + [1] * 3,
l) # matrix contains an intercept...
problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, penalty)
sols.append(problem.solve(tol=1.e-12).copy())
sep = rr.separable((11, ), [
rr.l2norm((7, ),
np.sqrt(7) * l),
rr.l2norm((3, ),
np.sqrt(3) * l)
], [np.arange(1, 8), np.arange(8, 11)])
sep_problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, sep)
sols_sep.append(sep_problem.solve(tol=1.e-12).copy())
sols = np.array(sols).T
sols_sep = np.array(sols_sep).T
nt.assert_true(
np.linalg.norm(beta - sols) / (1 + np.linalg.norm(beta)) <= 1.e-4)
nt.assert_true(
np.linalg.norm(beta - sols_sep) / (1 + np.linalg.norm(beta)) <= 1.e-4)
def test_multiple_views():
s, n, p = 5, 200, 20
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=0.5)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=0.1, snr=7)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
# first randomization
M_est1 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
# second randomization
M_est2 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_views([M_est1, M_est2])
mv.solve()
active = M_est1.overall + M_est2.overall
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active)[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(active)[0]
inactive_selected = I = [
i for i in np.arange(active_set.shape[0])
if active_set[i] not in nonzero
]
boot_target, target_observed = pairs_bootstrap_glm(loss, active)
inactive_target = lambda indices: boot_target(indices)[
inactive_selected]
inactive_observed = target_observed[inactive_selected]
sampler = lambda: np.random.choice(n, size=(n, ), replace=True)
mv.setup_sampler(sampler)
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(inactive_target, inactive_observed)
test_stat = lambda x: np.linalg.norm(x)
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(test_stat,
inactive_observed,
alternative='greater')
return pval
def __init__(self,
loglike,
groups,
weights,
ridge_term,
randomizer,
perturb=None):
r"""
Create a new post-selection object for the LASSO problem
Parameters
----------
loglike : `regreg.smooth.glm.glm`
A (negative) log-likelihood as implemented in `regreg`.
feature_weights : np.ndarray
Feature weights for L-1 penalty. If a float,
it is brodcast to all features.
ridge_term : float
How big a ridge term to add?
randomizer : object
Randomizer -- contains representation of randomization density.
perturb : np.ndarray
Random perturbation subtracted as a linear
term in the objective function.
"""
self.loglike = loglike
self.nfeature = p = self.loglike.shape[0]
self.ridge_term = ridge_term
self.penalty = rr.group_lasso(groups,
weights=weights,
lagrange=1.)
self._initial_omega = perturb # random perturbation
self.randomizer = randomizer
def test_group_lasso_weightedl1_bound():
n, p = 100, 50
X = np.random.standard_normal((n, p))
Y = np.random.standard_normal(n)
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, Y)
weights = np.ones(p)
weights[-2:] = np.inf
weights[:2] = 0
weight_dict = dict([(i, w) for i, w in enumerate(weights)])
bound1 = rr.weighted_l1norm(weights, bound=2)
bound2 = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p), weights=weight_dict, bound=2)
problem1 = rr.simple_problem(loss, bound1)
problem2 = rr.simple_problem(loss, bound2)
beta1 = problem1.solve(tol=1.e-14, min_its=500)
beta2 = problem2.solve(tol=1e-14, min_its=500)
npt.assert_allclose(beta1, beta2)
def test_group_lasso_equivalent():
"""
with 0 as lasso weights should be group lasso
"""
pen1 = sparse_group_lasso([1,1,2,2,2],
np.zeros(5),
weights={1:0.2, 2:0.1},
lagrange=0.4)
pen2 = rr.group_lasso([1,1,2,2,2], {1:0.2, 2:0.1}, lagrange=0.4)
Z = np.array([3,2,4,6,7])
np.testing.assert_allclose(pen1.lagrange_prox(Z), pen2.lagrange_prox(Z))
Z = np.random.standard_normal(5) * 100
np.testing.assert_allclose(pen1.lagrange_prox(Z), pen2.lagrange_prox(Z))
dual1 = pen1.conjugate
dual2 = pen2.conjugate
np.testing.assert_allclose(Z, pen1.lagrange_prox(Z) + dual1.bound_prox(Z))
np.testing.assert_allclose(dual1.bound_prox(Z), dual2.bound_prox(Z))
def test_path_group_lasso():
'''
this test looks at the paths of three different parameterizations
of the same problem
'''
n = 100
X = np.random.standard_normal((n,10))
U = np.random.standard_normal((n,2))
Y = np.random.standard_normal(100)
betaX = np.array([3,4,5,0,0] + [0]*5)
betaU = np.array([10,-5])
Y += (np.dot(X, betaX) + np.dot(U, betaU)) * 5
Xn = rr.normalize(np.hstack([np.ones((100,1)),X]), inplace=True, center=True, scale=True, intercept_column=0).normalized_array()
lasso = rr.lasso.squared_error(Xn[:,1:] ,Y, penalty_structure=[0]*7+[1]*3, nstep=10)
sol = lasso.main(inner_tol=1.e-12, verbose=True)
beta = np.array(sol['beta'].todense())
sols = []
sols_sep = []
for l in sol['lagrange']:
loss = rr.squared_error(Xn, Y, coef=1./n)
penalty = rr.group_lasso([rr.UNPENALIZED] + [0]*7 + [1]*3, l) # matrix contains an intercept...
problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, penalty)
sols.append(problem.solve(tol=1.e-12).copy())
sep = rr.separable((11,), [rr.l2norm((7,),np.sqrt(7)*l), rr.l2norm((3,),np.sqrt(3)*l)],[np.arange(1,8),np.arange(8,11)])
sep_problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, sep)
sols_sep.append(sep_problem.solve(tol=1.e-12).copy())
sols = np.array(sols).T
sols_sep = np.array(sols_sep).T
nt.assert_true(np.linalg.norm(beta - sols) / (1 + np.linalg.norm(beta)) <= 1.e-4)
nt.assert_true(np.linalg.norm(beta - sols_sep) / (1 + np.linalg.norm(beta)) <= 1.e-4)
def test_group_lasso_equivalent():
"""
with 0 as lasso weights should be group lasso
"""
pen1 = sparse_group_lasso([1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
np.zeros(5),
weights={
1: 0.2,
2: 0.1
},
lagrange=0.4)
pen2 = rr.group_lasso([1, 1, 2, 2, 2], {1: 0.2, 2: 0.1}, lagrange=0.4)
Z = np.array([3, 2, 4, 6, 7])
np.testing.assert_allclose(pen1.lagrange_prox(Z), pen2.lagrange_prox(Z))
Z = np.random.standard_normal(5) * 100
np.testing.assert_allclose(pen1.lagrange_prox(Z), pen2.lagrange_prox(Z))
dual1 = pen1.conjugate
dual2 = pen2.conjugate
np.testing.assert_allclose(Z, pen1.lagrange_prox(Z) + dual1.bound_prox(Z))
np.testing.assert_allclose(dual1.bound_prox(Z), dual2.bound_prox(Z))
def __init__(self,
loglike,
feature_weights,
candidate,
randomizer_scale,
active=None,
randomizer='gaussian',
parametric_cov_estimator=False):
r"""
Create a new post-selection for the stepwise problem
Parameters
----------
loglike : `regreg.smooth.glm.glm`
A (negative) log-likelihood as implemented in `regreg`.
feature_weights : np.ndarray
Feature weights for L-1 penalty. If a float,
it is brodcast to all features.
candidate : np.bool
Which groups of variables are candidates
for inclusion in this step.
randomizer_scale : float
Scale for IID components of randomization.
active : np.bool (optional)
Which groups of variables make up $E$, the
set of variables we partially minimize over.
randomizer : str (optional)
One of ['laplace', 'logistic', 'gaussian']
"""
self.active = active
self.candidate = candidate
self.loglike = loglike
self.nfeature = p = loglike.shape[0]
if np.asarray(feature_weights).shape == ():
feature_weights = np.ones(loglike.shape) * feature_weights
self.feature_weights = np.asarray(feature_weights)
self.parametric_cov_estimator = parametric_cov_estimator
nrandom = candidate.sum()
if randomizer == 'laplace':
self.randomizer = randomization.laplace((nrandom, ),
scale=randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
self.randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian(
(nrandom, ), randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'logistic':
self.randomizer = randomization.logistic((nrandom, ),
scale=randomizer_scale)
self.penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(
zip(np.arange(p),
self.feature_weights)),
lagrange=1.)
def test_without_screening(s=10,
n=300,
p=100,
rho=0.,
signal=3.5,
lam_frac=1.,
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
loss='gaussian',
randomizer='laplace',
randomizer_scale=1.,
scalings=False,
subgrad=True,
check_screen=False):
if loss == "gaussian":
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1,
random_signs=False)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal(
(n, 2000)))).max(0)) * sigma
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
X_indep, y_indep, _, _, _ = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1)
loss_indep = rr.glm.gaussian(X_indep, y_indep)
elif loss == "logistic":
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal)
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2,
(n, 10000)))).max(0))
X_indep, y_indep, _, _ = logistic_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
random_signs=False)
loss_indep = rr.glm.logistic(X_indep, y_indep)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
if randomizer == 'laplace':
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ),
scale=randomizer_scale)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
#W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
M_est.solve()
active_union = M_est._overall
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
print("nactive", nactive)
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
print("active set", active_set)
print("true nonzero", np.nonzero(beta)[0])
views = [M_est]
queries = multiple_queries(views)
queries.solve()
screened = False
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0]):
screened = True
if check_screen == False or (check_screen == True and screened == True):
#if nactive==s:
# return None
if scalings: # try condition on some scalings
M_est.condition_on_subgradient()
M_est.condition_on_scalings()
if subgrad:
M_est.decompose_subgradient(conditioning_groups=np.zeros(
p, dtype=bool),
marginalizing_groups=np.ones(p, bool))
boot_target1, boot_target_observed1 = pairs_bootstrap_glm(
loss, active_union, inactive=~active_union)
boot_target2, boot_target_observed2 = pairs_bootstrap_glm(
loss_indep, active_union, inactive=~active_union)
target_observed = (boot_target_observed1 -
boot_target_observed2)[:nactive]
def _target(indices):
return boot_target1(indices)[:nactive] - boot_target2(
indices)[:nactive]
form_covariances = glm_nonparametric_bootstrap(n, n)
queries.setup_sampler(form_covariances)
queries.setup_opt_state()
target_sampler = queries.setup_target(_target,
target_observed,
reference=target_observed)
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw, burnin=burnin)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample,
level=0.9)
pivots = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed, parameter=np.zeros(nactive), sample=target_sample)
#test_stat = lambda x: np.linalg.norm(x - beta[active_union])
#observed_test_value = test_stat(target_observed)
#pivots = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(test_stat,
# observed_test_value,
# alternative='twosided',
# parameter = beta[active_union],
# ndraw=ndraw,
# burnin=burnin,
# stepsize=None)
true_vec = np.zeros(nactive)
def coverage(LU):
L, U = LU[:, 0], LU[:, 1]
covered = np.zeros(nactive)
ci_length = np.zeros(nactive)
for j in range(nactive):
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
ci_length[j] = U[j] - L[j]
return covered, ci_length
covered, ci_length = coverage(LU)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(target_sampler, target_observed)
covered_naive, ci_length_naive = coverage(LU_naive)
naive_pvals = naive_pvalues(target_sampler, target_observed, true_vec)
return pivots, covered, ci_length, naive_pvals, covered_naive, ci_length_naive
def test_cv(n=100,
p=50,
s=5,
signal=7.5,
K=5,
rho=0.,
randomizer='gaussian',
randomizer_scale=1.,
scale1=0.1,
scale2=0.2,
lam_frac=1.,
glmnet=True,
loss='gaussian',
bootstrap=False,
condition_on_CVR=True,
marginalize_subgrad=True,
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
nboot=nboot):
print(n, p, s, condition_on_CVR, scale1, scale2)
if randomizer == 'laplace':
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'logistic':
randomizer = randomization.logistic((p, ), scale=randomizer_scale)
if loss == "gaussian":
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1)
glm_loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
elif loss == "logistic":
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal)
glm_loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
# view 1
cv = CV_view(glm_loss,
loss_label=loss,
lasso_randomization=randomizer,
epsilon=epsilon,
scale1=scale1,
scale2=scale2)
if glmnet:
try:
cv.solve(glmnet=glmnet)
except ImportError:
cv.solve(glmnet=False)
else:
cv.solve(glmnet=False)
# for the test make sure we also run the python code
cv_py = CV_view(glm_loss,
loss_label=loss,
lasso_randomization=randomizer,
epsilon=epsilon,
scale1=scale1,
scale2=scale2)
cv_py.solve(glmnet=False)
lam = cv.lam_CVR
print("lam", lam)
if condition_on_CVR:
cv.condition_on_opt_state()
lam = cv.one_SD_rule(direction="up")
print("new lam", lam)
# non-randomized Lasso, just looking how many vars it selects
problem = rr.simple_problem(glm_loss, rr.l1norm(p, lagrange=lam))
beta_hat = problem.solve()
active_hat = beta_hat != 0
print("non-randomized lasso ", active_hat.sum())
# view 2
W = lam_frac * np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = glm_group_lasso(glm_loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
if nboot > 0:
cv.nboot = M_est.nboot = nboot
mv = multiple_queries([cv, M_est])
mv.solve()
active_union = M_est._overall
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
print("nactive", nactive)
if nactive == 0:
return None
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_union]
if marginalize_subgrad == True:
M_est.decompose_subgradient(conditioning_groups=np.zeros(p, bool),
marginalizing_groups=np.ones(p, bool))
selected_features = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
selected_features[active_set] = True
unpenalized_mle = restricted_Mest(M_est.loss, selected_features)
form_covariances = glm_nonparametric_bootstrap(n, n)
target_info, target_observed = pairs_bootstrap_glm(M_est.loss,
selected_features,
inactive=None)
cov_info = M_est.setup_sampler()
target_cov, score_cov = form_covariances(target_info,
cross_terms=[cov_info],
nsample=M_est.nboot)
opt_sample = M_est.sampler.sample(ndraw, burnin)
pvalues = M_est.sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
unpenalized_mle,
target_cov,
score_cov,
parameter=np.zeros(selected_features.sum()),
sample=opt_sample)
intervals = M_est.sampler.confidence_intervals(unpenalized_mle,
target_cov,
score_cov,
sample=opt_sample)
L, U = intervals.T
sel_covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
sel_length = np.zeros(nactive)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(np.diag(target_cov),
target_observed)
naive_covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
naive_length = np.zeros(nactive)
naive_pvals = naive_pvalues(np.diag(target_cov), target_observed,
true_vec)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
sel_covered[j] = 1
if (LU_naive[j, 0] <= true_vec[j]) and (LU_naive[j, 1] >=
true_vec[j]):
naive_covered[j] = 1
sel_length[j] = U[j] - L[j]
naive_length[j] = LU_naive[j, 1] - LU_naive[j, 0]
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
q = 0.2
BH_desicions = multipletests(pvalues, alpha=q, method="fdr_bh")[0]
return sel_covered, sel_length, naive_pvals, naive_covered, naive_length, active_var, BH_desicions, active_var
def __init__(self,
loglike,
feature_weights,
ridge_term,
randomizer_scale,
randomizer='gaussian',
covariance_estimator=None):
r"""
Create a new post-selection dor the LASSO problem
Parameters
----------
loglike : `regreg.smooth.glm.glm`
A (negative) log-likelihood as implemented in `regreg`.
feature_weights : np.ndarray
Feature weights for L-1 penalty. If a float,
it is brodcast to all features.
ridge_term : float
How big a ridge term to add?
randomizer_scale : float
Scale for IID components of randomization.
randomizer : str
One of ['laplace', 'logistic', 'gaussian']
covariance_estimator : callable (optional)
If None, use the parameteric
covariance estimate of the selected model.
Notes
-----
If not None, `covariance_estimator` should
take arguments (beta, active, inactive)
and return an estimate of the covariance of
$(\bar{\beta}_E, \nabla \ell(\bar{\beta}_E)_{-E})$,
the unpenalized estimator and the inactive
coordinates of the gradient of the likelihood at
the unpenalized estimator.
"""
self.loglike = loglike
self.nfeature = p = self.loglike.shape[0]
if np.asarray(feature_weights).shape == ():
feature_weights = np.ones(loglike.shape) * feature_weights
self.feature_weights = np.asarray(feature_weights)
self.covariance_estimator = covariance_estimator
if randomizer == 'laplace':
self.randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ),
scale=randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
self.randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian(
(p, ), randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'logistic':
self.randomizer = randomization.logistic((p, ),
scale=randomizer_scale)
self.ridge_term = ridge_term
self.penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(
zip(np.arange(p),
self.feature_weights)),
lagrange=1.)
def test_multiple_queries(s=3,
n=300,
p=20,
signal=7,
rho=0.1,
lam_frac=0.7,
nviews=4,
intervals='new',
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
solve_args={
'min_its': 50,
'tol': 1.e-10
},
check_screen=True):
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=1)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, signal=signal)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
view = []
for i in range(nviews):
view.append(glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer))
mv = multiple_queries(view)
mv.solve()
active_union = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
for i in range(nviews):
active_union += view[i].selection_variable['variables']
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
print("nactive", nactive)
if nactive == 0:
return None
screen = set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0])
if check_screen and not screen:
return None
if True:
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_union]
## bootstrap
target_sampler_boot, target_observed = glm_target(loss,
active_union,
mv,
bootstrap=True)
if intervals == 'old':
target_sample_boot = target_sampler_boot.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
LU_boot = target_sampler_boot.confidence_intervals(
target_observed, sample=target_sample_boot, level=0.9)
pivots_boot = target_sampler_boot.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed, parameter=true_vec, sample=target_sample_boot)
else:
full_sample_boot = target_sampler_boot.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin,
keep_opt=True)
LU_boot = target_sampler_boot.confidence_intervals_translate(
target_observed, sample=full_sample_boot, level=0.9)
pivots_boot = target_sampler_boot.coefficient_pvalues_translate(
target_observed, parameter=true_vec, sample=full_sample_boot)
## CLT plugin
target_sampler, _ = glm_target(loss, active_union, mv, bootstrap=False)
if intervals == 'old':
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw, burnin=burnin)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample,
level=0.9)
pivots = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(target_observed,
parameter=true_vec,
sample=target_sample)
else:
full_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin,
keep_opt=True)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals_translate(
target_observed, sample=full_sample, level=0.9)
pivots = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues_translate(
target_observed, parameter=true_vec, sample=full_sample)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(target_sampler, target_observed)
def coverage(LU):
L, U = LU[:, 0], LU[:, 1]
covered = np.zeros(nactive)
ci_length = np.zeros(nactive)
for j in range(nactive):
if check_screen:
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
else:
covered[j] = None
ci_length[j] = U[j] - L[j]
return covered, ci_length
covered, ci_length = coverage(LU)
covered_boot, ci_length_boot = coverage(LU_boot)
covered_naive, ci_length_naive = coverage(LU_naive)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
return pivots, pivots_boot, covered, ci_length, covered_boot, ci_length_boot, \
active_var, covered_naive, ci_length_naive
def test_scaling(
snr=15,
s=5,
n=200,
p=20,
rho=0.1,
burnin=20000,
ndraw=30000,
scale=0.9,
nsim=None, # needed for decorator
frac=0.5
): # 0.9 has roughly same screening probability as 50% data splitting, i.e. around 10%
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=scale)
X, y, beta, _ = generate_data(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est])
mv.solve()
active = M_est.selection_variable['variables']
nactive = active.sum()
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active)[0]):
pvalues = []
active_set = np.nonzero(active)[0]
inactive_selected = I = [
i for i in np.arange(active_set.shape[0])
if active_set[i] not in nonzero
]
active_selected = A = [
i for i in np.arange(active_set.shape[0])
if active_set[i] in nonzero
]
if not I:
return None
idx = I[0]
inactive = ~M_est.selection_variable['variables']
boot_target, target_observed = pairs_bootstrap_glm(loss,
active,
inactive=inactive)
if DEBUG:
sampler = lambda: np.random.choice(n, size=(n, ), replace=True)
print(boot_target(sampler())[-3:], 'boot target')
form_covariances = glm_nonparametric_bootstrap(n, n)
mv.setup_sampler(form_covariances)
# null saturated
def null_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return result[idx]
null_observed = np.zeros(1)
null_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(null_target, null_observed)
#target_scaling = 5 * np.linalg.svd(target_sampler.target_transform[0][0])[1].max()**2# should have something do with noise scale too
print(target_sampler.crude_lipschitz(), 'crude')
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(null_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true saturated
idx = A[0]
def active_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return result[idx]
active_observed = np.zeros(1)
active_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(active_target, active_observed)
target_scaling = 5 * np.linalg.svd(
target_sampler.target_transform[0]
[0])[1].max()**2 # should have something do with noise scale too
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(active_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# null selected
idx = I[0]
def null_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return np.hstack([result[idx], result[nactive:]])
null_observed = np.zeros_like(null_target(range(n)))
null_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
null_observed[1:] = target_observed[nactive:]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(null_target,
null_observed) #, target_set=[0])
target_scaling = 5 * np.linalg.svd(
target_sampler.target_transform[0]
[0])[1].max()**2 # should have something do with noise scale too
print(target_sampler.crude_lipschitz(), 'crude')
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(null_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true selected
idx = A[0]
def active_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return np.hstack([result[idx], result[nactive:]])
active_observed = np.zeros_like(active_target(range(n)))
active_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
active_observed[1:] = target_observed[nactive:]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(active_target,
active_observed) #, target_set=[0])
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(active_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# condition on opt variables
### NOT WORKING -- need to implement conditioning within M_estimator!!!
if False:
# null saturated
idx = I[0]
def null_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return result[idx]
null_observed = np.zeros(1)
null_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(null_target, null_observed)
print(target_sampler.crude_lipschitz(), 'crude')
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(null_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true saturated
idx = A[0]
def active_target(indices):
result = boot_target(indices)
return result[idx]
active_observed = np.zeros(1)
active_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
sampler = lambda: np.random.choice(n, size=(n, ), replace=True)
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(active_target, active_observed)
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat,
test_stat(active_observed),
burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw,
stepsize=.5 /
target_sampler.crude_lipschitz()) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true selected
# oracle p-value -- draws a new data set
X, y, beta, _ = generate_data(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
X_E = X[:, active_set]
active_var = [False, True, False, True]
if statsmodels_available:
try:
model = sm.GLM(y, X_E, family=sm.families.Binomial())
model_results = model.fit()
pvalues.extend(
[model_results.pvalues[I[0]], model_results.pvalues[A[0]]])
active_var.extend([False, True])
except sm.tools.sm_exceptions.PerfectSeparationError:
pass
else:
pass
# data splitting-ish p-value -- draws a new data set of smaller size
# frac is presumed to be how much data was used in stage 1, we get (1-frac)*n for stage 2
# frac defaults to 0.5
Xs, ys, beta, _ = generate_data(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
Xs = Xs[:int((1 - frac) * n)]
ys = ys[:int((1 - frac) * n)]
X_Es = Xs[:, active_set]
if statsmodels_available:
try:
model = sm.GLM(ys, X_Es, family=sm.families.Binomial())
model_results = model.fit()
pvalues.extend(
[model_results.pvalues[I[0]], model_results.pvalues[A[0]]])
active_var.extend([False, False])
except sm.tools.sm_exceptions.PerfectSeparationError:
pass
else:
pass
return pvalues, active_var
def test_intervals(s=0,
n=200,
p=10,
signal=7,
rho=0.,
lam_frac=6.,
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
bootstrap=True,
loss='gaussian',
intervals='old',
randomizer='laplace',
solve_args={
'min_its': 50,
'tol': 1.e-10
}):
if randomizer == 'laplace':
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=1.)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), scale=1.)
elif randomizer == 'logistic':
randomizer = randomization.logistic((p, ), scale=1.)
if loss == "gaussian":
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1)
lam = np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal((n, 1000))))) * sigma
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
elif loss == "logistic":
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal)
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2,
(n, 10000)))).max(0))
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
W = lam_frac * np.ones(p) * lam
# W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
groups = np.concatenate([np.arange(10) for i in range(p / 10)])
#print(groups)
#groups = np.arange(p)
penalty = rr.group_lasso(groups,
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
# first randomization
M_est1 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est1])
# second randomization
#M_est2 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
#mv = multiple_queries([M_est1, M_est2])
mv.solve()
active_union = M_est1.selection_variable['variables']
print("active set", np.nonzero(active_union)[0])
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
if nactive == 0:
return None
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_union]
target_sampler, target_observed = glm_target(loss,
active_union,
mv,
bootstrap=bootstrap)
if intervals == 'old':
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw, burnin=burnin)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample,
level=0.9)
pivots_mle = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed,
parameter=target_sampler.reference,
sample=target_sample)
pivots_truth = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed, parameter=true_vec, sample=target_sample)
pvalues = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed,
parameter=np.zeros_like(true_vec),
sample=target_sample)
else:
full_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin,
keep_opt=True)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals_translate(
target_observed, sample=full_sample, level=0.9)
pivots_mle = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues_translate(
target_observed,
parameter=target_sampler.reference,
sample=full_sample)
pivots_truth = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues_translate(
target_observed, parameter=true_vec, sample=full_sample)
pvalues = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues_translate(
target_observed,
parameter=np.zeros_like(true_vec),
sample=full_sample)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(target_sampler, target_observed)
L, U = LU.T
ci_length_sel = np.zeros(nactive)
covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
naive_covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
ci_length_naive = np.zeros(nactive)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
ci_length_sel[j] = U[j] - L[j]
if (LU_naive[j, 0] <= true_vec[j]) and (LU_naive[j, 1] >=
true_vec[j]):
naive_covered[j] = 1
ci_length_naive[j] = LU_naive[j, 1] - LU_naive[j, 0]
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
naive_pvals = naive_pvalues(target_sampler, target_observed, true_vec)
return pivots_mle, pivots_truth, pvalues, covered, ci_length_sel,\
naive_pvals, naive_covered, ci_length_naive, active_var
def test_sqrt_lasso(n=500,
p=20,
s=3,
signal=10,
K=5,
rho=0.,
randomizer='gaussian',
randomizer_scale=1.,
scale1=0.1,
scale2=0.2,
lam_frac=1.,
bootstrap=False,
condition_on_CVR=False,
marginalize_subgrad=True,
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000):
print(n, p, s)
if randomizer == 'laplace':
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'gaussian':
randomizer = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), randomizer_scale)
elif randomizer == 'logistic':
randomizer = randomization.logistic((p, ), scale=randomizer_scale)
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1)
lam_nonrandom = choose_lambda(X)
lam_random = choose_lambda_with_randomization(X, randomizer)
loss = l2norm_glm(X, y)
#sqloss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / n
# non-randomized sqrt-Lasso, just looking how many vars it selects
problem = rr.simple_problem(loss, rr.l1norm(p, lagrange=lam_nonrandom))
beta_hat = problem.solve()
active_hat = beta_hat != 0
print("non-randomized sqrt-root Lasso active set", np.where(beta_hat)[0])
print("non-randomized sqrt-lasso", active_hat.sum())
# view 2
W = lam_frac * np.ones(p) * lam_random
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1. / np.sqrt(n))
M_est = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est])
mv.solve()
active_set = M_est._overall
nactive = np.sum(active_set)
if nactive == 0:
return None
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_set)[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(active_set)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_set]
if marginalize_subgrad == True:
M_est.decompose_subgradient(conditioning_groups=np.zeros(
p, dtype=bool),
marginalizing_groups=np.ones(p, bool))
selected_features = np.zeros(p, np.bool)
selected_features[active_set] = True
unpenalized_mle = restricted_Mest(M_est.loss, selected_features)
form_covariances = glm_nonparametric_bootstrap(n, n)
boot_target, boot_target_observed = pairs_bootstrap_glm(
M_est.loss, selected_features, inactive=None)
target_info = boot_target
cov_info = M_est.setup_sampler()
target_cov, score_cov = form_covariances(target_info,
cross_terms=[cov_info],
nsample=M_est.nboot)
opt_sample = M_est.sampler.sample(ndraw, burnin)
pvalues = M_est.sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
unpenalized_mle,
target_cov,
score_cov,
parameter=np.zeros(selected_features.sum()),
sample=opt_sample)
intervals = M_est.sampler.confidence_intervals(unpenalized_mle,
target_cov,
score_cov,
sample=opt_sample)
true_vec = beta[M_est.selection_variable['variables']]
L, U = intervals.T
covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
return pvalues, covered, active_var
def test_nonrandomized(s=0,
n=200,
p=10,
signal=7,
rho=0,
lam_frac=0.8,
loss='gaussian',
solve_args={
'min_its': 20,
'tol': 1.e-10
}):
if loss == "gaussian":
X, y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal,
sigma=1)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal(
(n, 2000)))).max(0)) * sigma
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
elif loss == "logistic":
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=rho,
signal=signal)
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2,
(n, 10000)))).max(0))
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
print("lam", lam)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
true_vec = beta
M_est = M_estimator(lam, loss, penalty)
M_est.solve()
active = M_est._overall
nactive = np.sum(active)
print("nactive", nactive)
if nactive == 0:
return None
#score_mean = M_est.observed_internal_state.copy()
#score_mean[nactive:] = 0
M_est.setup_sampler(score_mean=np.zeros(p))
#M_est.setup_sampler(score_mean=score_mean)
#M_est.sample(ndraw = 1000, burnin=1000, stepsize=1./p)
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active)[0]):
check_screen = True
#test_stat = lambda x: np.linalg.norm(x)
#return M_est.hypothesis_test(test_stat, test_stat(M_est.observed_internal_state), stepsize=1./p)
ci = M_est.confidence_intervals(M_est.observed_internal_state)
pivots = M_est.coefficient_pvalues(M_est.observed_internal_state)
def coverage(LU):
L, U = LU[:, 0], LU[:, 1]
covered = np.zeros(nactive)
ci_length = np.zeros(nactive)
for j in range(nactive):
if check_screen:
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
else:
covered[j] = None
ci_length[j] = U[j] - L[j]
return covered, ci_length
covered = coverage(ci)[0]
#print(pivots)
#print(coverage)
return pivots, covered
def randomized_lasso_trial(X,
y,
beta,
sigma,
lam,
loss='logistic',
randomizer='gaussian',
estimation='parametric'):
from selection.api import randomization
n, p = X.shape
if loss == "gaussian":
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, y)
elif loss == "logistic":
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
randomization = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), scale=1.)
M_est = M_estimator_approx_logistic(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomization,
randomizer, estimation)
M_est.solve_approx()
active = M_est._overall
#print("here",glm.shape)
active_set = np.asarray([i for i in range(p) if active[i]])
nactive = np.sum(active)
glm = M_est.observed_score_state[:nactive]
prior_variance = 100000.
#generative_mean = np.zeros(p)
#sel_split = selection_probability_random_lasso(M_est, generative_mean)
#test_point = np.append(M_est.observed_score_state, np.abs(M_est.initial_soln[M_est._overall]))
#print("gradient at test point", sel_split.smooth_objective(test_point, mode= "grad"))
class target_class(object):
def __init__(self, target_cov):
self.target_cov = target_cov
self.shape = target_cov.shape
target = target_class(M_est.target_cov)
unadjusted_intervals = (naive_confidence_intervals(
target, M_est.target_observed)).T
grad_lasso = sel_inf_random_lasso(M_est, prior_variance)
samples = grad_lasso.posterior_samples()
adjusted_intervals = np.vstack([
np.percentile(samples, 5, axis=0),
np.percentile(samples, 95, axis=0)
])
selective_mean = np.mean(samples, axis=0)
true_val = np.zeros(nactive)
coverage_ad = np.zeros(nactive)
coverage_unad = np.zeros(nactive)
ad_length = np.zeros(nactive)
unad_length = np.zeros(nactive)
for l in range(nactive):
if (adjusted_intervals[0, l] <=
true_val[l]) and (true_val[l] <= adjusted_intervals[1, l]):
coverage_ad[l] += 1
ad_length[l] = adjusted_intervals[1, l] - adjusted_intervals[0, l]
if (unadjusted_intervals[0, l] <=
true_val[l]) and (true_val[l] <= unadjusted_intervals[1, l]):
coverage_unad[l] += 1
unad_length[l] = unadjusted_intervals[1, l] - unadjusted_intervals[0,
l]
sel_cov = coverage_ad.sum() / nactive
naive_cov = coverage_unad.sum() / nactive
ad_len = ad_length.sum() / nactive
unad_len = unad_length.sum() / nactive
bayes_risk_ad = np.power(selective_mean - true_val, 2.).sum() / nactive
bayes_risk_unad = np.power(glm - true_val, 2.).sum() / nactive
return np.vstack(
[sel_cov, naive_cov, ad_len, unad_len, bayes_risk_ad, bayes_risk_unad])
def test_intervals(s=3,
n=200,
p=50,
snr=7,
rho=0.1,
split_frac=0.8,
lam_frac=0.7,
ndraw=10000,
burnin=2000,
bootstrap=True,
intervals='new',
solve_args={
'min_its': 50,
'tol': 1.e-10
}):
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=1.)
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, snr=snr)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p) * lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
# first randomization
M_est1 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
# second randomization
# M_est2 = glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
# mv = multiple_queries([M_est1, M_est2])
mv = multiple_queries([M_est1])
mv.solve()
active_union = M_est1.selection_variable['variables']
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
if nactive == 0:
return None
if set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0]):
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_union]
target_sampler, target_observed = glm_target(loss, active_union, mv)
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw, burnin=burnin)
if intervals == 'old':
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample,
level=0.9)
else:
full_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin,
keep_opt=True)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals_translate(
target_observed, sample=full_sample, level=0.9)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(target_sampler, target_observed)
pivots_mle = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed,
parameter=target_sampler.reference,
sample=target_sample)
pivots_truth = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(target_observed,
parameter=true_vec,
sample=target_sample)
pvalues = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(
target_observed,
parameter=np.zeros_like(true_vec),
sample=target_sample)
unpenalized_mle = restricted_Mest(
loss,
M_est1.selection_variable['variables'],
solve_args=solve_args)
L, U = LU.T
covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
naive_covered = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
if (LU_naive[j, 0] <= true_vec[j]) and (LU_naive[j, 1] >=
true_vec[j]):
naive_covered[j] = 1
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
return pivots_mle, pivots_truth, pvalues, covered, naive_covered, active_var
def test_fixedX(ndraw=10000, burnin=2000): # nsim needed for decorator
s, n, p = 5, 200, 20
randomizer = randomization.laplace((p, ), scale=1.)
X, Y, beta, nonzero, sigma = gaussian_instance(n=n,
p=p,
s=s,
rho=0.1,
snr=7)
lam_frac = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(X.T.dot(np.random.standard_normal((n, 50000)))).max(0)) * sigma
W = np.ones(p) * lam
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
M_est = fixedX_group_lasso(X, Y, epsilon, penalty, randomizer)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est])
mv.solve()
active = M_est.selection_variable['variables']
nactive = active.sum()
if set(nonzero).issubset(
np.nonzero(active)[0]) and active.sum() > len(nonzero):
pvalues = []
active_set = np.nonzero(active)[0]
inactive_selected = I = [
i for i in np.arange(active_set.shape[0])
if active_set[i] not in nonzero
]
active_selected = A = [
i for i in np.arange(active_set.shape[0])
if active_set[i] in nonzero
]
if not I:
return None
idx = I[0]
boot_target, target_observed = resid_bootstrap(M_est.loss, active)
X_active = X[:, active]
beta_hat = np.linalg.pinv(X_active).dot(Y)
resid_hat = Y - X_active.dot(beta_hat)
form_covariances = glm_nonparametric_bootstrap(n, n)
mv.setup_sampler(form_covariances)
# null saturated
def null_target(Y_star):
result = boot_target(Y_star)
return result[idx]
null_observed = np.zeros(1)
null_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(null_target, null_observed)
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat, null_observed, burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# null selected
def null_target(Y_star):
result = boot_target(Y_star)
return np.hstack([result[idx], result[nactive:]])
null_observed = np.zeros_like(null_target(
np.random.standard_normal(n)))
null_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
null_observed[1:] = target_observed[nactive:]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(null_target,
null_observed,
target_set=[0])
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat, null_observed, burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true saturated
idx = A[0]
def active_target(Y_star):
result = boot_target(Y_star)
return result[idx]
active_observed = np.zeros(1)
active_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
sampler = lambda: np.random.choice(n, size=(n, ), replace=True)
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(active_target, active_observed)
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat, active_observed, burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
# true selected
def active_target(Y_star):
result = boot_target(Y_star)
return np.hstack([result[idx], result[nactive:]])
active_observed = np.zeros_like(
active_target(np.random.standard_normal(n)))
active_observed[0] = target_observed[idx]
active_observed[1:] = target_observed[nactive:]
target_sampler = mv.setup_target(active_target,
active_observed,
target_set=[0])
test_stat = lambda x: x[0]
pval = target_sampler.hypothesis_test(
test_stat, active_observed, burnin=burnin,
ndraw=ndraw) # twosided by default
pvalues.append(pval)
return pvalues, [False, False, True, True]
ols_fit = sm.OLS(Y, X).fit()
sigma_3TC = np.linalg.norm(ols_fit.resid) / np.sqrt(n - p - 1)
OLS_3TC = ols_fit.params
lam_frac = 1.
loss = rr.glm.gaussian(X, Y)
epsilon = 1. / np.sqrt(n)
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(
np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.standard_normal(
(n, 2000)))).max(0)) * sigma_3TC
print(lam)
W = np.ones(p) * lam
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)),
lagrange=1.)
randomization = randomization.isotropic_gaussian((p, ), scale=1.)
M_est = M_estimator_approx(loss,
epsilon,
penalty,
randomization,
randomizer='gaussian')
M_est.solve_approx()
active = M_est._overall
active_set = np.asarray([i for i in range(p) if active[i]])
nactive = np.sum(active)
active_set_0 = [NRTI_muts[i] for i in range(p) if active[i]]
def test_split_compare(s=3,
n=200,
p=20,
signal=7,
rho=0.1,
split_frac=0.8,
lam_frac=0.7,
ndraw=10000, burnin=2000,
solve_args={'min_its':50, 'tol':1.e-10}, check_screen =True):
X, y, beta, _ = logistic_instance(n=n, p=p, s=s, rho=rho, signal=signal)
nonzero = np.where(beta)[0]
loss = rr.glm.logistic(X, y)
epsilon = 1.
lam = lam_frac * np.mean(np.fabs(np.dot(X.T, np.random.binomial(1, 1. / 2, (n, 10000)))).max(0))
W = np.ones(p)*lam
W[0] = 0 # use at least some unpenalized
penalty = rr.group_lasso(np.arange(p),
weights=dict(zip(np.arange(p), W)), lagrange=1.)
m = int(split_frac * n)
M_est1 = split_glm_group_lasso(loss, epsilon, m, penalty)
mv = multiple_queries([M_est1])
mv.solve()
active_union = M_est1.selection_variable['variables'] #+ M_est2.selection_variable['variables']
nactive = np.sum(active_union)
print("nactive", nactive)
if nactive==0:
return None
leftout_indices = M_est1.randomized_loss.saturated_loss.case_weights == 0
screen = set(nonzero).issubset(np.nonzero(active_union)[0])
if check_screen and not screen:
return None
if True:
active_set = np.nonzero(active_union)[0]
true_vec = beta[active_union]
## bootstrap
target_sampler_boot, target_observed = glm_target(loss,
active_union,
mv,
bootstrap=True)
target_sample_boot = target_sampler_boot.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
LU_boot = target_sampler_boot.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample_boot,
level=0.9)
pivots_boot = target_sampler_boot.coefficient_pvalues(target_observed,
parameter=true_vec,
sample=target_sample_boot)
## CLT plugin
target_sampler, _ = glm_target(loss,
active_union,
mv,
bootstrap=False)
target_sample = target_sampler.sample(ndraw=ndraw,
burnin=burnin)
LU = target_sampler.confidence_intervals(target_observed,
sample=target_sample,
level=0.9)
pivots = target_sampler.coefficient_pvalues(target_observed,
parameter=true_vec,
sample=target_sample)
LU_naive = naive_confidence_intervals(target_sampler, target_observed)
if X.shape[0] - leftout_indices.sum() > nactive:
LU_split = standard_split_ci(rr.glm.logistic, X, y, active_union, leftout_indices)
else:
LU_split = np.ones((nactive, 2)) * np.nan
def coverage(LU):
L, U = LU[:,0], LU[:,1]
covered = np.zeros(nactive)
ci_length = np.zeros(nactive)
for j in range(nactive):
if check_screen:
if (L[j] <= true_vec[j]) and (U[j] >= true_vec[j]):
covered[j] = 1
else:
covered[j] = None
ci_length[j] = U[j]-L[j]
return covered, ci_length
covered, ci_length = coverage(LU)
covered_boot, ci_length_boot = coverage(LU_boot)
covered_split, ci_length_split = coverage(LU_split)
covered_naive, ci_length_naive = coverage(LU_naive)
active_var = np.zeros(nactive, np.bool)
for j in range(nactive):
active_var[j] = active_set[j] in nonzero
return pivots, pivots_boot, covered, ci_length, covered_boot, ci_length_boot, \
covered_split, ci_length_split, active_var, covered_naive, ci_length_naive
